Atomization Nozzle Research Articles

Phenomenological Study of the Atomization Process in Pre‐Filming Nozzles Typically Used for Steel Atomization

Liquid steel atomization using close‐coupled nozzles is highly dependent on the relationship between momentum flux ratio, gas–liquid ratio, aspiration pressure, and operating pressure of inert gases. A strong correlation between these parameters and the final powder must be assumed. Understanding these parameters, their influence on the process, and their interactions with each other is indispensable for efficient powder production. In particular, the industrial application of close‐coupled atomization nozzles, which develop a thin pre‐film on the nozzle tip, is not yet fully understood. A model experiment is presented to investigate interactions between the flow conditions of the gaseous and liquid phases, focusing on recirculation phenomena inside the atomization zone. The experiments show the influence of liquid and gas flow conditions on the spray geometry and the liquid core length, as well as the strong dependence of the liquid mass flux on the gas flow. The aspiration pressure below the liquid nozzle is sensitive to gas pressure and has a major influence on the development of the liquid core and the pre‐film, as it increases the liquid mass flux. For practical application, the results confirm an optimal operating point of interacting system parameters, which leads to high‐quality atomization with minimal use of resources.

Segment-based Eulerian-Lagrangian transition method for flat nozzle spray atomization simulation

This paper presents a novel segment-based Eulerian-Lagrangian transition method for predicting the primary and secondary breakup behavior of a flat nozzle spray. It combines the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for simulating liquid sheet disintegration and primary breakup with the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) method for secondary breakup. The VOF simulation predicts the varying thickness and local velocity characteristics of the liquid sheet from the center region to the edge region near the nozzle exit. Meanwhile, the proposed segment-based linear stability analysis in this study is capable of predicting the initial droplet variation resulting from primary breakup, considering the varying behavior of the liquid sheet from different regions. The simulation results match reasonably well with experimental data at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, effectively predicting the overall spray structure, mass flow rate, and droplet size variations across different regions with good accuracy. Both experimental and numerical data show that the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) values differ between the center and edge regions, with the edge region displaying larger droplets than the center region. This indicates that the segment-based approach is crucial for successfully predicting the spatial distributions of droplet size characteristics.

Fine-grained method for determining size and velocity distribution patterns of flat-fan nozzle-atomised droplets based on phase doppler interferometer

Pesticides are commonly applied by using agricultural nozzles to generate droplets during delivery process. Initial spray atomization characteristics including droplet size and velocity are important factors that affect the pesticide utilization rate. Exploring efficient methods for atomization measurement is helpful to deeply understanding nozzle sprays. In this study, droplet size and velocity of a flat-fan nozzle were measured with phase doppler interferometry (PDI), and sub-area statistics method was adopted to establish a fitting model for atomization characteristics analyse. The results demonstrated that the distribution patterns and value contrasts of droplet size and velocity in different sub-areas visually reflect the nozzle atomization characteristics under varying spray pressures. The quantized model of droplet size and velocity within spatial sub-areas of spray atomization revealed significant differences in droplet size and velocity at various positions within the atomization area. Near the edge of the initial atomization zone, droplet size increases while velocity exhibits a decreasing trend. Additionally, the coefficient of determination for the x-axis position within the atomization zone, in relation to droplet size and velocity, was above 90%. The PDI with the sub-area statistical method employed in this study offers a fine-grained approach for investigating nozzle atomization characteristics.

Multi-Physics Coupled Acoustic-Mechanics Analysis and Synergetic Optimization for a Twin-Fluid Atomization Nozzle

Fine particulate matter produced during the rapid industrialization over the past decades can cause significant harm to human health. Twin-fluid atomization technology is an effective means of controlling fine particulate matter pollution. In this paper, the influences of the main parameters on the droplet size, effective atomization range and sound pressure level (SPL) of a twin-fluid nozzle (TFN) are investigated, and in order to improve the atomization performance, a multi-objective synergetic optimization algorithm is presented. A multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics model based on the discrete phase model (DPM), large eddy simulation (LES) model, and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) model is established, and the numerical simulation results of the multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics method are verified via experimental comparison. Based on the analysis of the multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics numerical simulation results, the effects of the water flow on the characteristics of the atomization flow distribution were obtained. A multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics numerical simulation result was employed to establish an orthogonal test database, and a multi-objective synergetic optimization algorithm was adopted to optimize the key parameters of the TFN. The optimal parameters are as follows: A gas flow of 0.94 m3/h, water flow of 0.0237 m3/h, orifice diameter of the self-excited vibrating cavity (SVC) of 1.19 mm, SVC orifice depth of 0.53 mm, distance between SVC and the outlet of nozzle of 5.11 mm, and a nozzle outlet diameter of 3.15 mm. The droplet particle size in the atomization flow field was significantly reduced, the spray distance improved by 71.56%, and the SPL data at each corresponding measurement point decreased by an average of 38.96%. The conclusions of this study offer a references for future TFN research.

Gas atomization of AA2017 aluminum alloy: Effect of process parameters in the physical properties of powders for additive manufacturing

Close-coupled gas atomization (CCGA) uses pressurized gas jets to atomize molten metals, producing powders suitable for additive manufacturing (AM). Optimization of processing parameters is crucial to achieve powders with good fluidity and high apparent density for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and increase production yield. This study evaluated the influence of melt feed nozzle diameter, superheating temperature, and atomization pressure on AA2017 aluminum alloy powders' physical properties. Parameters variation poorly affected the median particle diameter (d50), while significantly altering the particle size distribution curves width (IDR = d90-d10). Suitable powders for AM/L-PBF were produced using a specific set of parameters (d0= 1.5 mm; ΔT= 150 °C; PG= 20 Bar), presenting appropriate fluidity and apparent density due to an optimal granulometric distribution and morphological characteristics. Mathematical analysis showed a good correlation between experimental and calculated mean particle size, suggesting an equation to predict percentile d90 based on previous correlations.

Spraying performance and deposition characteristics of an improved air-assisted nozzle with induction charging.

Electrostatic spraying technology can improve the efficiency of pesticide deposition on the surface of leaves and reduce the environmental pollution caused by pesticide drift, which has an important prospect in agricultural pesticide application. To improve the deposition and penetration of droplets in the crop canopy, we designed and optimized an air-assisted electrostatic nozzle and conducted the spraying performance experiment. Parameters, such as charge-to-mass ratio (CMR) and particle size, were tested and analyzed to obtain the suitable operating parameters of nozzle. The results proved that the improved air-assisted electrostatic nozzle has good atomization and chargeability. There is a good charging effect with a charging voltage of 3,000-5,000 V, the CMR increased 127.8% from 0.86 to 1.97 mC/kg as the charge voltage increases from 1,000 to 4,000 V, at an air pressure of 1.0bar and liquid flow rate of 200 ml/min. Furthermore, we designed a multi-factor orthogonal experiment, which was conducted using a four-factor, three-level design to investigate the effects of operational parameters and canopy characteristics on droplet deposition and penetration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and F-test were performed on the experiment results. The results showed that the factor effect on droplet penetration, in descending order, was as follows: spray distance, leaf area index, air pressure, and air pressure × spray distance. The factor effect on abaxial leaf deposition, in descending order, was as follows: air pressure, spray distance, air pressure × charge voltage, spray distance × charge voltage, and charge voltage. For optimal droplet penetration and abaxial leaf deposition, option A 3 B 1 D 2 (air pressure 1.5bar, spray distance 0.2m, charge voltage 2,500 V) is recommend. The spray nozzle atomization performance and deposition regulation were studied by experimental methods to determine the optimal values of operating parameters to provide a reference for electrostatic spray system development.

Influence of Nozzle Geometry and Scale-Up on Oil Droplet Breakup in the Atomization Step during Spray Drying of Emulsions

Spray drying of oil-in-water emulsions is a widespread encapsulation technique. The oil droplet size (ODS) significantly impacts encapsulation efficiency and other powder properties. The ODS is commonly set to a specific value during homogenization, assuming that it remains unchanged throughout the process, which is often inaccurate. This study investigated the impact of atomizer geometry and nozzle dimensions on oil droplet breakup during atomization using pressure-swirl atomizers. Subject of the investigation were nozzles that differ in the way the liquid is set in motion, as well as different inlet port and outlet orifice dimensions. The results indicate that nozzle inlet port area may have a significant impact on oil droplet breakup, with x90,3 values of the oil droplet size distribution decreasing from 5.29 to 2.30 µm with a decrease of the inlet area from 2.0 to 0.6 mm. Good scalability of the findings from pilot to industrial-scale was shown using larger nozzles. A simplified theoretical model, aiming to predict the ODS as a function of calculated shear rates, showed reasonable agreement to the experimental data for different atomization pressures with coefficients of determination of up to 0.99. However, it was not able to predict the impact of different nozzle dimensions, most likely due to changes in flow characteristics. These results suggest that the stress history of the oil droplets might have a larger influence than expected. Further studies will need to consider other zones of high stress in addition to the outlet orifice.

Determination of the effective swath of a plant protection UAV adapted to mist nozzles in mountain Nangguo pear orchards.

Plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become popular in mountain orchards, but due to the differences in planting structures, the chances of heavy spraying, missed spraying and pesticide drift are increasing. To mitigate the adverse effects of these phenomena, it is necessary to clarify the effective deposition range of aerial spray droplets. This study proposed an effective spray swath determination method for the effective spraying range of mountainous orchards with UAVs equipped with a mist nozzle (bilateral 1% coverage). This approach focused on exploring the effects of flight height (unidirectional flight modes of 2, 3 and 4 m), spray nozzle atomization performance (reciprocating flight modes of 20, 30 and 40 µm) and flight route (treetop flying and inter-row flying) on the spraying range in a mountain setting. In addition, the study analysed the relationship between the droplet-size spectrum and the effective swath position. The results showed that it is feasible to use the bilateral 1% coverage evaluation method to determine the effective spray swath of a UAV adapted with a mist nozzle for aerial operation in a mountainous Nangguo Pear orchard. With the increase in UAV flight height (2-4 m), the effective unidirectional spray swath also increased, and with the increase in atomization level (20-40 μm), the effective reciprocating spray swath showed a decreasing trend. Moreover, the average effective swath width measured by the UAV for treetop flight was greater than that measured for inter-row flight. The study also found that the proportion of small droplets (droplet size less than 100 µm) below the UAV route was lower (approximately 50%) than along the sides of the route (approximately 80%), and the spray swath was not symmetrically distributed along the flight route but shifted laterally by approximately 3 to 4 m in the downhill direction.

Study on the mechanism of surfactant droplet wetting and coagulation of respiratory dust: The case of AEO-9

In industrial production, spraying is the most widely used dust control method. However, the traditional pure water spray has poor dust removal effect, and the principles of droplet wetting and dust encapsulation are unclear, resulting in poor dust removal effect. In this study, based on the CLSVOF method, we investigated the dynamic wetting and coalescence process of surfactant droplets and dust particles from a microscopic perspective. By changing the size ratio between the droplets and dust particles, as well as the initial velocity of the droplets, we simulated the spreading and wetting of surfactant droplets on the dust surface and found the optimal parameter range for encapsulating respirable dust. Through the experimental determination of spray atomization characteristics, it was found that the spray pressure of 6 MPa and the use of a 1.2 mm fine atomization nozzle produced a spray field with droplet sizes ranging from 14 to 21 μm, accounting for approximately 62.4 % of the distribution. Around 60 % of the droplets had velocities between 20 and 30 m/s. Dust settling efficiency experiments were conducted under these optimal spray parameters, and the settling efficiency of respirable dust reached 84.33 % within the favorable parameter range. Numerical simulations of the dynamic wetting process of dust-fog coupling at the microscopic level, as well as macroscopic spray experiments, were carried out to validate the reliable results. This method has significant implications for the control of respirable dust.

Cavitation in Internal Flows of Liquid Jet Through a Throat

The interaction of a liquid with the surrounding air produces unstable waves that disintegrate the liquid into droplets, which is known as liquid atomization. The common internal flow of a liquid atomization nozzle experiences a single-phase flow but might turn into a multiphase flow with the existence of cavitation. Cavitation in internal flow has gotten a lot of attention because of the positive and negative consequences it can have depending on the application. One such advantageous result is that cavitation has been used to promote the atomization of liquid jets by causing gas bubbles in the atmosphere to collapse. Most of the past research on cavitation has focused on the exit orifice’s constant cross-section area. The current study investigates the effect of throat location and geometry on cavitation characteristics. Filtered water was used as the simulation fluid. The high-speed shadowgraph technique was applied to record the images of the internal flow patterns. The placement of the throat was discovered to have a substantial impact on the status of the cavitation. Cavitation began at the inlet of the throat when the throat was placed at the uppermost part of the exit orifice. However, when the throat is placed in the middle of the exit orifice, the cavitation begins at the end of the throat. Four cavitation regimes were identified, namely developing, mixed, super and sudden expansion cavitation. Furthermore, it was found that the discharge coefficient depends on the cavitation’s state and length, except when the cavitation is in the supercavitation regime.

Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production Using a Semibatch Atomization Apparatus

Although biodiesel production is undoubtedly a mature technology, there are still ways to improve it, especially through process intensification. The present study investigated the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol for biodiesel production in a nonconventional atomization reactor. The effects of the oleic acid flow rate (1.3, 2.6, and 3.9 g/min), atomization pressure (50, 100, and 150 kPa), and temperature (323, 333, and 343 K) were evaluated by a complete factorial experimental design. The size of droplets was determined by computational image processing. A mathematical model was also developed to describe the conversion of oleic acid to ethyl ester as a function of molar concentration of components and operating conditions of the reactor. A hybrid estimation of parameters (pre-exponential factor, activation energy, and equilibrium and solubility constants) was performed using particle swarm optimization followed by the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno method. The Pareto analysis has shown that the increase in temperature in the reactor and the increase in atomization pressure have improved the conversion of oleic acid. Higher pressure values in the atomization nozzle led to the generation of small oleic acid droplets, which accelerated reagent consumption during the reaction. On the other hand, conversion values were reduced by increasing the oleic acid flow rate. The highest conversion of oleic acid (86.7%) was obtained under the following reaction conditions: temperature of 343 K, atomization pressure of 150 kPa, oleic acid flow rate equal to 1.3 g/min using 0.7% sulfuric acid (mol of sulfuric acid/mol of oleic acid), and 2 h of reaction time. The simulations showed that esterification is governed by temperature, but it is possible to observe that the atomization pressure affects more conversion of oleic acid under a low temperature (<323 K).

Characterization of Sprays Generated by the Expansion of Emulsions with Liquid Carbon Dioxide

AbstractExpanding emulsions with liquid CO2 facilitates the creation of aerosols with an average droplet diameter in the low micrometer size range, which is challenging with conventional atomizers. The droplet formation process of the expansion of high‐pressure emulsions was investigated using a plain‐orifice atomizer and different swirl nozzles. The local droplet size and droplet velocities were measured and used to estimate the local Weber number and thus infer the droplet size reduction. Measurements of the local mass concentration in the aerosol showed that, for the swirl nozzle, the highest concentration was found outside of the central axis, indicating radial momentum generated by the swirl nozzle. Furthermore, it was shown that the type of expansion nozzle used has an influence on the resulting median droplet size in the aerosol. For a water mass load of 0.01, the median droplet diameter was reduced from 8 to 3 μm by increasing the swirl number from 0.01 to 0.1.

Investigation on optimal selection of multi-nozzle spray dust suppression parameters for air-operated spraying system

To evaluate the granularity distribution pattern for multi-nozzle interference spray, the two-phase flow state inside the nozzle and the fragmentation process of the droplet particles in the eddy current field is studied, and the atomization characteristics of the multi-nozzle spray interference process is simulated based on CFD technology. The results indicate that the braking distance in the atomization field decreases with the increase of atomization pressure, and the decreasing speed is slower, in contrast, the atomizing angle increases with the rise in atomization pressure and the decrease of nozzle diameter. Compared with the single nozzle atomization field, the multi-nozzle atomization field has a more uniform distribution of droplet particles through collision, polymerization and rupture, which can achieve a better dust removal effect. By increasing the atomization pressure, the multi-nozzle interference atomization area can be formed faster, the droplet size is more refined, and the distribution is more uniform. Under the optimal parameters, practical testing indicates that the multi-nozzle air-operated atomization system makes the total dust and respirable dust concentrations at the various measuring points decrease rapidly, and the maximum suppression rates reach 95.52% and 96.84%, respectively.

Challenges and opportunities of unmanned aerial vehicles as a new tool for crop pest control.

The application of pesticides is not simply delivering chemicals to the target area. It also involves considering the negative aspects and developing strategies to deal with them during the application process, to ensure the maximization of pesticides use efficiency and the maintenance of the ecosystem. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers demonstrate unique advantages compared to traditional ground sprayers, particularly in terms of maneuverability and labor intensity reduction, showed great potential for chemical application in pest control. It is undeniable that there exist challenges in the practice of UAV spraying, such as higher potential risks of pesticide drift or pathogen transmission, uncertainty canopy deposition for different crops, and unexpected leaf breakage induced by downwash flow. Maximizing the utilization of downwash flow while avoiding lateral air movement outside the intended target crop area is a major issue for chemical application with UAV sprayers, particularly in light of the increasingly apparent consensus on the need for enhanced environmental protection during the chemical application process. It must be considered that the operation strategy in different scenarios and for different crop targets is not the same, unique requirements should be given on nozzle atomization, flight parameters, adjuvants and aircraft types in specific working situations. In future, the implementation of spray drift prediction, technical procedures development, and other solutions aimed at reducing pesticide drift and improving deposition quality, is expected to promote the adoption of UAV sprayers by more farmers. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Spray combustion of fast-pyrolysis bio-oils under engine-like conditions

In the EU funded SmartCHP project, biomass derived fast-pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO) is used to fuel modified stationary diesel engines for combined heat and power applications. In this study, the spray combustion characteristics of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil and FPBO/ethanol blends are experimentally investigated in a combustion research unit. Due to the special physicochemical properties of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil, major modifications are made to the combustion research unit to facilitate testing this fuel, including the installation of a high-temperature chamber and a heavy-fuel oil injection system. Experimental tests are carried out at a chamber wall temperature of 750 °C and an ambient pressure of 50 bar. The pressure-based heat release analysis is used to evaluate fuel ignition and combustion characteristics, while a high-speed imaging technique is adopted to visualize natural luminosity of spray flames through a borescope.Results show that fast-pyrolysis bio-oil has lower sooting tendency than diesel, and it significantly alleviates the fuel dribble phenomenon. At injection pressure of 300 bar, the poor atomization of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil leads to rather grainy-looking spray flame images, and nozzle orifices becoming clogged within couple of injections. The increase of injection pressure to 900 bar results in an obvious improvement of the atomization quality and nozzle durability for fast-pyrolysis bio-oil. Adding ethanol into fast-pyrolysis bio-oil could improve fuel atomization and further reduce the natural luminosity. The ignition delay of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil is slightly retarded by 10% ethanol addition, while it is advanced by 30% ethanol addition.

Effect of Y-jet nozzle geometry and operating conditions on spray characteristics and atomizer efficiency

The investigation and optimization of the atomizer nozzle design are paramount for an efficient atomization performance. Motivated by internal mixing atomizers used in FCC-reactors in the oil industry, the present work aims to improve the gas-liquid mixing process promoted by a specific design of the Y-jet nozzle by investigating the impact of key geometric parameters. The performance assessment is conducted by investigating the internal mixing chamber pressure, high-speed images of the spray, and the analysis of droplet size and velocity spatial distributions. The investigation considers industrially representative operating conditions as opposed to the lower mass flow rates typically employed in lab-scale investigations. The geometry variation considers the length and opening angle of the internal mixing chamber, as well as the impingement angle between the gas and the liquid jets inside the atomizer nozzle. A particular geometric characteristic of the utilized nozzles is the mixing-chamber conical geometry, distinguishing them from conventional cylindrical geometries. The impact of the nozzle geometry and operation parameters on atomization efficiency and spray homogeneity are the main outcomes of this approach. Overall, nozzles with shorter mixing chambers promote more efficient atomization combined with small droplet sizes and a more homogeneous spray.

Industrial-scale experimental study of internal-mixing air-blast nozzle for sludge atomization

The atomization of sewage sludge is a key step in its drying process. This study conducts an industrial-scale experimental study to investigate the performance of a self-developed internal-mixing air-blast nozzle for atomizing sewage sludge. The size of atomized droplets is calculated using image processing technology. Using the specific size and characteristic size of the droplets, the droplet distribution and the droplet motion behavior in spray field are investigated at various air-to-liquid mass flow rate ratio (ALR). The larger the ALR, the smaller the atomization droplets. By installing outlet diffusers and impaction pins, the atomization angle can be increased and the distribution of droplets in the spray field can be improved. The outlet diffuser with an outlet angle of 90° and the square impaction pin exhibit optimal effect. Experiments with real scale and industrial grade have a significant reference value for industrial applications of sludge atomization.

Experimental study on the atomization characteristics and dust removal efficiency of a fan-shaped nozzle for purifying working environment

The inadequacy of the existing research in characterizing the atomization performance of the whole atomization field by the local region at nozzle axis hinders the improvement of dust removal performance of a spray system, especially for fan-shaped nozzles with large atomization angle. To solve this inadequacy, 88 measuring points were designed in this study to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of atomization parameters of a fan-shaped pressure atomization nozzle using a 3D Fiber Phase-Doppler Anemometer. Moreover, the atomization performance and dust removal performance of the whole atomization field under different spray pressures were characterized. The results showed that the spatial distribution of atomization parameters in the axis and radial direction of the nozzle was inhomogeneous. As the axial distance from the nozzle outlet increased, the average droplet size showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, the proportion of the droplet of 15-70 μm showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, while the average droplet velocity and droplet flux showed a decreasing trend. In addition, the spray orientation was perpendicular to gravity, and the atomization field was parallel to gravity, resulting in a significant difference in the average droplet size between the upper region and the axis. Compared with the upper and lower regions, the atomization effect at the axis was superior, manifested by higher average droplet velocity and droplet flux, indicating that characterizing nozzle atomization performance with atomization parameters at the axis will lead to overestimation. The increase of spray pressure can improve atomization performance and dust removal efficiency to a certain extent, but the improvement effect had a limit. The atomization field can be divided into atomization region, expansion region and contraction region, and the expansion region was considered as an effective dust removal region. These findings provide reference for the design and operation of a spray system.

Numerical study on the atomization mechanism and energy characteristics of synthetic jet/dual synthetic jets

Due to high-frequency oscillating flow characteristic, the synthetic jet/dual synthetic jets (SJ/DSJ) can break up the liquid film into fine droplets. SJ/DSJ atomization nozzle has been designed and studied in the early stage, but its atomizing mechanism is still unclear. Through numerical and experimental methods, this study reveals how the unsteady jet with high turbulence level causes instability at the gas–liquid interface. The SJ/DSJ atomization during the blowing stroke is mainly divided into two stages, namely the primary breakup induced by K-H instability and secondary atomization induced by R-T instability. While the liquid fragmentation caused by the reverse jet during the suction stroke includes two modes: passive-fracture mode induced by the aerodynamic force and active-detachment mode induced by the velocity difference. The variation of spray particle number with time obeys the lognormal distribution. The particle size ranges from 4 to 150 μm, and 60% of the spray particles are fine droplets with diameter less than 50 μm. The traditional method to improve the atomization performance is to increase the gas–liquid two-phase pressure, which requires more energy consumption. In this study, by comparing the atomization characteristics of SJ/DSJ and continuous jet, it’s proved that the atomization performance can be enhanced by leaps and bounds through active flow control. 63% of the SJ/DSJ kinetic energy is fully converted into liquid kinetic energy to form high-speed spray.

Fourier Image Analysis of Multiphase Interfaces to Quantify Primary Atomization

This work describes a post-processing scheme for multiphase flow systems to characterize primary atomization. The scheme relies on the 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT) to separate the inherently multi-scale features present in the flow results. Emphasis is put on the robust quantitative analysis enabled by this scheme, with this work specifically focusing on comparing atomizer nozzle designs. The generalized finite difference (GFD) method is used to simulate a high pressure gas injected into a viscous liquid stream. The proposed scheme is applied to time-averaged results exclusively. The scheme is used to evaluate both the surface and volume features of the fluid system. Due to the better recovery of small-scale features using the proposed scheme, the benefits of post-processing multiphase surface information rather than fluid volume information was shown. While the volume information lacks the fine-scale details of the surface information, the duality between interfaces and fluid volumes leads to similar trends related to the large-scale spatial structure recovered from both surface- and volume-based data sets.