Loss Of Atoms Research Articles

Collisional dynamics of a few atom quantum system with tunable interaction

The advent of single-atom trapping in optical tweezers and experimental evolution in control, isolation, and manipulation of cold atoms allows us to manifest the few-body physics and its connection with the many-body systems. In cold atom experiments, the universality of few-body physics is majorly governed by the scattering length which makes it an important parameter in determining theoretically calculated loss rates. Here, we numerically study the 3-body collisional dynamics for Cesium atoms using the atom loss model described by Born-Markov approximation. Using the Cs atoms provides us the freedom to vary the scattering length, a, as a function of the magnetic field through Feshbach resonances. We investigate the three-, two-, and one-particle processes in the repulsive interactions regime at different values for a. We find that the probability of one atom remaining in the trap is maximum at B = 26 G corresponding to a = 402.382a 0 and has the highest value amongst the probability of zero-, two-, and three-particle remaining in the trap at same magnetic field after the collision. Our findings leads to high fidelity single atom tweezers which have direct application in creating defect free arrays for quantum information processing purposes.

Real-time nondemolition measurement method for alkali vapor density and its application in a spin-exchange relaxation-free co-magnetometer.

This study presents a novel method for measuring the number density of K in K-Rb hybrid vapor cells using circularly polarized pump light on polarized alkali metal atoms. This proposed method eliminates the need for additional devices such as absorption spectroscopy, Faraday rotation, or resistance temperature detector technology. The modeling process involved considering wall loss, scattering loss, atomic absorption loss, and atomic saturation absorption, with experiments designed to identify the relevant parameters. The proposed method is real-time, highly stable, and a quantum nondemolition measurement that does not disrupt the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, as the longitudinal electron spin polarization long-term stability increased by 204% and the transversal electron spin polarization long-term stability increased by 44.8%, as evaluated by the Allan variance.

Alkali-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of I-deficient Nanoplatelet BiOI Microflowers with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Performance for Degradation of Organic Pollutants

I-deficient nanoplatelet bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) microflowers were successfully synthesized via a one-pot solvothermal method using NaOH. Results demonstrated that OH– played a key role in regulating the morphology, pore structure, and energy band structure of the prepared samples. As the volume of NaOH increased, the size of the BiOI microflowers gradually decreased, and the specific surface area and pore volume increased, providing more accessible active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Additionally, some iodine atoms in B-7 (i.e., 7 mL of a 1.0 M NaOH solution was added during the synthesis process) were replaced by hydroxide ions, affording B-7 with slight defects. The loss of iodine atoms shifted the valence band maximum (VBM) from 1.372 eV for the pristine BiOI (B-0) to 1.596 eV for I-deficient BiOI (B-7). The lowered VBM provides more oxidative holes, which is favorable for the oxidation reaction. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples were evaluated via the photodegradation of various organic pollutants, such as methyl orange, Rhodamine B, and phenol, under visible light. Owing to the higher surface area and pore volume, lower VBM, and presence of surface defects, B-7 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency among all of the samples.

Anomalous loss behavior in a single-component Fermi gas close to a p -wave Feshbach resonance

We theoretically investigate three-body losses in a single-component Fermi gas near a $p$-wave Feshbach resonance in the interacting, non-unitary regime. We extend the cascade model introduced by Waseem \textit{et al.} [M. Waseem, J. Yoshida, T. Saito, and T. Mukaiyama, Phys. Rev. A \textbf{99}, 052704 (2019)] to describe the elastic and inelastic collision processes. We find that the loss behavior exhibits a $n^3$ and an anomalous $n^2$ density dependence for a ratio of elastic-to-inelastic collision rate larger and smaller than 1, respectively. The corresponding evolutions of the energy distribution show collisional cooling or evolution toward low-energetic non-thermalized steady states, respectively. These findings are particularly relevant for understanding atom loss and energetic evolution of ultracold gases of fermionic lithium atoms in their ground state.

Evaluation of Molecular Fragmentation in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

In time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), ionized molecules and molecular fragments (secondary ions) are generated in collisions of high-energy ions (primary ions) with a solid sample surface. Mass spectra of the emitted secondary ions are typically used to identify molecular species and to determine their spatial distribution on the sample surface. Here, we extend this application in a TOF-SIMS study of a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) where we focus on the fragmentation of these molecules, with the purpose of better understanding the fragmentation patterns of heavy aromatic molecules in petroleum. For all PAHs, the collision process generated (i) a series of smaller cation fragments and (ii) cations close in size to the original PAH (molecular cations). Stark differences are measured for various PAHs regarding the abundance of smaller fragments versus molecular cations. Observation of hydrogen-deficient (H-deficient) cation fragments indicates the formation of polyynes and allenes. For PAHs producing higher fractions of small cation fragments, these ions are surprisingly hydrogen rich (H-rich). The H/C ratio of fragments does not scale with the fraction of Clar sextet carbon, nor with energies of low-lying electronic transitions. Free radical cation fragments tend to be suppressed. For sufficiently large fragments, aromatic cations appear to be formed and include some free radical aromatics. There is ample production of molecular ions with loss of a single carbon atom or a methine group, which corresponds to the reduction of a 6-membered aromatic ring to a 5-membered ring. There is some enhancement of free radical molecular cations due to the corresponding formation of neutral polyynes. Fragment anions are also produced with a strong preference for very H-deficient carbon clusters, in some cases being the same as carbon cluster anions observed in space. Comparisons of PAH TOF-SIMS spectra with those of asphaltenes are discussed in detail.

Collisional dynamics of two-dimensional vortex quantum droplets

A quantum droplet is a self-bound state balanced by the mean-field interaction and Lee–Huang–Yang correction in a Bose–Bose mixture. In this paper, we study the collisional dynamics of two-dimensional quantum droplets with a vortex. By adjusting the initial momentum, the initial phase difference, the topological charge of the quantum droplets, and the total number of particles, we identify three dynamic mechanisms of collisions, namely, splitting, no-splitting, and their crossover according to the states after collision, which are significantly different from the merging, separation, and evaporation of the collisional dynamics of vortex-free droplets. The initial phase difference of the two droplets changes the interference fringes and the manner of splitting of the droplets. We also show that the three-body loss of atoms does not affect the result.

Synthesis, Characterization and Corrosion Inhibition study of N-(4-((4-(pyridin-2-yl) piperazin-1-yl) methyl) phenyl) quinoline-6-carboxamide on Mild Steel under HCl Solution

Objectives: To use the newly synthesized efficient organic corrosion inhibitor N-(4-((4-(pyridin-2-yl) piperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide to carry out on mild steel corrosion inhibition study. Methods: N-(4-((4-(pyridin- 2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide was synthesized by stirring method under 0oC to room temperature at 12 hrs. The synthesized organic inhibitor was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The inhibition effect of organic inhibitor on the mild steel corrosion was investigated with weight loss measurement by gold measuring weighing balance. The inhibitor anchored down on the mild steel surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Findings: The inhibitor shows a better inhibition efficiency of maximum 74.41% in 1N HCl medium. In addition to this adsorption isothermal models were also interpreted to fit the adsorption behavior of the inhibitor compound on mild steel surface. Thus, the result shows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. As a result, the interactions between inhibitor and mild steel surface have chemisorptions. Novelty: The N-(4-((4-(pyridin-2-yl) piperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide shows better corrosion inhibition efficiency (74.41%). In addition, inhibitor and mild steel surface show chemisorptions interaction, which confirms free energy and enthalpy of adsorption. Keywords: Carbaxamide Derivative; Scanning Electronic Microscopy; Atomic Force Microscopy Weight Loss Measurement And NMR

Losses of thulium atoms from optical dipole traps operating at 532 and 1064 nm

Recently thulium has been condensed to Bose-Einstein condensate. Machine learning was used to avoid a detailed study of all obstacles making cooling difficult. This paper analyses the atomic loss mechanism for the 532 nm optical trap, used in the Bose-condensation experiment, and compares it with the alternative and more traditional micron-range optical dipole trap. We also measured the scalar and tensor polarizability of thulium at 1064 nm and was found to be $167\pm 25$ a.u. ($275\pm 41\times {{10}^{-41}}\text{F }\cdot \text{ }{{\text{m}}^{\text{2}}}$) and $-4\pm 1$ a.u. ($7\pm 2\times {{10}^{-41}}\text{F }\cdot \text{ }{{\text{m}}^{\text{2}}}$).

Comprehensive Kinetics on the C7H7 Potential Energy Surface under Combustion Conditions.

The automated kinetics workflow code, KinBot, was used to explore and characterize the regions of the C7H7 potential energy surface that are relevant to combustion environments and especially soot inception. We first explored the lowest-energy region, which includes the benzyl, fulvenallene + H, and cyclopentadienyl + acetylene entry points. We then expanded the model to include two higher-energy entry points, vinylpropargyl + acetylene and vinylacetylene + propargyl. The automated search was able to uncover the pathways from the literature. In addition, three important new routes were discovered: a lower-energy pathway connecting benzyl with vinylcyclopentadienyl, a decomposition mechanism from benzyl that results in side-chain hydrogen atom loss to produce fulvenallene + H, and shorter and lower energy routes to the dimethylene-cyclopentenyl intermediates. We systematically reduced the extended model to a chemically relevant domain composed of 63 wells, 10 bimolecular products, 87 barriers, and 1 barrierless channel and constructed a master equation using the CCSD(T)-F12a/cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory to provide rate coefficients for chemical modeling. Our calculated rate coefficients show excellent agreement with measured ones. We also simulated concentration profiles and calculated branching fractions from the important entry points to provide an interpretation of this important chemical landscape.

Identification of Two Novel Hydroperoxide Impurities in Fluocinolone Acetonide Topical Solution by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry.

Fluocinolone acetonide topical is used to treat skin discomforts such as swelling, itching and redness by activating the natural substances in the skin. Several process-related impurities and degradation products are identified and reported. But hydroperoxide impurities in Fluocinolone acetonide topical solution are not reported anywhere. In this study, we identify two potential genotoxic isomeric hydroperoxide impurities in Fluocinolone acetonide topical solution by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis. A possible mechanism for the formation of these two novel hydroperoxide impurities is based on the neighboring group participation effect of adjacent hydroxyl group (Internal SN2) which results in the loss of fluorine atom and formation of epoxide intermediate followed by the addition of the HOOH group. Since most of the hydroperoxide impurities are genotoxic in nature, one should eliminate these impurities from Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) or protect the formulation product from these oxidative impurities.

Dissipative two-dimensional Raman lattice

We show that a dissipative two-dimensional Raman lattice can be engineered in a two-component ultracold atomic gas, where the interplay of the two-dimensional spin-orbit coupling and lightinduced atom loss gives rise to a density flow diagonal to the underlying square lattice. The flow is driven by the non-Hermitian corner skin effect, under which eigenstates localize toward one corner of the system. We illustrate that the topological edge states of the system can only be accounted for by the non-Bloch band theory where the deformation of the bulk eigenstates are explicitly considered. The directional flow can be detected through the dynamic evolution of an initially localized condensate in the lattice, or by introducing an immobile impurity species that interact spin-selectively with a condensate in the ground state of the Raman lattice.

Direct Observation of Off-Stoichiometry-Induced Phase Transformation of 2D CdSe Quantum Nanosheets.

Crystal structures determine material properties, suggesting that crystal phase transformations have the potential for application in a variety of systems and devices. Phase transitions are more likely to occur in smaller crystals; however, in quantum-sized semiconductor nanocrystals, the microscopic mechanisms by which phase transitions occur are not well understood. Herein, the phase transformation of 2D CdSe quantum nanosheets caused by off-stoichiometry is revealed, and the progress of the transformation is directly observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The initial hexagonal wurtzite-CdSe nanosheets with atomically uniform thickness are transformed into cubic zinc blende-CdSe nanosheets. A combined experimental and theoretical study reveals that electron-beam irradiation can change the stoichiometry of the nanosheets, thereby triggering phase transformation. The loss of Se atoms induces the reconstruction of surface atoms, driving the transformation from wurtzite-CdSe(11 0) to zinc blende-CdSe(001) 2D nanocrystals. Furthermore, during the phase transformation, unconventional dynamic phenomena occur, including domain separation. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of the phase transformations in 2D quantum-sized semiconductor nanocrystals.

Isomer-Dependent Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Dissociative Photoionization Mechanism of Anisaldehyde.

We studied the threshold photoionization and dissociative ionization of para-, meta-, and ortho-anisaldehyde by photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy in the 8.20-19.00 eV photon energy range. Vertical ionization energies by equation of motion-ionization potential-coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-IP-CCSD) calculations reproduce the photoelectron spectral features in all three isomers. The dissociative photoionization (DPI) pathways of para- and meta-anisaldehyde are similar and differ markedly from those of ortho-anisaldehyde. In the para and meta isomers, the lowest-energy DPI channel corresponds to hydrogen atom loss to form the C8H7O2+ fragment at m/z 135, which undergoes sequential dissociation processes at higher energies, such as carbon monoxide loss to C7H7O+ (m/z 107) and further, sequential CH3, CH2O, and CH2CO losses to produce C6H4O+ (m/z 92), C6H5+ (m/z 77), and C5H5+ (m/z 65), respectively. Carbon monoxide loss from the parent ions, yielding C7H8O+ (m/z 108), is a subordinate dissociation channel parallel to H atom loss. At higher energies, it also gives rise to sequential formaldehyde (CH2O) loss to produce C6H6+ (m/z 78). In the ortho-anisaldehyde cation, the vicinity of the aldehyde and methoxy groups opens up low-energy hydrogen-transfer processes, which allow for seven fragmentation channels to compete effectively with the H- and CO-loss channels. Thus, the fragmentation mechanism changes considerably, thanks to the steric interaction of the substituents. Functional group interactions, in particular H transfer pathways, must therefore be considered when predicting the isomer-specific unimolecular decomposition mechanism of cationic and neutral species, as well as mass spectra for isomers.

Suppression of laser beam’s polarization and intensity fluctuation via a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with proper feedback

Long ground-Rydberg coherence lifetime is interesting for implementing high-fidelity quantum logic gates, many-body physics, and other quantum information protocols. However, the potential well formed by a conventional far-off-resonance red-detuned optical-dipole trap that is attractive for ground-state cold atoms is usually repulsive for Rydberg atoms, which will result in the rapid loss of atoms and low repetition rate of the experimental sequence. Moreover, the coherence time will be sharply shortened due to the residual thermal motion of cold atoms. These issues can be addressed by a one-dimensional magic lattice trap, which can form a deeper potential trap than the traveling wave optical dipole trap when the output power is limited. In addition, these common techniques for atomic confinement generally have certain requirements for the polarization and intensity stability of the laser. Here, we demonstrated a method to suppress both the polarization drift and power fluctuation only based on the phase management of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer for a one-dimensional magic lattice trap. With the combination of three wave plates and the interferometer, we used the instrument to collect data in the time domain, analyzed the fluctuation of laser intensity, and calculated the noise power spectral density. We found that the total intensity fluctuation comprising laser power fluctuation and polarization drift was significantly suppressed, and the noise power spectral density after closed-loop locking with a typical bandwidth of 1–3000 Hz was significantly lower than that under the free running of the laser system. Typically, at 1000 Hz, the noise power spectral density after locking was about 10 dB lower than that under the free running of a master oscillator power amplifier system. The intensity–polarization control technique provides potential applications for atomic confinement protocols that demand fixed polarization and intensity.

An experimental and chemical kinetic modeling study of the role of potassium in the moist oxidation of CO

The effect of KCl on moist CO oxidation in a laminar flow quartz reactor was investigated. Experiments were conducted in the absence of O2 (gasification), as well as under reducing and fuel-lean conditions, in the temperature range 873–1573 K, and the results were interpreted in terms of a chemical kinetic model. The impact of reactions on the quartz surface of the reactor was carefully examined. Under the conditions of interest, KCl reacts with SiO2 to form potassium silicates, releasing HCl to the gas phase. This reaction alters the condition of the quartz surface, making it more active in catalyzing radical recombination, even in the presence of water vapor. Under gasification and reducing conditions, loss of hydrogen atoms on the wall, enhanced by the exposure to KCl, strongly inhibits CO oxidation, with gas-phase inhibition playing a minor role. Under fuel-lean conditions, the state of the surface does not affect the CO oxidation and the observed inhibition can be attributed to gas-phase reactions. The most important reaction for the inhibition is the chain terminating step KO2 + OH ⇆ KOH + O2. Assuming that this reaction proceeds without a barrier, the rate constant is controlled by a long-range dipole–dipole interaction. We calculate a capture rate constant of 2.5E15 T−0.163 cm3 mol−1 s−1. This value, which is significantly higher than earlier estimates used in modeling, allows a satisfactory prediction of the inhibiting effect of KCl on CO oxidation under oxidizing conditions.

Density correlations from analog Hawking radiation in the presence of atom losses

The sonic analog of Hawking radiation can now be experimentally recreated in Bose-Einstein condensates that contain an acoustic black hole. In these experiments the signal strength and approximate analog Hawking temperature increase for denser condensates, which however also suffer increased atom losses from inelastic collisions. To determine how these affect analog Hawking radiation, we numerically simulate creation of the latter in a Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of atomic losses, including nonunitary quantum field dynamics using the truncated Wigner approximation. In particular we explore modifications of density-density correlations through which the radiation has been analyzed so far. We find no evidence that losses directly alter the basic picture of the analog Hawking effect; instead all consequences that we find are indirect: Losses increase the contrast of the correlation signal, which we attribute to condensate heating by the losses, in turn leading to a component of stimulated radiation in addition to the spontaneous one. Other indirect consequences are the modification of the white-hole instability pattern and a change of slope of the Hawking tongue.

Mid-Circuit Cavity Measurement in a Neutral Atom Array.

Subsystem readout during a quantum process, or mid-circuit measurement, is crucial for error correction in quantum computation, simulation, and metrology. Ideal mid-circuit measurement should be faster than the decoherence of the system, high-fidelity, and nondestructive to the unmeasured qubits. Here, we use a strongly coupled optical cavity to read out the state of a single tweezer-trapped ^{87}Rb atom within a small tweezer array. Measuring either atomic fluorescence or the transmission of light through the cavity, we detect both the presence and the state of an atom in the tweezer, within only tens of microseconds, with state preparation and measurement infidelities of roughly 0.5% and atom loss probabilities of around 1%. Using a two-tweezer system, we find measurement on one atom within the cavity causes no observable hyperfine-state decoherence on a second atom located tens of microns from the cavity volume. This high-fidelity mid-circuit readout method is a substantial step toward quantum error correction in neutral atom arrays.

Observation of magnetic Feshbach resonances between Cs and Yb173

We report the observation of magnetic Feshbach resonances between $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}$ and $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$. In a mixture of Cs atoms prepared in the $(f=3,{m}_{f}=3)$ state and unpolarized fermionic $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}$, we observe resonant atom loss due to two sets of magnetic Feshbach resonances around 622 and 702 G. Resonances for individual Yb nuclear spin components ${m}_{i,\mathrm{Yb}}$ are split by its interaction with the Cs electronic spin, which also provides the main coupling mechanism for the observed resonances. The observed splittings and relative resonance strengths are in good agreement with theoretical predictions from coupled-channel calculations.

Detecting topological phase transitions in a double kicked quantum rotor

We present a concrete theoretical proposal for detecting topological phase transitions in double kicked atom-optics kicked rotors with internal spin-1/2 degree of freedom. The implementation utilizes a kicked Bose-Einstein condensate evolving in one-dimensional momentum space. To reduce influence of atom loss and phase decoherence we aim to keep experimental durations short while maintaining a resonant experimental protocol. Experimental limitations induced by phase noise, quasimomentum distributions, symmetries, and the AC-Stark shift are considered. Our results thus suggest a feasible and optimized procedure for observing topological phase transitions in quantum kicked rotors.

Atomic scale insight into the mechanisms of chloride induced steel corrosion in concrete

Chloride (Cl) induced steel corrosion is a major cause of durability issues of reinforced concrete (RC) structures and causes a large economic loss every year. Understanding the mechanisms of Cl induced steel corrosion in concrete is of great importance to develop anti-corrosion methods and further lowers down the repair and strengthening frequency and cost. Hence, the nature of steel depassivation and corrosion induced by Cl at atomic scale was revealed through the density functional theory (DFT) calculations to better understand the Cl induced corrosion mechanism. The results indicated that Cl species weakened the bonding of oxygen (O) with outer iron (Fe) atoms while enhanced the hybridization of O with inner Fe atoms, thus induced the breakdown of passive films. Besides, Cl facilitated the charge loss of outer Fe atoms and improved the interactions of water molecular (H2O) with these Fe atoms. When co-adsorption with O atom, hydroxyl (OH) generated by dissociative adsorption of H2O enhanced the charge loss of outer Fe atoms. Then OH strongly bonded with the neighboring Fe atoms to form the initial corrosion products, iron hydroxides (Fe-OH). The above DFT calculations are consistent with the experimental results about the steel depassivation and corrosion processes in concrete and hopefully these results can guide the anti-corrosion design of RC structures.