Atomic Energy Research Articles

Review of the Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities for Maritime Small Modular Reactors in Republic of Korea

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) offer transformative potential for maritime propulsion by providing significant benefits such as reduced emissions, enhanced fuel efficiency, and greater operational autonomy. However, their integration into the maritime sector presents complex regulatory challenges due to the convergence of nuclear and maritime laws. A unified, harmonized regulatory framework is essential to ensure safety, radioactive waste management, and accident prevention. While initiatives led by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) are progressing, key gaps remain, particularly regarding maritime-specific risk assessments, emergency response protocols, and cross-border regulatory harmonization. Enhanced collaboration between regulatory bodies, pilot projects, and transparent engagement with stakeholders will be critical to refining safety protocols and accelerating regulatory alignment. Public acceptance remains a vital factor, requiring rigorous environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and transparent communication to build trust and align SMR-powered vessels with global sustainability objectives. While challenges persist, they also present opportunities for innovation and international cooperation. By addressing these regulatory and public acceptance challenges through coordinated efforts and policies, SMR propulsion can become a cornerstone of a more sustainable, efficient, and technologically advanced maritime sector. Successful deployment will position SMRs as a key component of the global energy transition, driving progress toward low-carbon shipping and a greener maritime industry.

"Best" Iterative Coupled-Cluster Triples Model? More Evidence for 3CC.

To follow up on the unexpectedly good performance of several coupled-cluster models with approximate inclusion of 3-body clusters [Rishi, V.; Valeev, E. F. J. Chem. Phys. 2019, 151, 064102.] we performed a more complete assessment of the 3CC method [Feller, D. . J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 129, 204105.] for accurate computational thermochemistry in the standard HEAT framework. New spin-integrated implementation of the 3CC method applicable to closed- and open-shell systems utilizes a new automated toolchain for derivation, optimization, and evaluation of operator algebra in many-body electronic structure. We found that with a double-ζ basis set the 3CC correlation energies and their atomization energy contributions are almost always more accurate (with respect to the CCSDTQ reference) than the CCSDT model as well as the standard CCSD(T) model. The mean absolute errors in cc-pVDZ {3CC, CCSDT, and CCSD(T)} electronic (per valence electron) and atomization energies relative to the CCSDTQ reference for the HEAT data set [Tajti, A. . J. Chem. Phys. 2004, 121, 11599-11613.], were {24, 70, 122} μEh/e and {0.46, 2.00, 2.58} kJ/mol, respectively. The mean absolute errors in the complete-basis-set limit {3CC, CCSDT, and CCSD(T)} atomization energies relative to the HEAT model reference, were {0.52, 2.00, and 1.07} kJ/mol, The significant and systematic reduction of the error by the 3CC method and its lower cost than CCSDT suggests it as a viable candidate for post-CCSD(T) thermochemistry applications, as well as the preferred alternative to CCSDT in general.

Enhanced water molecule sensitivity on defective WS2 monolayers through (ZnO)12 spherical nanocages decoration: A theoretical study

The adsorption of water molecules on sulfur vacancies (VS and V2S2) and gold atoms embedded in the sulfur vacancies (AuS) of tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers (ML) decorated with zinc-oxide (ZnO)12 nanocages were studied using dispersion-corrected density functional theory. Since the WS2 monolayer is predominantly inert, the introduction of defect states into the mid-bandgap region is significant due to its chemical and physical implications. The possibility of turning from an electron acceptor (p-type) to an electron donor (n-type) semiconductor character, when the sulfur vacancy density is varied or if the sulfur vacancies are filled with gold atoms, was demonstrated. The binding energy of the Au atom forming the AuS defect and the diffusion energy barrier from the VS defect to an adjacent site for Au were determined as 2.99 and 2.16 eV, respectively. Consequently, the substitutional defect AuS remains attached to the ML. The adsorption energy showed that the water molecule is chemisorbed on AuS defect on WS2 (n-type). Also, the density of states suggests a clear response as the chemiresistive sensor. Besides, how zinc-oxide spherical nanocages behave as sensors for different relative humidity levels was discussed. The response to water molecules was significantly enhanced by the chemisorption of the (ZnO)12 spherical nanocage on WS2-AuS. These composed systems formed WS2-ZnO heterojunctions with differences in the electronic structure. The study provides a comprehensive outlook on analyte interactions with WS2 (n-type) and WS2-ZnO surfaces, which have been utilized in the design of semiconductor gas sensors.

Forest History Association of Wisconsin

The Enterprise Radiation Forest (ERF) study was initially introduced as a topic of discussion at the Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA, USFS, in the late 1960s. During that period, a program was endorsed for investigating the impacts of radiation on the forest ecosystem. The rationale for this was to facilitate the prediction of potential outcomes in the occurrence of a nuclear disaster. The research location was situated within the forested lands in Enterprise of Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The radiation source in question was a 10,000 curie source of Cesium-137, characterized by a halflife of 33 years. Furthermore, a study concerning lichens was also carried out, the data, photographs, and micrographs were meticulously gathered to illustrate the pre-irradiation activity of the species. This subject holds significant value for dissemination among peers in the scientific community, particularly considering the resilience exhibited by natural ecosystems in response to varying levels of radiation. The information is reviewed with the objective of the entire program to ascertain the potential consequences for a northern forest ecosystem in the event of a nuclear disaster, in addition to the two publications from the Atomic Energy Commission.

An MEDT Study of the Reaction Mechanism and Selectivity of the Hetero-Diels–Alder Reaction Between 3-Methylene-2,4-Chromandione and Methyl Vinyl Ether

The hetero-Diels–Alder (HDA) reaction between the ambident heterodiene 3-methylene-2,4-chromandione (MCDO) and non-symmetric methyl vinyl ether (MVE) is investigated using the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) computational level. The aim of this study is to gain insight into its molecular mechanism and to elucidate the factors that control the selectivity found experimentally. DFT-based reactivity indices reveal that MCDO exhibits strong electrophilic characteristics, while MVE displays a strong nucleophilic character. Meanwhile, the Parr function explains the ortho regioselectivity of this HDA reaction. The highly polar nature of this HDA reaction, supported by the high global electron density transfer (GEDT) taking place at the transition state structures (TSs), accounts for the very low activation energy associated with the most favorable TS-4on. The ambident nature of MCDO allows for the formation of two constitutional isomeric cycloadducts. In the case of MVE, pseudocyclic selectivity is attained using a thermodynamic control. This polar HDA reaction displays an endo stereoselectivity and a complete ortho regioselectivity. A comparative relative interacting atomic energy (RIAE) analysis of the two diastereomeric structures TS-4on and TS-6on indicates a high degree of likeness, which explains the low pseudocyclic selectivity under kinetic control.

Post-CCSD(T) Thermochemistry of Chlorine Fluorides as a Challenging Test Case for Evaluating Density Functional Theory and Composite Ab Initio Methods.

Quantum chemistry plays a key role in exploring the chemical properties of highly reactive chlorine polyfluorides compounds (ClFn). Here, we investigate the thermochemical properties of ClFn species (n = 2-6) by means of high-level thermochemical procedures approximating the CCSDT(Q) and CCSDTQ5 energies at the complete basis set limit. We consider total atomization energies (TAEs), Cl-F bond dissociation energies (BDEs), F2 elimination energies (F2 elim.), ionization potentials (IPs), and electron affinities (EAs). The TAEs have significant contributions from post-CCSD(T) correlation effects. The higher-order triple excitations, CCSDT-CCSD(T), are negative and amount to -0.338 (ClF2), -0.727 (ClF3), -0.903 (ClF4), -1.335 (ClF5), and -1.946 (ClF6) kcal/mol. However, the contributions from quadruple (and, where available, also quintuple) excitations are much larger and positive and amount to +1.335 (ClF2), +1.387 (ClF3), +2.367 (ClF4), +2.399 (ClF5), and +3.432 (ClF6) kcal/mol. Thus, the contributions from post-CCSD(T) excitations exceed the threshold of chemical accuracy in nearly all cases. Due to their increasing hyper-valency and multireference character, the ClFn series provides an interesting and challenging test case for both density functional theory and low-level composite ab initio procedures. Here, we highlight the limitations in achieving overall chemical accuracy across all DFT and most composite ab initio procedures.

Alchemical insights into approximately quadratic energies of iso-electronic atoms.

Accurate quantum mechanics based predictions of property trends are so important for material design and discovery that even inexpensive approximate methods are valuable. We use the alchemical integral transform to study multi-electron atoms and to gain a better understanding of the approximately quadratic behavior of energy differences between iso-electronic atoms in their nuclear charges. Based on this, we arrive at the following simple analytical estimate of energy differences between any two iso-electronic atoms, ΔE≈-(1+2γNe-1)ΔZZ̄. Here, γ ≈ 0.3766 ± 0.0020 Ha corresponds to an empirical constant, and Ne, ΔZ, and Z̄, respectively, to electron number, nuclear charge difference, and average. We compare the formula's predictive accuracy using experimental numbers and non-relativistic, numerical results obtained via density functional theory (pbe0) for the entire periodic table up to Radon. A detailed discussion of the atomic helium-series is included.

Interfacial coordination bonds accelerate charge separation for unprecedented hydrogen evolution over S-scheme heterojunction

Inspired by natural photosynthesis, fabricating high-performance S-scheme heterojunction is regarded as a successful tactic to address energy and environmental issues. Herein, NH2-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn0.5Cd0.5S/NiS (NMT/ZCS/NiS) S-scheme heterojunction with interfacial coordination bonds is successfully synthesized through in-situ solvothermal strategy. Notably, the optimal NMT/ZCS/NiS S-scheme heterojunction exhibits comparable photocatalytic H2 evolution (PHE) rate of about 14876.7 μmol h−1 g−1 with apparent quantum yield of 24.2% at 420 nm, which is significantly higher than that of recently reported MOFs-based photocatalysts. The interfacial coordination bonds (Zn–N, Cd–N, and Ni–N bonds) accelerate the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges, and the NiS as cocatalyst can provide more catalytically active sites, which synergistically improve the photocatalytic performance. Moreover, theoretical calculation results display that the construction of NMT/ZCS/NiS S-scheme heterojunction also optimize the binding energy of active site-adsorbed hydrogen atoms to enable fast adsorption and desorption. Photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy, in-situ irradiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations provide sufficient evidence of the S-scheme charge migration mechanism. This work offers unique viewpoints for simultaneously accelerating the charge dynamics and optimizing the binding strength between the active sites and hydrogen adsorbates over S-scheme heterojunction.

Ag-Pd nanoalloy film with ultra-high thermal and electrochemical stability for power electronic packaging

Nano-Ag paste is a popular material in power electronic packaging, while its microstructure is unstable at high temperatures and suffers from electrochemical migration. In this work, Ag-Pd nanoalloy film has been prepared by the pulsed laser deposition, and been sintered at low temperature for packaging. The thermal stability is significantly improved at 300 ℃ when Ag is alloyed with Pd. The Pd addition significantly increased the diffusion activation energy of Ag atoms and reduced the diffusion coefficient. The Ag-Pd sintered layer exhibited a stable microstructure at 300 °C or even 500 °C, which indicated that Ag-Pd nanoalloy had the potential to serve at high temperatures. Ag-Pd nanoalloy will preferentially generate a PdO passivation film and cover the anode surface, thereby slowing down the dissolution of the Ag and improving its resistance to electrochemical migration. This work provides theoretical studies and insights into the applications of Ag-Pd nanoalloys in high-reliability power electronics.

Bond Dissociation Energy of CO2 with Spectroscopic Accuracy Using State-to-State Resolved Threshold Fragment Yield Spectra.

In this study, we present a precise determination of the bond dissociation energy of CO2 using state-to-state resolved threshold fragment yield spectra at a photoexcitation wavelength of around 92 nm. Our findings show that the bond dissociation energy of CO2, CO2 → CO + O, is 43976.12(15) cm-1 or 526.0714(18) kJ/mol. Furthermore, by incorporating our previously measured bond dissociation energies for CO and O2, we determined the dissociation energy of CO2 into C + O2 and the CO2 atomization energy (CO2 → C + O + O) to be 92309.73(21) and 133578.92(18) cm-1 or 1104.2699(25) and 1597.9592(22) kJ/mol, respectively. Thus, the bond dissociation energies of CO2 for all channels now have uncertainties of 0.2 cm-1 or 0.002 kJ/mol. These results serve as reference points for the enthalpies of C atom and CO and CO2 molecules and provide benchmarks for high-level ab initio quantum chemistry calculations.

Excess Energy Released Due To Proton-Proton Collisions in Condensed Matter Could Be Due To Laboratory-Made Micro Black Holes

While sodium metal dissolution in concentrated (2M) Epsom solution is very peaceful under stirring conditions in about 5 to 10s, its dissolution in a dilute (0.85) Epsom solution has turned very violent. Nearly 30s after the addition of Na, the solution exploded accompanied by the vaporization of the glass beaker. Only sodium aerosol and tiny molten needles of glass were seen around indicating a very high temperature (>1000 0C) has indeed been reached. The timing of the explosion has indicated that hydrogen released during sodium dissolution has got trapped in the salt solution and subsequent energy build-up has caused the excess energy release. A viable trapping mechanism involving the exchange of 2 hydrogen ions (H22+) with an Mg2+ ion in cavitation-induced nanocrystals of Epsom has been proposed in this regard. The two hydrogen ions are stabilized at the cation vacancy (cavity) by dative bonds with the two hydrogen ions in the water molecule trapped at a neighboring sulphate vacancy. Spring-like action between the two protons trapped at the cation vacancy due to oscillations caused by two opposing forces – one by cavitation and the other by coulombic repulsion eventually appear to have led to the collision of hydrogen ions at relativistic speeds in condensed matter. To start with, the two protons in the H22+ species are confined in a small space (72 pm cavity) at a single crystal cation lattice site in Na2SO4 nanocrystal which increases their head-on collision probability at high energies. There is no upper limit to the energies achieved through p-p collisions in this species as the Cavitation-Coulombic Repulsion Oscillations (CCRO) can continue until the endpoint is reached. Regeneration of a nanocrystal over a sufficiently small time scale and regeneration effect prior to cavitation collapse are all important so laws of thermodynamics are not violated. Extra dimensions of gravity at short distances, if present, could also assist in the high energies required for the production of mini black holes in condensed matter. Such black holes lose mass very quickly through the emission of Hawking radiation observed in the form of explosion with mass-energy equivalence of E = mc2. The possibility of tapping such explosive energy for peaceful purposes is discussed. As such it constitutes the third kind of atomic energy humans have entertained, the first two being fission and fusion.

In vivo imaging of the human brain with the Iseult 11.7-T MRI scanner.

The understanding of the human brain is one of the main scientific challenges of the twenty-first century. In the early 2000s, the French Atomic Energy Commission launched a program to conceive and build a human magnetic resonance imaging scanner operating at 11.7 T. We have now acquired human brain images in vivo at such a magnetic field. We deployed parallel transmission tools to mitigate the radiofrequency field inhomogeneity problem and tame the specific absorption rate. The safety of human imaging at such high field strength was demonstrated using physiological, vestibular, behavioral and genotoxicity measurements on the imaged volunteers. Our technology yields T2 and T2*-weighted images reaching mesoscale resolutions within short acquisition times and with a high signal and contrast-to-noise ratio.

Theoretical analysis and predictions for the two-neutrino double electron capture of 124Xe

Abstract We provide a complete theoretical description of the two-neutrino electron capture in 124Xe improving both the nuclear and the atomic structure calculations. We improve the general formalism through the use of the Taylor expansion method, leading to higher order terms in the decay rate of the process. The nuclear part is treated with pn-QRPA and interacting shell model (ISM) methods. The nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) are calculated with the pn-QRPA method with isospin restoration by fixing the input parameters so that the experimental decay rate is reproduced, resulting in values significantly lower than in previous calculations. The validity of the pn-QRPA NMEs is tested by showing their values to be comparable with the ones for double-beta decay with emission of two electrons of 128,130Te, which have similar pairing features. Within the ISM, we reproduce the total experimental half-life within a factor of two and predict the capture fraction to the KK channel of about 74%. We also predict the capture fractions to other decay channels and show that for the cumulative decay to the KL1-KO1 channels, a capture fraction of about 24% could be observed experimentally. On the atomic side, calculations are improved by accounting for the Pauli blocking of the decay of innermost nucleon states and by considering all s-wave electrons available for capture, expanding beyond the K and L1 orbitals considered in previous studies. We also provide improved atomic relaxation energies of the final atomic states of 124Te, which may be used as input for background modeling in liquid Xenon experiments.

Manipulation of d-Orbital Electron Configurations in Nonplanar Fe-Based Electrocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Reduction.

Manipulation of the spin state holds great promise to improve the electrochemical activity of transition metal-based catalysts. However, the underlying relationship between the nonplanar metal coordination environment and spin states remains to be explored. Herein, we report the precise regulation of nonplanar Fe atomic d-orbital energy level into an irregular tetrahedral crystal field configuration by introducing P atoms. With the increase of P coordination number, the spin magnetic moment decreases linearly from 3.8 μB to 0.2 μB, and the high spin content decreases linearly from 31% to 5%. Significantly, a volcanic curve between the spin states of Fe-based catalysts (Fe-NxPy) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity has been unequivocally established based on the thermodynamic results. Thus, the Fe-N3P1 catalyst with a 19% medium spin state experimentally exhibits the optimal reaction activity with a high half-wave potential of 0.92 V. These findings indicate that regulating electron spin moments through coordination engineering is a promising catalyst design strategy, providing important insights into spin catalysis.

Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and chemical bonding of ThS2- and ThSO.

Anion photoelectron spectra of ThSO- and ThS2- were recorded using the third (355nm) harmonic of an Nd-YAG laser; these provided the measured vertical detachment energies of each anion. The experiments are supported by extensive coupled cluster calculations on ThSO, ThSO-, ThS2, and ThS2-, as well as the oxygen congeners ThO2 and ThO2-. The abinitio calculations, which included complete basis set extrapolations, spin-orbit effects using four-component coupled cluster, and higher-order correlation contributions through CCSDT(Q), yielded an adiabatic electron affinity for ThO2 that was within 0.02eV of the previously determined experimental value. The singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) in all three anions corresponds primarily to the 7s orbital on Th. Successive substitution of S for each O in ThO2 leads to larger electron affinities and smaller bond angles in the neutral molecules, but larger angles in the anions. As demonstrated by Franck-Condon simulations of the spectra using the CCSD(T) spectroscopic constants, substitution of O by S significantly complicates the resulting detachment spectra due to the lower vibrational frequencies in the sulfur species. Overall the calculated vertical detachment energies are in very good agreement with the experiment. In addition to the adiabatic electron affinities of each species, atomization energies and heats of formation have also been determined via the FPD approach with expected uncertainties of 1-2 kcal/mol.

Adsorption of Ag, Au, Cu, and Ni on MoS2: theory and experiment

Here, we present results of a computational and experimental study of adsorption of various metals on MoS2. In particular, we analyzed the binding mechanism of four metallic elements (Ag, Au, Cu, Ni) on MoS2. Among these elements, Ni exhibits the strongest binding and lowest mobility on the surface of MoS2. On the other hand, Au and Ag bond very weakly to the surface and have very high mobilities. Our calculations for Cu show that its bonding and surface mobility are between these two groups. Experimentally, Ni films exhibit a composition characterized by randomly oriented nanoscale clusters. This is consistent with the larger cohesive energy of Ni atoms as compared with their binding energy with MoS2, which is expected to result in 3D clusters. In contrast, Au and Ag tend to form atomically flat plateaued structures on MoS2, which is contrary to their larger cohesive energy as compared to their weak binding with MoS2. Cu displays a surface morphology somewhat similar to Ni, featuring larger nanoscale clusters. However, unlike Ni, in many cases Cu exhibits small plateaued surfaces on these clusters. This suggests that Cu likely has two competing mechanisms that cause it to span the behaviors seen in the Ni and Au/Ag film morphologies. These results indicate that calculations of the initial binding conditions could be useful for predicting film morphologies. In addition, out calculations show that the adsorption of adatoms with odd electron number like Ag, Au, and Cu results in 100% spin-polarization and integer magnetic moment of the system. Adsorption of Ni adatoms, with even electron number, does not induce a magnetic transition.

“URANIUM TO PLAY!”: CHILDHOOD, MATERIAL CULTURE AND RADIATION IN THE MOST DANGEROUS BOARD GAME OF HISTORY (1950)

This paper aims to analyze the concept of childhood in historiography, using the iconography available in documentation. From this perspective, we investigate the “Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab” toy, developed by the American Alfred Carlton Gilbert in the 1950s. Our investigation focuses on the relationship between childhood and toys, as well as examining the negligence of adults regarding the health risks associated with the production of toxic toys at the time. We adopted a descriptive, explanatory and qualitative methodological approach. We concluded that the game emerged in The Cold War context, reflecting the nuclear frenzy promoted by the US, even though it was aware of the risks of radiation. Gilbert, motivated by commercial interests, did not consider the health implications. The failure of sales can be attributed to marketing factors, such as the price of the set and the lack of professional association with the world of radiation.

Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge: An analysis of the international regulatory framework

This study examined the international legal framework that applies to Japan’s resolution to release nuclear wastewater from the Fukushima Nuclear Facility into the Pacific Ocean during the Summer of 2023. While the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) published a report on July 4, 2023, asserting that Japan’s plans align with safety standards and would result in a minimal radiological impact on people and the environment, concerns over potential pollution of the global marine environment and opposition from neighboring countries persist. Notably, China disputed the IAEA’s findings and imposed a de facto ban on Japanese seafood imports. This incident has raised significant global environmental concerns and legal disputes. This analysis focused on the international norms and regulations governing marine environmental protection and nuclear safety relating to Japan’s decision. Various existing marine ecological protections, nuclear safety conventions, and specific articles were deemed pertinent to the situation. However, the application of these measures remains characterized by ambiguity and uncertainty. Consequently, the study argues for establishing a more effective and authoritative nuclear wastewater governance framework to address the distinct challenges associated with nuclear wastewater management.

International legal mechanisms of liability for nuclear damage

Based on the analysis of accidents in the nuclear sphere, many states have come to the conclusion of the need to develop international legal principles for the settlement of disputes related to accidents and the formation of a regime of responsibility for damage caused to the life and health of people and the environment. The unification of the efforts of many states to develop joint approaches to ensure the safe development of atomic energy allowed the creation of a complex international legal regime – “international nuclear law”. The aim of the work is determination of the international legal bases of responsibility for causing nuclear damage. The methodological basis of the study. The following methods of cognition were used in the research process: analysis and synthesis, generalization, dialectical, system-structural methods, formal-legal, legal-technical method. Results. Various international organizations play an important role in the formation of nuclear law: the IAEA, the Atomic Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (NEA OECD), WNA and others. The documents issued by the IAEA serve as guidelines for the development and approval of laws and other regulatory acts related to the safe use of atomic energy in the countries of the world. Conventions on liability for nuclear damage were drafted in such a way that most of their provisions (especially the basic principles) were self-executing. Therefore, in principle, each participating state has the right to independently decide, on the basis of its constitutional or legal system, which approach it will use to bring its legislation in accordance with this or that convention: direct application of the provisions of the convention or preparation based on the text of the convention of the national law on nuclear liability. Conclusions. Currently, in the issue of liability for nuclear damage, countries can be divided into two groups: one group – those that have adopted a special regime in the field of nuclear liability either by joining international conventions or by adopting national legislation; another group – countries that do not have such a special regime.

Determination the concentration for uranium in phosphrous fertilizers by using nuclear track detector CR-39

The aim of this research was to study the concentrations of Uranium in the phosphorus fertilizers using Nuclear track detector (CR-39). Our present investigation is based on the study of 10 types samples for different kinds of phosphorus fertilizers which were available in the local market Some of them were Iraqi made and the others from different countries like, (Iran, Italy, Holland, Lebanon and Jordan) .. The result obtained shows that the Uranium concentration in phosphorus fertilizers samples varies from (3.59ppm) to(2.59ppm). Based on the radioactive concentration of Uranium in the samples all the results obtained between(3.59ppm) in the Iraqi super phosphate to (2.59ppm) in the mixture Iraqi phosphate fertilizer are within the international levels as given by IAEA (International atomic Energy Agency) date if compares that equal by 12ppm .