Mass Number Research Articles

PHENIX results on identified hadron production in small and large collision systems

Identified charged hadron ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], p and [Formula: see text]) nuclear modification factors and ratios of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] measured by the PHENIX experiment in p[Formula: see text]Al, 3He[Formula: see text]Au, Cu+Au collisions at [Formula: see text] = 200[Formula: see text]GeV and in U+U collisions at [Formula: see text] = 193 GeV are presented. The interpretation of experimental results has been carried out by comparison to theoretical predictions involving recombination and fragmentation models, implemented in the string melting version of AMPT package and in PYTHIA/ANGANTYR package, respectively. It is shown that in low [Formula: see text] range ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]GeV/c) fragmentation processes seem to dominate over recombination processes in collisions, characterized by small numbers of participant nucleons ([Formula: see text]). The contribution of recombination processes increases with increase of [Formula: see text] values and becomes dominant in collisions with [Formula: see text] which correspond to central collisions of large systems (Cu+Au and U+U).

FAM43A coordinates mtDNA replication and mitochondrial biogenesis in response to mtDNA depletion.

Mitochondrial retrograde signaling (MRS) pathways relay the functional status of mitochondria to elicit homeostatic or adaptive changes in nuclear gene expression. Budding yeast have "intergenomic signaling" pathways that sense the amount of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) independently of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the primary function of genes encoded by mtDNA. However, MRS pathways that sense the amount of mtDNA in mammalian cells remain poorly understood. We found that mtDNA-depleted IMR90 cells can sustain OXPHOS for a significant amount of time, providing a robust model system to interrogate human intergenomic signaling. We identified FAM43A, a largely uncharacterized protein, as a CHK2-dependent early responder to mtDNA depletion. Depletion of FAM43A activates a mitochondrial biogenesis program, resulting in an increase in mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number via CHK2-mediated upregulation of the p53R2 form of ribonucleotide reductase. We propose that FAM43A performs a checkpoint-like function to limit mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover under conditions of mtDNA depletion or replication stress.

Correlation between uterine volume and intrauterine adhesion: a propensity score matching analysis

Objective: To investigate the correlation between uterine volume and intrauterine adhesion (IUA). Methods: From June 2018 to November 2019, totally 7 007 patients who underwent hysteroscopy in outpatient operating rooms of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients of reproductive age with IUA without uterine fibroids and adenomyosis were selected as IUA group, and patients of reproductive age without uterine fibroids and adenomyosis without IUA during the same period were selected as the control group. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to perform 1∶1 matching for the two groups of patients, matching variables included age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), gravidity, parity, and number of abortion curettage. Whether there was any difference in uterine volume between the two groups of patients was compared, and whether uterine volume was an influencing factor of IUA was explored. The patients in IUA group were also categorized into mild, moderate and severe to explore whether uterine volume influenced the severity of IUA. Results: (1) After inclusion and exclusion criteria, 351 patients were included in IUA group and 2 986 patients in the control group. With PSM, 327 patients in IUA group and 327 patients in the control group were finally enrolled in this study. There were no statistically significant differences in age, height, weight, BMI, gravidity, parity, and number of abortion curettage between the two groups of patients after matching (all P>0.05). (2) After PSM, there was a significant difference between the uterine volume of IUA group (median: 44.23 cm3) and the uterine volume of the control group (median: 57.20 cm3; P<0.001). (3) Reduced uterine volume (OR=0.961, 95%CI: 0.952-0.970) was an independent risk factor for IUA (P<0.001). (4) Uterine volume had a significant effect on the severity of IUA (P<0.001), the larger the uterine volume (B=-0.030, 95%CI: -0.044 to -0.017), the less severe the IUA. Conclusions: Reduced uterine volume is an independent risk factor for IUA, and uterine volume has a significant effect on the severity of IUA. In patients with small uterine volume size, primary and secondary prevention of IUA should be emphasized.

Forecasting contrail climate forcing for flight planning and air traffic management applications: the CocipGrid model in pycontrails 0.51.0

Abstract. The global annual mean contrail climate forcing may exceed that of aviation's cumulative CO2 emissions. As only 2 %–3 % of all flights are likely responsible for 80 % of the global annual contrail energy forcing (EFcontrail), re-routing these flights could reduce the occurrence of strongly warming contrails. Here, we develop a contrail forecasting tool that produces global maps of persistent contrail formation and their EFcontrail formatted to align with standard weather and turbulence forecasts for integration into existing flight planning and air traffic management workflows. This is achieved by extending the existing trajectory-based contrail cirrus prediction model (CoCiP), which simulates contrails formed along flight paths, to a grid-based approach that initializes an infinitesimal contrail segment at each point in a 4D spatiotemporal grid and tracks them until their end of life. Outputs are provided for N aircraft-engine groups, with groupings based on similarities in aircraft mass and engine particle number emissions: N=7 results in a 3 % mean error between the trajectory- and grid-based CoCiP, while N=3 facilitates operational simplicity but increases the mean error to 13 %. We use the grid-based CoCiP to simulate contrails globally using 2019 meteorology and compare its forecast patterns with those from previous studies. Two approaches are proposed to apply these forecasts for contrail mitigation: (i) monetizing EFcontrail and including it as an additional cost parameter within a flight trajectory optimizer or (ii) constructing polygons to avoid airspace volumes with strongly warming contrails. We also demonstrate a probabilistic formulation of the grid-based CoCiP by running it with ensemble meteorology and excluding grid cells with significant uncertainties in the simulated EFcontrail. This study establishes a working standard for incorporating contrail mitigation into flight management protocols and demonstrates how forecasting uncertainty can be incorporated to minimize unintended consequences associated with increased CO2 emissions from re-routes.

Virulence of Five Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on Nine Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Varieties and Nematicidal Potential of Hemp Seed Extracts Against Meloidogyne javanica.

The most common and damaging plant parasitic nematodes are root-knot nematodes (RNK). Although hemp has been clearly infected by RNK, little information is available regarding the extent of the damage and losses caused. In addition, no information is available concerning hemp seed extracts' activity against RNK. In the current research, a greenhouse experiment was developed to evaluate the infection effect of five RKN species (Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. hapla, and M. luci) in nine industrial hemp varieties (Fedora 17, Ferimon 12, Futura 75, Santhica 27, Santhica 70, KC Dora, KC Zuzana, Zenit, and USO 31), as was a laboratory experiment to evaluate the nematicidal activity of aqueous and water extracts of hemp seeds against second-stage juveniles (J2s) of M. javanica. The results revealed that the five evaluated Meloidogyne species were pathogenic to hemp plants. The lowest shoot weights were recorded in plants that were inoculated with M. javanica and M. luci (4.65 and 4.53 g, respectively). As for the root system, the most severe damage of the roots was detected in M. incognita-infected plants, presenting the lowest root weight (1.72 g). Regarding hemp varieties, the most susceptible were USO 31, Fedora 17, Ferimon 12, and Zenit, while Futura 75 hosted the lowest nematode numbers, including the lowest values of females per gram of root (10.66), number of egg masses per gram of root (4.70), and fecundity (33.68 eggs per egg mass). Moreover, this research showed that aqueous and ethanolic hemp seed extracts can control M. javanica. After 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure to high concentrations (250-2000 ppm) of ethanolic and aqueous extracts, the J2s were permanently paralyzed; however, at low concentrations, only the ethanolic extract was effective. The ethanolic extract paralyzed J2s at concentrations higher than 62.5 ppm and reduced the egg hatching by up to 76% compared to the control treatment. In general, the efficacy of the aqueous extract was considerably lower than that of the ethanolic extract.

Spontaneou specie of the semi-arid region in proportions with goat manure in the production of coriander

The use of a mixture of fertilizers of plant and animal origin is important in the vegetable cultivation system, however, identifying the proportion of each fertilizer in the composition will lead to positive results for the crop that will be cultivated, in this sense, the objective was to study spontaneous species from the semi-arid region in proportions with goat manure in the production of coriander. The research was developed at the Rafael Fernandes Experimental Farm, belonging to the Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid (UFERSA). The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of the proportions of hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia L.) in goat manure [0%; 20%; 40%; 60%; 80% and 100% of hairy woodrose on dry basis]. The coriander cultivar sown was Verdão. The characteristics evaluated were: plant height, number of stems, productivity, number of bunches and dry mass of coriander. The maximum agronomic efficiency of the proportion of hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia L.) in goat manure was 587.28 g m-2 of coriander with 5.79 units of sauces m-2 with the exclusive use of hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia L.) in the dry mass (100%). The efficiency of hairy woodrose in the evaluated characteristics is due to its concentration of chemical elements present in the dry matter (24.0 g kg-1 of nitrogen; 23.3 g kg-1 of potassium and carbon nitrogen ratio of 23/1).

Measurement report: Rocket-borne measurements of large ions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere – detection of meteor smoke particles

Abstract. We present mass spectroscopic in situ data from rocket flights of two improved ion mass spectrometers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. The instruments were optimized to detect large ions with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z, mass) of up to m/z 2000 and 20 000 respectively, for analysis of meteor smoke particles. The flights were performed in the framework of the polar mesospheric winter echo (PMWE) campaigns, initiated and coordinated by the Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), to investigate polar mesospheric winter radar echoes in Andøya (Norway) in 2018 and 2021. Both flights were successful and allowed the mass number and chemical composition of charged meteor smoke particles to be investigated. We found a complex and diverse composition of positively and negatively charged molecules and particles within our mass range in a region that is notoriously difficult to get mass spectroscopic data from. While at altitudes below 85 km we observed negatively charged particles of up to several thousands of atomic mass units, above this altitude we found possible building blocks of these large particles that form right after their ablation from the parent meteorite material. In the first flight we detected no positively charged particles above m/z 100 and a difficult-to-interpret signal for negatively charged particles beyond our mass range of m/z 2000. In the second flight, however, we detected positively charged particles between around m/z 180 and 350 and a number of different negatively charged particles up to m/z 5500. Due to the very large mass range of m/z 20 000 used in the second flight and the subsequent lower mass resolution, unambiguous mass identification is not possible. A particular interesting pattern was found at 80.8 km of a compound that seems to double its mass around m/z 225, 450, 900 and 1800. Comparing our findings to proposed meteor smoke particle compounds by other authors, our observations would be consistent with magnetite, fayalite and forsterite. However, other possible compounds cannot be excluded.

OFF-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND CONCOMITANT MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION

HighlightsThe review presents a retrospective analysis of data of patients who underwent combined coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve repair/replacement.The authors comparatively assessed outcomes of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) and on-pump CABG (ONCABG) in patients with combined valvular pathology. AbstractAim. To evaluate the benefits of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) in patients with coronary artery disease and concomitant mitral valve (MV) regurgitation.Methods. The study included 50 patients with coronary artery disease and concomitant MV disease who underwent simultaneous CABG and correction of MV regurgitation. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 26) included patiens with on-pump CABG (ONCABG), group 2 (n = 24) included patiens with OPCABG.Results. In the OPCABG group there was shorter aortic cross-clamping time (85,5 [71,25; 105,25] vs 119 [99,25; 132,25] min, compared with the ONCABG group, p &lt; 0,05), shorter duration of CPB (136,5 [119,25; 158,5] vs 168,5 [142,75; 186,25] min, p &lt; 0,05), and overall duration of the operation (292,5 [252,5; 360] vs 340 [287,5; 385] min, respectively, p = 0,15). Moreover, in this group there was a lower need for transfusion of blood and its components: freshly frozen plasma (2 [2; 3] vs 3 [3; 3], p &lt; 0,05), RBC mass (2 [1; 2] vs 2 [2; 2], respectively, p = 0,4), and lower number of bed-days during hospital stay (20 [13,5; 26,25] vs 23,5 [17,5; 26] days, p &lt; 0,05).Conclusions. Off-pump CABG in patients with combined valvular pathology is a safe and reproducible technique that provides shorter aortic cross-clamping time, on-pump time and operation duration. The need for blood transfusion and the length of hospital stay are reduced as well.

Growth Regulator Indole-3-Butyric Acid on Rooting Potential of Actinidia deliciosa Rootstock and Actinidia arguta Female Scion Species Stem Cuttings

A study was conducted to access the effectiveness of exogenous application of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on adventitious root formation in kiwifruit semi-hardwood stem cuttings (SCs) from Actinidia deliciosa rootstock and Actinidia arguta female scion. Treatment comprised IBA concentrations of 0, 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 and 100,000 ppm. Parallel experiments for A. deliciosa and A. arguta’s treatment were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with 12 replications. In A. deliciosa, treatments had significant (p ≤ 0.05) effects in rooting percentage, number of roots, root length, size of callus formation and callus percentage, except for dry root mass. In A. arguta, treatments showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) effects in rooting percentage, number of roots, root length and dry root mass. No callus formation was observed in A. arguta. Relative to the control, in A. deliciosa, the highest (42%) rooting percentage and lengthy (0.301 cm) roots, were observed at 10,000 ppm IBA concentration, whereas the most (0.295) number of roots were produced at 100,000 ppm IBA concentration. Calli percentage (94%) was highest at 100 ppm IBA, while the size of callus formation was the biggest (2.8) at IBA concentration of 100,000 ppm, when compared to the control. In A. arguta, the highest (100%) rooting percentage was achieved at the control (0 ppm), 100 ppm and 10,000 ppm IBA concentrations, whereas the greatest (0.9815) number of roots were observed at the IBA concentration of 10 ppm. Lengthy (1.0839 cm) roots were achieved at IBA concentration of 100 ppm, whereas the greatest (0.1061 g) dry root mass was attained at IBA concentration of 10,000 ppm. In conclusion, the use of growth regulator IBA was effective for root formation in SCs of A. deliciosa rootstock. In A. arguta female scion, IBA application improved the quality of rooting (more and longer roots). IBA application showed its potential in stimulating root development at 10,000 ppm IBA.

Tracing the change of the volatile compounds of soy sauce at different fermentation times by PTR-TOF-MS, E-nose and GC–MS

Proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), combined with electronic nose (E-nose), was first used to track the change of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soy sauce in this study. The results showed that 163 VOCs with different mass numbers were identified. Based on the differences in VOCs, the entire fermentation cycle was divided into four stages (0D and 15D; 30D-75D; 90D; 105D120D). The key stage of aroma formation was on day 90, when the VOC content reached its peak. It was clear that the key feature differential component was nonanal and phenethyl acetate by partial least squares discriminant analysis model, which showed significant correlation with the fermentation time. Moreover, the Quadratic Discriminant Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis models can accurately predict the fermentation cycle of soy sauce. The results of study demonstrated the potential of PTR-TOF-MS for comprehensive online monitoring and distinguishing of VOCs change during soy sauce fermentation.

Multi-phase HI clouds in the Small Magellanic Cloud halo

Context. The Galactic ASKAP collaboration (GASKAP) is undertaking an HI emission survey of the 21cm line to map the Magellanic system and the Galactic plane with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). One of the first areas observed in the Pilot Phase I of the survey was the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Previous surveys of the SMC have uncovered new structures in the periphery of the SMC, along relatively low column density lines of sight. Aims. In this work we aimed to uncover the phase distribution of three distinct structures in the periphery of the SMC. This work will add to the constraints we have on the existence and survival of the cold neutral medium (CNM) in the SMC. Methods. We used ROHSA, a Gaussian decomposition algorithm, to model the emission across each cloud and classify the HI emission into their respective phases based on the linewidths of the fitted Gaussians. We created maps of velocity and column density of each phase of the HI across these three clouds. We measured the HI mass and CNM number density for each cloud. We also compared the HI results across the different phases with other gas tracers. Results. We find that in two clouds, the ends of each cloud are almost completely CNM dominated. Analysis of these two clouds indicates they are experiencing a compressive force from the direction of the SMC main body. In the third cloud we find a uniform CNM distribution along one wall of what is likely a supershell structure. Comparison with previous measurements of CO clumps in two of the clouds show the CO and HI are co-moving within a few km s−1 in regions of high HI column density, particularly when considering just the CNM.

Isotopic analysis of Nd nanoparticles using single particle MC-ICP-MS: A comparative study with single particle-ICP-TOF-MS.

Single particle - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) is a powerful technique for characterization of the elemental and isotopic composition of individual particles. In this work, the capabilities of the newest generation of MC-ICP-MS with acquisition rates down to 50ms were evaluated for single particle analysis, with a focus on isotopic precision achievable on a single-particle level. Nd (NdVO4) nanoparticles (∼120nm in diameter) were used as case study and were first characterized in terms of mass (respective size) and particle number concentration by SP-ICP-TOF-MS and then by SP-MC-ICP-MS for isotopic precision. For the isotopic ratio measurements, the MC-ICP-MS performance was compared to the ICP-TOF-MS and it was found that the isotope ratio precision was increased (R2 between 0.98 and 0.99) compared to ICP-TOF-MS (R2 between 0.88 and 0.97). The accuracy attained on a single particle level, was compared to bulk digestion followed by MC-ICP-MS analysis, and the SP-MC-ICP-MS technique was able to determine the particle population average to be <4%, percent relative differences for the 142Nd/144Nd, 143Nd/144Nd, 145Nd/144Nd, 146Nd/144Nd, and 148Nd/144Nd ratios The detection limit for the SP-MC-ICP-MS approach was also assessed. When utilizing an all Faraday-cup based detection scheme the determined LOD for the measurements was 0.2fg for Nd, per particle. Based on these results, the newest generation of MC-ICP-MS has demonstrated its utility for performing SP measurement, particularly when high precision isotopic determination is warranted.

Quantification of adulterated fox-derived components in meat products by drop digital polymerase chain reaction

ABSTRACT This paper reported a novel approach to quantification of adulterated fox-derived components in meat products by drop digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). By using the F2 gene as the target gene of fox, a single primer was designed to identify the adulteration that had been added either inadvertently or deliberately during the process. In this paper, the fox meat was used as the experimental materials and a relationship was established between fox mass and copy number by extracting DNA and using DNA concentration as an intermediary. The results that across the dynamic range, the relationships between meat mass and DNA concentration were nearly linear (R2 = 0.9986), as was the relationship between DNA concentration and DNA copy number (R2 = 0.9992). Based on the DNA concentration, the following formulas were developed about the relationship between fox meat mass (Mfox) and DNA copy number (C): Mfox = 0.05C + 2.7.

General Resolution of the Fundamental Equation of the Global Nuclear Collision Model

The resolution of the fundamental mechanism’s equation E-F of the global nuclear collisions model is performed. It is divided into two stages. The first one, concerns the research of the one parameter minimal group which is given by applying successively conservation laws of charge and mass numbers and total energy. The second one is the determination of the possible mechanisms and their corresponding colliding system final states.

Search for baryon junctions in e+A collisions at the electron ion collider

Constituent quarks in a nucleon are the essential elements in the standard “quark model” associated with the electric charge, spin, mass, and baryon number of a nucleon. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) describes nucleon as a composite object containing current quarks (valence quarks and sea (anti-)quarks) and gluons. These subatomic elements and their interactions are known to contribute in complex ways to the overall nucleon spin and mass. In the early development of QCD theory in the 1970s, an alternative hypothesis postulated that the baryon number might manifest itself through a non-perturbative configuration of gluon fields forming a Y-shaped topology known as the gluon junction. In this work, we propose to test such hypothesis by measuring (i) the Regge intercept of the net-baryon distributions for e+(p)Au collisions, (ii) baryon and charge transport in the isobaric ratio between e+Ru and e+Zr collisions, and (iii) target flavor dependence of proton and antiproton yields at large rapidity, transported from the hydrogen and deuterium targets in e+p(d) collisions. Our study indicates that these measurements at the EIC can help determine what carries the baryon number.

New approach for calculating nuclear binding energies of nickel isotopes 57-78Ni28 by using the Shell Model

Depending on the basic assumptions of the Shell Model and by using suitable potentials, we found a new formula to calculate the nuclear binding energies of nickel isotopes 57-78Ni28. This formula is related only to the mass number of these isotopes and the number of valence nucleons outside the closed core 56Ni28. When calculating the standard deviation of the experimental data from the theory, we found that our value is better than the value calculated by the Semi-Empirical Mass Formula; it is also better than that calculated by the Integrated Model and calculated by the Modified Integrated Model. This indicates that our inferred formula is better than the most important formulas previously used to calculate nuclear binding energies for our studied nuclei.

Nrf2/NRF1 signaling activation and crosstalk amplify mitochondrial biogenesis in the treatment of triptolide-induced cardiotoxicity using calycosin

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates both oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis. Our previous study reported the cardioprotection of calycosin against triptolide toxicity through promoting mitochondrial biogenesis by activating nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), a coregulatory effect contributed by Nrf2 was not fully elucidated. This work aimed at investigating the involvement of Nrf2 in mitochondrial protection and elucidating Nrf2/NRF1 signaling crosstalk on amplifying the detoxification of calycosin. Results indicated that calycosin inhibited cardiomyocytes apoptosis and F-actin depolymerization following triptolide exposure. Cardiac contraction was improved by calycosin through increasing both fractional shortening (FS%) and ejection fraction (EF%). This enhanced contractile capacity of heart was benefited from mitochondrial protection reflected by ultrastructure improvement, augment in mitochondrial mass and ATP production. NRF1 overexpression in cardiomyocytes increased mitochondrial mass and DNA copy number, whereas NRF1 knockdown mitigated calycosin-mediated enhancement in mitochondrial mass. For nuclear Nrf2, it was upregulated by calycosin in a way of disrupting Nrf2-Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1) interaction, followed by inhibiting ubiquitination and degradation. The involvement of Nrf2 in mitochondrial protection was validated by the results that both Nrf2 knockdown and Nrf2 inhibitor blocked the calycosin effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. In the case of calycosin treatment, its effect on NRF1 and Nrf2 upregulations were respectively blocked by PGCα/Nrf2 and NRF1 knockdown, indicative of the mutual regulation between Nrf2 and NRF1. Accordingly, calycosin activated Nrf2/NRF1 and the signaling crosstalk, leading to mitochondrial biogenesis amplification, which would become a novel mechanism of calycosin against triptolide-induced cardiotoxicity.

Transient electromagnetic sources can detect solitary black holes in Milky Way galaxy

Abstract The Milky Way galaxy is estimated to host up to a billion stellar-mass solitary black holes (BHs). The number and distribution of BH masses can provide crucial information about the processes involved in BH formation, the existence of primordial BHs, and the interpretation of gravitational wave (GW) signals detected in LIGO-VIRGO-KAGRA. Sahu et al. recently confirmed one solitary stellar-mass BH in our galaxy using astrometric microlensing. This work proposes a novel mechanism to identify such BH by analyzing the frequency and damping of the quasi-normal modes of GW generated from the interaction of the BH and EM wave originating from a transient electromagnetic (TEM) source. The incoming EM waves distort the curvature of a BH, releasing GWs as it returns to a steady state. Using the covariant semi-tetrad formalism, we quantify the generated GWs via the Regge-Wheeler tensor and relate the GW amplitude to the energy of the TEM. We demonstrate that isolated BHs at a distance of 50 pc from Earth can be detected by LIGO A+ and 100 pc by Cosmic Explorer/Einstein Telescope. Additionally, we discuss the observational implications for orphan afterglows associated with GRBs, highlighting the potential for further discoveries.

Impurity effects on kinetic ballooning instability in high q regions of tokamak plasmas

Abstract The impurity effects on kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) in high q regions of tokamak plasmas are numerically investigated, using a full gyrokinetic description for main and impurity ions. The findings indicate that the critical plasma pressure ratio β c for KBM is significantly lower (higher) than the first (second) stable threshold β MHD predicted by MHD theory. The KBM exhibits stronger extended instabilities for low q , while the instability region of KBM becomes significantly narrow for high q , resulting in a more concentrated instability window (localized in narrow medium- β region). In addition, the contributions from electromagnetic effect and Shafranov shift are identified in detail, i.e. the electromagnetic destabilizing effect is suppressed by the Shafranov shift, and strong stabilizing effect of Shafranov shift for high β e or α on KBM is pronounced. The impurity ions with negative gradient ratio L e z have stabilizing (destabilizing) effects on KBMs for high (low) q . Such distinct behaviors are demonstrated to be associated with the used parameters close to the second and first unstable α region, i.e. the instability reduces and enhances with the increase of α , respectively. Significantly, the presence of impurities, regardless of the peaking directions of their density profiles, serves to stabilize KBMs and reduce the window of extended instability for high q region, which is in significant contrast with the results for low q region. Furthermore, high concentration, steep negative gradient ratio L ez , and high mass numbers of impurity ions as well as large temperature gradient η i and η e contribute to the stabilization of KBMs and improvement of confinement in high q regions of tokamaks. The region of stabilizing effect of magnetic shear on KBM, is found not belonging to the conventional magnetic shear region, but shows strong sensitivity to q value.

Optimizing Surgery for Idiopathic Scoliosis: Does a Dual Approach Help Young Surgeons?

Introduction Inidiopathic scoliosissurgery, studies have shown two attending surgeons have better curve correction, pain, and recovery time. There is conflicting evidence on operative time, blood loss, infection rate, and hospital length of stay. Limited literature examines the impact of surgeon experience on the dual approach. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of two young orthopedic attendings compared to a senior-level attending in idiopathic scoliosis surgery. Methods We examined adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion by a single or dual-attending approach. We performed a 1:1 propensity score match with the variables of age at surgery, sex, body mass index, Cobb angle, and number of levels fused. Peri- and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Results There were 24 patients in each cohort. Patients having surgery by dual attendings had a shorter mean operative time overall (232 vs. 327 minutes, p<0.001) and per levels fused (19 vs. 26 minutes per level, p<0.001). Dual attendings had better percent curve correction (70% vs. 56%, p=0.001) and smaller overall final postoperative curve magnitude (17° vs. 25°, p<0.001). Estimated blood loss (421 vs. 989 mL, p=0.023) and cell saver volume transfused (59 vs. 178 mL, p<0.001) were lower in dual attending cases. Dual attending patients had a shorter length of stay (3 vs. 4 days, p<0.001). There were no differences in Hemovac blood loss, transfusion requirements, need for intensive care, or complications. Over time, the young dual attendings improved in hospital length of stay (R: -0.617, p=0.001) and hemovac blood loss (R: -0.474, p=0.019). Conclusion A dual attending approach in idiopathic scoliosis surgery may result in shorter operative time, greater curve correction, reduced operative blood loss, and shortened hospital length of stay. No differences were identified in postoperative blood loss or transfusion requirement, need for intensive care, or overall complication rate. Within the limitations of this study, we conclude that dual attending surgery in idiopathic scoliosis is safe and effective when conducted by two young orthopedic surgeons, with results that are similar to that of a more experienced senior surgeon.