Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima Research Articles

Internal radiation dose estimates in organs of Wistar rats exposed to sprayed neutron-activated 31SiO2 microparticles: first results of international multicenter study.

Neutron-activated 31Si is an almost pure beta emitter and is one of the short-lived radionuclides, including beta-gamma emitter 56Mn, which were created in a form of residual radioactivity in the early period after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The features of the biological effects of internal irradiation by these radionuclides are a subject of scientific discussions and research. The publication presents data on internal radiation doses in experimental Wistar rats that were exposed to sprayed neutron-activated microparticles of 31SiO2. Doses of internal radiation could be conditionally divided into three groups according to their values. It has been found that elevated values of internal radiation doses in rats' organs/tissues as a result of exposure to sprayed 31SiO2 microparticles with initial activity of 3.2 × 107Bq varied from 10 to 120mGy (eyes, lungs, skin, stomach, jejunum, large intestine). The moderate dose values were in the range from 1.9 to 3.7mGy (trachea, esophagus, ileum). The smallest doses were received by the kidney, testis, blood, cerebellum, heart, liver, cerebrum, bladder, spleen and thymus (from 0.11 to 0.94mGy). The obtained data are important for interpreting the results of ongoing and planned biological experiments with 31SiO2 microparticles-in comparison with the previously published data on features of biological effects caused by beta-gamma emitting 56MnO2 neutron-activated microparticles.

The New York Times on the Day After: News Coverage of the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb

ABSTRACT This paper examines how the New York Times covered the atomic bomb that was dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The analysis identifies the news frames of front-page stories in the Times during the first two days after the nuclear strike and compares them to the frames promoted by the U.S. government. This study adds to the literature by offering a micro view of the way the government propaganda campaign was embedded directly into the Times’ coverage of the atomic bomb. While previous research has provided a broad assessment of how the Times and the news media in general were manipulated, this study identifies the specific news frames as they appeared in government documents and news reports.

Árvores sobreviventes ao bombardeamento atómico de Hiroshima

The objective of this article is to publicize the social action project EC-614 of the University of Costa Rica “Trees of peace surviving the Hiroshima atomic bomb: Phase 1: establishment of seedlings in Costa Rica”, as well as the impact it has had especially in public libraries and as a contribution to the fulfillment of objective 16, “Peace, justice and solid institutions”, of the United Nations 2030 Agenda. Therefore, a contextualization of libraries as peace-promoting entities is carried out and the project, its genesis and significance are described. Likewise, the conclusions and learning that have been obtained so far with the development of this collaborative project between the School of Biology and the School of Library and Information Sciences of the University of Costa Rica are presented.

SYNTHESIS OF NATIONAL AND WESTERN TRADITION IN EARLY EXAMPLES OF JAPANESE MODERNISM (THE CASE OF WORLD PEACE MEMORIAL CATHEDRAL IN HIROSHIMA)

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the existing influences of traditional Japanese architecture in the modernist World Peace Memorial Cathedral in Hiroshima built after the atomic bombing in Hiroshima on the site of the Noboricho Catholic Church destroyed by the explosion, designed by the architect Togo Murano (using some of the competition ideas of the Kenzo Tange project). According to the results of the study, it was found that the architecture of the World Peace Memorial Cathedral in Hiroshima in Hiroshima represents a synthesis of the traditions of European Romanesque, the Japanese tradition of temple building, and the actual style of modernism, transformed through the prism of the creative manner of the talented architect of Japan of his time, Togo Murano, who had a huge experience in creating architecture with reminiscences of various , both Japanese and European styles of the past and present. In particular, it was established that the general planning and composition of the cathedral is close to the style of basilica churches of European Romanesque, taking into account the simplified global forms of modernism. At the same time, the appearance on the facade of the cathedral of its frame structure and a number of decoration elements refers to the tradition of ancient Japanese architecture, which is especially noticeable in the decoration of the main facade in the form of Japanese carved partitions, which, however, in accordance with the ideas of modernism, are made of concrete. From the results of the work, it is generally clear that Japanese modernism, from the very beginning of its spread in Japan, fundamentally differed from Europe, as it did not accept the idea manifested by European modernism of a complete rejection of traditional form-making. On the contrary, modernism in Japan actively used the national tradition as a basis for ideas.

Aesthetic emotional reactions and their verbal expression in a corpus of Japanese travellers’ online reviews

Abstract Using Conceptual Metaphor Theory, I propose a study of aesthetic emotional expressions in Japanese. With this aim, I have created a medium-sized corpus (c100,000 running words) of travellers’ reviews in Japanese published on TripAdvisor between 2012 and 2022. The corpus consists of 1,100 reviews, grouped into three subsections, corresponding to three of the most visited landmarks in Japan (namely, Mount Fuji, Fushimi Inari-Taisha Shrine, and the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Dome). The reviews chosen for this research include at least one reference, either literal or figurative, to the users’ aesthetic evaluation of their visit. My list of aesthetic emotions consists of four large categories: emotions of pleasure (e.g., attraction, fluency), emotions of contemplation (e.g., interest, intrigue), emotions of amazement (e.g., awe, wonder), and emotions of respect (e.g., admiration, adoration). For each aesthetic emotion, I have identified a series of source domains, which I analyse in detail in my discussion. As my data shows, many of our aesthetic expressions are rooted in the psychological and behavioural changes triggered by these emotions and, therefore, should be considered embodied. More importantly, through the analysis of the conceptual mappings involved in these linguistic expressions, it can be affirmed that aesthetic reactions are sensitive to cultural influences and, thus, they are not necessarily universal.

Introduction to the Special Issue: Hiroshima +75: building peace in Japan and beyond

The use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been extensively studied in war and peace literature. Research abounds on the ethical debates surrounding the bombing, the legal and political ramifications of the use of nuclear weapons, the socio-cultural underpinnings of the peace movements, and the somatic and psychological consequences of the bombing. However, Hiroshima’s reconstruction has rarely been studied from the scholarly lens of peacebuilding approaches that cover various aspects of post-war reconstruction. The city and prefectural governments of Hiroshima published several reports on Hiroshima’s history of reconstruction over the years, and as of 2014, with an aim to support peacebuilding efforts elsewhere and contribute to achieving a peaceful world. Using policy analysis, new empirical data, updated historical accounts, and interdisciplinary lenses, the contributions in this Special Issue respond to this objective by bridging the past war experience and the present peace aspirations from Hiroshima to bring new insights into post-war reconstruction and peacebuilding research and practice.

Naive CD4 T Cells Highly Expressing the Inflammatory Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Increase with Age and Radiation Exposure in Atomic Bomb Survivors.

The numbers of naive T cells that react to novel pathogens not yet encountered by an immune system, decrease during aging, mainly due to age-associated involution of the thymus. CD45RA+ naive CD4 T cells consist of heterogeneous populations, including highly CXCR3-expressing cells that appear during the homeostatic proliferation of naive T cells and exhibit enhanced type-1 inflammatory phenotypes. Based on previous evidence of radiation-associated reductions in thymic function and peripheral blood naive CD4 T cells, we hypothesized that the homeostatic proliferation of naive CD4 T cells compensates for deficits in peripheral T-cell populations after radiation injury, which may increase the proportion of CXCR3high cells in naive CD4 T cells and enhance inflammation. The statistical models employed in this study revealed positive associations between the number of CXCR3high naive CD4 T cells and age as well as radiation dose among 580 Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors. In addition, the CXCR3high cells in these survivors increased not only with the levels of homeostatic cytokines, IL6 and IL7, but also with those of inflammatory indicators, CXCL10 and CRP. These results suggest that thymic T-cell production deficiency due to radiation and aging results in enhanced homeostatic proliferation that drives the appearance of CXCR3high naive CD4 T cells poised for an inflammatory response. Molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance of increasing CXCR3high cells in naive CD4 T populations should be further investigated in the context of inflammatory disease development long after radiation exposure.

Medical professionals’ resistance against the arms race and nuclear weapons

The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 78 years ago changed the concept of the impact of wars. The hope that the level of devastation would make the world think seriously about taking steps to give up the arms race and focus on human welfare did not materialise. The arms race continues unabated. From one nuclear weapons state in 1945, the number has increased to nine. Nearly 13000 nuclear weapons present on earth are enough to extinguish humankind. This has raised serious concern among medical professionals resolving to preserve life and promote health, who are now coming together for the complete abolition of nuclear weapons.

Addressing the atomic bomb damage: Associations between ‘state compensation’ demands and aspects of survivors' suffering

AbstractTo address the long‐lasting consequences of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in 1994, the Japanese government implemented the current in‐force Atomic Bomb Survivors Support Law. This substantial policy offers medical, health and welfare measures and even incorporates some reparations‐like aspects. Nevertheless, atomic bomb survivors' organisations have severely criticised the government for failing to adequately address the entirety and inhumanity of the atomic bomb damage by refusing to enact the law on a clearly stated principle of ‘state compensation’. As such, we attempt to clarify empirically what aspects of survivors' suffering are most closely associated with their demands for ‘state compensation’. Based on statistical model‐based analysis, survivors who deem that ‘state compensation’ should be enacted experience frequent flashbacks of the bombings, disadvantaged life opportunities and economic concerns, among others. We conclude the study by considering the difficulty in addressing the consequences of nuclear weapons use and testing through programmes that approximate, but fail to establish, clear reparations‐based measures, such as the current Atomic Bomb Survivors Support Law.

Effects of Internal Exposure of Radioactive 56MnO2 Particles on the Lung in C57BL Mice

The investigation of the radiation effects of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has revealed concerns about the impact of the residual radioactive dust produced in the soil. Manganese-56 is one of the major radioisotopes produced by neutrons from the bomb; hence, we previously examined the biological effects of manganese dioxide-56 (56MnO2) in Wistar rats, in which significant changes were found in the lung. In the present study, ten-week-old male C57BL mice were exposed to three doses of radioactive 56MnO2, stable MnO2 particles, or external γ-rays (2 Gy) to further examine the effects of 56MnO2 in a different species. The estimated absorbed radiation doses from 56MnO2 were 26, 96, and 250 mGy in the lung. The animals were examined at 3, 14, and 70 days post exposure. Histologically, no exposure-related changes were found in the lungs of any group. However, pulmonary mRNA expression of aquaporin 1, which is a useful marker for lung pathophysiology, was significantly elevated at 14 and 70 days, although no such changes were found in the mice exposed to external γ-rays (2 Gy). These data indicated that the inhalation exposure to 56MnO2 particles, with <250 mGy of organ doses, produced significant biological responses in the lung.

Politics of the Visible and the Invisible

Abstract In this article, we analyze and compare photographic images from some of the most widely circulated Japanese and American high school history textbooks regarding their treatment of the Pacific War. We focus on the visual component of war technology, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the visibility or invisibility of women, especially regarding the comfort women issue. We argue that images in the textbooks are articulated by a dialectic relationship between the visible and the invisible as a political question, thinking about the “off-screen space” as the structural principle of what we see. The textbooks’ visual memories about the Pacific War are not only influenced by what is shown but also by what is omitted and virtually depicted in the surrounding media.

Medical professionals' resistance against the arms race and nuclear weapons.

The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 78 years ago changed the concept of the impact of wars. The hope that the level of devastation would make the world think seriously about taking steps to give up the arms race and focus on human welfare did not materialise. The arms race continues unabated. From one nuclear weapons state in 1945, the number has increased to nine. Nearly 13000 nuclear weapons present on earth are enough to extinguish humankind. This has raised serious concern among medical professionals resolving to preserve life and promote health, who are now coming together for the complete abolition of nuclear weapons.

Renewing Nagasaki’s Citizen Diplomacy

ABSTRACT For three quarters of a century, the hibakusha (survivors of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki) have stood firm in their quest to save humanity from nuclear annihilation. Through their voice and action, the people of Nagasaki City have demonstrated the strength of citizen diplomacy. The voice of Nagasaki can be heard everywhere – strong in its call that Nagasaki must remain the last place to suffer an atomic bombing. Most significantly, the hibakusha’s compelling testimonies brought the world the historic Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) in 2017. Despite this prohibition, the goal of a nuclear free world seems more elusive than ever, and the nuclear sceptre looms large. Today, the world faces a heightened risk of nuclear weapons use amid Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. What should we do in this time of danger and opportunity? In commemoration of the 10th anniversary of its founding, the Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University and the Nagasaki Council for Nuclear Weapons Abolition organised a special public lecture on 29th October 2022, to examine current challenges in the path toward a nuclear weapons-free world and to re-evaluate the roles that the A-Bombed city should play in advancing this goal. This article, adapted from the public lecture, reaffirms the vital role that Nagasaki must continue to play through a renewal of its citizen diplomacy. It highlights lessons from the TPNW negotiations and the opportunities that its adoption has created for Nagasaki to strengthen and expand its citizen diplomacy.

INFLUENCE OF IONIZING RADIATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST CANCER.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the urgent problems of health care, which is due to a constant trend of growth. One of the risk factors for the development of breast cancer is ionizing radiation (IR). Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies have shown the high sensitivity of the mammary gland (MG) to this factor. Consideration of models of absolute and relative risks of the occurrence of radio-induced tumors of the MG in irradiated persons showed the importance of such factors as age at the time of irradiation, multiplicity. frequency of exposure, dose level and concomitant non-neoplastic diseases of the mammary and thyroid gland (TG). Excess radiation-induced cases of cervical cancer were found among irradiated women after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Epidemiological features of the development of breast cancer under the influence of IV are presented in detail, which is one of the environmental factors involved in the formation of the modern carcinogenic situation. In con-nection with the significant sensitivity of the MG to the carcinogenic effect of IR, this form of neoplasms attracted special attention after the Chornobyl accident. The effect of small doses of radiation after the Chornobyl disaster led to a wave-like change in the incidence of breast cancer in certain periods of the year, and the radiation-induced incidence of this pathology can occur spontaneously.

Effects of internal exposure to neutron-activated 56MnO2 powder on locomotor activity in rats.

At the detonation of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a significant amount of radionuclides was produced by the neutron induced activation. The residual radiation from the explosion is crucial to the health risk of the people who entered these cities after the bombing and might have inhaled these radioactive materials. Because 56Mn is one of the major radionuclides produced in soil and have not been studied until now, we had conducted a series of experiments using rats to investigate the biological impacts of exposure of 56MnO2 particles. In these experiments, the rats’ spontaneous locomotor activity was also assessed to examine the possible effects of 56Mn on their behavior. However, the locomotor activity data obtained from an individual experiment failed to identify radiation effects due to the large variation among animals and the small sample size. In the present study, all available data from our previous studies on 56MnO2 exposure (0.02–0.15 Gy of whole-body doses) as well as 60Co-γ exposure (at 2–5 Gy of whole-body doses) were pooled. Our statistical method, which takes into account individual differences and daily fluctuations, successfully identified a decrease in locomotor activity caused by 56MnO2 exposure, where the changes were gradual and reached the maximum reduction around 2 weeks after exposure. In contrast, exposure to 60Co-γ rays produced the highest decline of activity within one day. These results suggest that internal exposure to 56Mn at whole-body doses of even less than 0.15 Gy may have a long-lasting impact on locomotor activity.

Microdistribution of internal radiation dose in biological tissues exposed to 56Mn dioxide microparticles.

Manganese-56 (56Mn) was one of the dominant neutron-activated radionuclides during the first hours following the atomic-bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The radiation spectrum of 56Mn and the radiation emission from excited levels of 56Fe following 56Mn beta-decay include gamma-quanta, beta-particles, Auger electrons and X-rays. The dispersion of neutron activated 56Mn in the air can lead to entering of radioactive microparticles into the lungs. The investigation of spatial microdistribution of an internal dose in biological tissue exposed to 56Mn is an important matter with regards to the possible elevated irradiation of the lung alveoli and alveolar ducts. The Monte Carlo code (MCNP-4C) was used for the calculation of absorbed doses in biological tissue around 56Mn dioxide microparticles. The estimated absorbed dose has a very essential gradient in the epithelium cells of lung alveoli and alveolar duct: from 61 mGy/decay on the surface of simple squamous cells of epithelium to 0.15 mGy/decay at distance of 0.3 μm, which is maximal cell thickness. It has been concluded that epithelial cells of these pulmonary microstructures are selectively irradiated by low-energy electrons: short-range component of beta-particles spectrum and Auger electrons. The data obtained are important for the interpretation of biological experiments implementing dispersed neutron-activated 56Mn dioxide powder.

Mortality among Tennessee Eastman Corporation (TEC) uranium processing workers, 1943–2019

Background There are few occupational studies of women exposed to ionizing radiation. During World War II, the Tennessee Eastman Corporation (TEC) operated an electromagnetic field separation facility of 1152 calutrons to obtain enriched uranium (235U) used for the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Thousands of women were involved in these operations. Materials and methods A new study was conducted of 13,951 women and 12,699 men employed at TEC between 1943 and 1947 for at least 90 days. Comprehensive dose reconstruction techniques were used to estimate lung doses from the inhalation of uranium dust based on airborne measurements. Vital status through 2018/2019 was obtained from the National Death Index, Social Security Death Index, Tennessee death records and online public record databases. Analyses included standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and Cox proportional hazards models. Results Most workers were hourly (77.7%), white (95.6%), born before 1920 (58.3%), worked in dusty environments (57.0%), and had died (94.9%). Vital status was confirmed for 97.4% of the workers. Women were younger than men when first employed: mean ages 25.0 years and 33.0 years, respectively. The estimated mean absorbed dose to the lung was 32.7 mGy (max 1048 mGy) for women and 18.9 mGy (max 501 mGy) for men. The mean dose to thoracic lymph nodes (TLNs) was 127 mGy. Statistically significant SMRs were observed for lung cancer (SMR 1.25; 95% CI 1.19, 1.31; n = 1654), nonmalignant respiratory diseases (NMRDs) (1.23; 95% CI 1.19, 1.28; n = 2585), and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) (1.13; 95% CI 1.08, 1.18; n = 1945). For lung cancer, the excess relative rate (ERR) at 100 mGy (95% CI) was 0.01 (–0.10, 0.12; n = 652) among women, and −0.15 (–0.38, 0.07; n = 1002) among men based on a preferred model for men with lung doses <300 mGy. NMRD and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were not associated with estimated absorbed dose to the lung or TLN. Conclusions There was little evidence that radiation increased the risk of lung cancer, suggesting that inhalation of uranium dust and the associated high-LET alpha particle exposure to lung tissue experienced over a few years is less effective in causing lung cancer than other types of exposures. There was no statistically significant difference in the lung cancer risk estimates between men and women. The elevation of certain causes of death such as CeVD is unexplained and will require additional scrutiny of workplace or lifestyle factors given that radiation is an unlikely contributor since only the lung and lymph nodes received appreciable dose.

‘A picture of hell on earth’: Translating imagery in Hiroshima memoirs

ABSTRACT The trauma experienced by survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima manifests itself in various ways when they commit their stories to paper. Through practice-based research into translating the atomic narratives in Personal Accounts of the Atomic Bomb, this article explores how the translator can analyse the source language articulation of trauma to transmit the unfamiliar and unfathomable experience of the A-bomb. Drawing upon Deane-Cox’s concept of the translator as the secondary witness, this paper emphasises the centrality of metaphorical images invoked by trauma survivors and draws the translator’s focus to the cultural references embedded within. It also highlights the survivors’ use of sensory perceptions as a means of giving shape to their experiences, creating an illocutionary intensity that must be retained in translation. Exploring the translation of trauma narratives not only expands the breadth of research into trauma translation but also makes more widely available first-person accounts of the physical and emotional impact of the A-bomb in Hiroshima.

Dystopian Novel as a Literary Phenomenon in XX Century

&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "Dystopia", an opposing term to "Utopia," depicts negative tendencies of authoritarian governments and modern technological world. The origin of dystopia is closely related to the events and radical changes taking place in XX century. The first and second world wars, creation of the Soviet Union and eventually, other totalitarian regimes, atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ecological crisis, violence, genocide, massive deportations of people in Central and East Europe, devastated economics of Europe and the beginning of The Cold War became a fruitful basis for "flourishing" dystopian literature. Anti-Utopian Novel is a literary predecessor to Dystopian Novel, elements of which can be found in Jonathan Swift's, Jules Verne's, Jack London's and Herbert George Wells' novels. While Yevgeny Zamyatin, Aldous Huxley, George Orwell and Ray Bradbury created classic models of Dystopian Novel.

War in Europe: health implications of environmental nuclear disaster amidst war.

Recent incidents at nuclear facilities in Ukraine related to the attacks from Russian forces highlight the fragility of nuclear power plants and other nuclear facilities in war and the very real potential for another environmental nuclear disaster and associated health risks in Europe. Nuclear catastrophes from war can occur from radioactive materials released from war threatened nuclear power plants and other nuclear facilities in war zones, in addition to the direct threat from the deployment of nuclear weaponry and can result in immediate and long-term health impacts. Despite historical nuclear catastrophic events, including the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident and atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and that for more than a century epidemiologists have studied the consequences of radiation exposures, there are still major unanswered questions regarding radiation risks and human health. Epidemiologists will need to continue to quantify the health effects from exposure to environmental radiation, including background radiation, and are able to contribute to conversations about reliance on nuclear energy and alternative energy futures. As a society we are compelled to rethink our ties to nuclear energy, especially with the potential of increasing reliance on nuclear power amid oil and gas crisis and considering climate change, nuclear warfare, including nuclear weapon testing, and the fragility of humanity and health to even low doses of radiation from these and other natural and unnatural sources.