Atomic Absorbtion Spectroscopy Research Articles

Phytochemical screening, Gas chromatography: Mass spectrometry and antidiabetic properties of aqueous extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats

The study investigates the phytochemistry, Gas-Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), atomic Absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS) and antidiabetic activities of aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in diabetic alloxan-induced Wistar rats. Qualitative phytochemical analysis, GC-MS, AAS and antidiabetic properties of the aqueous ginger extract were determined using standard procedures. Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous ginger extract shows that the extract contains tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, simple phenolic, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar and steroids. The GC-MS study of the aqueous Zingiber officinale extract revealed the presence of eleven different compounds with 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 5-(1,5-dimethy 4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-, [S-(R*,S*)]- been the most abundant with peak area of 33.98%. The AAS analysis shows that ginger contain: Ca, Na, Fe, K, P and Zn minerals. Twenty five (25) Wistar rats were grouped into 5 groups and investigated for antidiabetic study for a period of 15 days. Group A and B animals were normal and negative control respectively. Group B rats were induced with alloxan and not treated with drugs or extract. Animals in other groups (C, D and E rats) were diabetic and treated with standard drug (glibenclamide with concentration of 10 mg/kg), 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous ginger extract respectively. The group of rats treated with 10, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide and aqueous ginger extract showed significant reduction (p

Synthesis and Characterization of Zero-Valent Iron Using Polyphenols Extracted from Kepok Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca Normalis)

This study aims to synthesize zero-valent iron (ZVI) with green-chemistry method. Synthesis was performed by reducing Fe2+ ion using polyphenol extract. The extract was obtained from banana peel that abundant in Indonesia and contain high of polyphenols. Synthesis of ZVI was carried out by reacting polyphenol extract to FeSO4 solution with different composition 1:4, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 4:1, and 4.5:0.5. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy spectrum confirmed the existence of polyphenols in the banana feel extract from the observed peaks assigned to 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 4 methoxy-2-vinylphenol, and 2-methoxy-5-vinylphenol. Based on the atomic absorbtion spectroscopy data, the best composition for ZVI’s synthesis was 4:1 (polyphenol extract : FeSO4 solution). The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum shows that there was –OH group indicating a present of polyphenol in the synthesized ZVI. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows that the sample contain of Fe, C, O, S, Ca, Cu, and Na. The X-ray diffraction analysis exhibit crystalline phase of a simple cubic structure of the synthesized ZVI. This results shows that the ZVI was successfully synthesized using environmentally benign reducing agent extracted from the banana peel.

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN (AIR, ABU, DAN LOGAM BERAT) PADA KOPI BUBUK ASAL GAYO

Gayo coffee is one type of arabica coffee originating from the Gayo plateau, Central Aceh district. Where Gayo coffee has a distinctive flavor, strong aroma and taste specifically. In the Gayo coffee processing process, it is inseparable from various kinds of contamination, so analysis needs to be done. Analysis was carried out on two coffee samples taken from two factories, namely factories A and B. Analysis carried out included analysis of water, ash, and metal content of ground coffee originating from Gayo. The analysis of metal content was carried out by using Atomic Absorbtion Spectroscopy (AAS). The test results showed that coffee A had a water content of 0.0397% and ash content 4% while coffee B had a water content of 0.01772% and ash content 4.3%. The test results of heavy metal within coffee A and B revealed that the contaminants of Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn metals existed. The coffee A contained Cu and Hg metal contamination with levels of 6.4945 and 0.0029 mg/Kg respectively. While, the coffee B contained Cu and Hg metal contamination with levels of 7.6120 and 0.0042 mg/Kg, respectively. The contamination of Pb and Zn within the coffee A and B were low and insignificant (0.001 mg/Kg). From the results of the analysis, it was found that the water, ash and metal content in coffee A and coffee B complies to the Indonesian National Standards (SNI) 01-3542-2004.

Study on the preparation of CdTe nanocrystals on the surface of mesoporous silica and evaluation as modifier of carbon paste electrodes

Here CdTe nanocrystals were grown onto mesoporous silicas. The influence of the surface areas, volumes and pore diameters of the silica matrices on the spectroscopic properties of CdTe was evaluated. Emission properties of the CdTe were found to depend on the textural properties of silicas. Electrochemical characterization of different electrodes (unmodified carbon paste, and carbon paste modified with the mesoporous silica and with CdTe anchored onto mesoporous silica) evidenced that the presence of CdTe nanocrystals lead to a significant increase of the anodic peak referring to Cu2+ detection. The electrode with optimal characteristics responded to Cu2+ in the linear range from 5.0 × 10−8 to 2.3 × 10−6 mol L−1 and the calculated limit of detection was 6.4 × 10−8 mol L−1. The method developed here proved to be efficient for monitoring Cu2+ in sugar cane spirit (cachaca), with quantitative results comparable to those obtained from Flame Atomic Absorbtion Spectroscopy.

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical properties of novel trinuclear ferrocenyl based organosilane compounds

Some trinuclear ferrocenyl based organosilane compounds were synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction of [4-(ethylferrocenyl)butyl]dimethylsilane and (4-ferrocenylbutyl)dimethylsilane with bisalkenylferrocene derivatives, in the presence of the Karstedt catalyst at room temperature. In addition a simple method for the preparation of 1,1′-bis(3-butenyl)alkylferrocenes from 1,1′-bis(4-chlorobutyl)alkylferrocenes under mild conditions was developed. 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR, GC–MS, CHN analysis, atomic absorbtion spectroscopy supported the predicted structure of the products. The electrochemical behavior of synthesized compounds was studied by cyclic voltammetry in CH3CN/0.1 M LiClO4 utilizing a glasse carbon working electrode. The relationship between the peak currents and the square root of the scan rate, showed that the redox process is diffusion limited.

Quantitative Determination of Arsenic in Bottled Drinking Water Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract Background: Many studies have been performed in the past few years, to determine arsenic speciation in drinking water, food chain and environment, arsenic being a well-recognized carcinogenic and toxic agent mainly in its inorganic species. The instrumental techniques used for arsenic determination, such as hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), can provide a great sensitivity only on the total amount. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method and to analyze the concentration of total inorganic arsenic in bottled drinking water. Methods: Total arsenic was determined in samples from six different types of commercially available bottled drinking water using atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal or hydride generation vaporisation. All drinking water samples were acidified with 0.1M nitric acid to match the acidity of the standards. Results: The method was linear within the studied range (1-5 μg/L, R = 0.9943). The quantification limits for arsenic determination were 0.48 μg/L (HGAAS) and 0.03 μg/L (GFAAS). The evaluated arsenic content in drinking water was within the accepted limits provided by law. Conclusions: A simple and sensitive method for the quantification of arsenic in drinking water using atomic absorbtion spectroscopy was described, which can be further used in toxicological studies. As an additional advantage, the system is very fast, efficient and environmental friendly

PREPARATION OF Ni-Mo/MORDENITE CATALYSTS UNDER THE VARIATION OF Mo/Ni RATIO AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATIONS FOR STEARIC ACID CONVERSION

The preparation of Ni-Mo/Mordenite catalysts with variation of Mo/Ni ratio and their characterizations for conversion of stearic acid have been conducted. The catalysts were prepared by loading a small amount of nickel and/or molybdenum on H-Mordenite (H-Mor) with total metal content = 1 wt% based on the mordenite. The metals was supported on to the mordenite by impregnation method using nickel nitrate and/or ammonium heptamolybdate solution. The Mo/Ni ratio was varied as follows 0/1, 1/0, 1/1, 2/1, and 3/1 produced Ni/Mor, Mo/Mor, Ni1-Mo1/Mor, Ni1-Mo2/Mor and Ni1-Mo3/Mor catalyst respectively. The catalysts were then calcinated with nitrogen, oxidized with oxygen and reduced by hydrogen. The characterizations of catalyst were carried out by measuring Ni and Mo contents using atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS), acidity by ammonia vapour adsorption, specific surface area and pore size distribution by nitrogen gas adsorption (NOVA-1000). The catalyst characters on conversion of stearic acid were performed in a flow reaction system at 4000C under hydrogen stream (10 mL/min). The AAS analyses showed that the metal impregnated on to the H-Mor sample were consistent to the initial metal concentrations. The loading of Ni and/or Mo enhanced the acidity, however decreased the specific surface area and total pore volume of the H-Mor sample. The higher the acidity the higher the conversion of stearic acid and the lower the coke formation. The other catalyst characters gave the variation effects toward the stearic acid conversion. The conversions of stearic acid were 34,52%, 43,33%, 65,10%, 80,10%, 86,42% and 95,72% produced by Ni1-Mo3/Mor, H-Mor, Mo/Mor, Ni/Mor, Ni1-Mo2/Mor and Ni1-Mo1/Mor catalyst, respectively. Keywords: Ni-Mo/Mordenite, impregnation, stearic acid, Ni1-Mo1/Mordenite

Accumulation of chromium and histological findings on Hybro chickens liver treated with Cr(VI) and vitamin C

In this study the role of vitamine C in the acumulation of chromium in the liver and liver lesions of Hybro chicken treated with Cr (VI) were investigated. The chickens were divided into 5 groups (I‐V), with 10 individuals which and were treated orally with different concentrations of chrome (VI) and 10 mg/kg b.w vitamin C for 180 days. The preparation of tissues for the pathological microscopy was done according to the standard procedure whereas the staining was done with hemathoxylin‐eosin. The Cr concentration on the liver was determined by atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS) via UNICAM 929‐AA type spectrometer. The outcome of the research indicates that the six‐month ingestion of two different doses of Cr (VI) results in light histopathological changes in the periportal and pericentrilobular zone of the liver. The fatty vacuolization of hepathocites, dilatation of centrilobular vein, the dilated sinusoids with erythrocytes, proliferation of biliary tubules, the lymphoplasmocitary infiltrates etc. are visible. The protective role of Vitamin C on the applied dose was not noticed. Vitamin C combined with Cr (VI) doses amplifies the bioaccumulation of Cr on the liver to a considerable degree, compared not only with control group of chicken but as well as with the chicken treated only with Cr (VI) . The investigation results show that the bioaccumulation of chrome and the histological fidings of the liver depend on the dose, time of action and the combination of Cr with Vitamin C.

Accumulation of chromium and histological findings on Hybro chickens kidneys treated with Cr(VI) and vitamin C

It was investigated the effect of both the C vitamin and Cr (VI) on bioaccumulation of Cr in the hystological findings on Hybro chickens kidneys. The chickens were divided into 5 groups (I‐V), each with 10 individulas. The first, was controll group, whereas other groups were treated for 180 days orally with different concentration levels of Cr (VI) and C vitamin (10 mg dose/kg b.w). Preparation of tissues for pathology microscopy was carried out according to standard procedures, whereas staining was done with hematoxylin‐eosin. The concentration of Cr in kidneys was measured with atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS) and UNICAM 929‐AA. spectrometerThe results of our investigation have shown the occurence of little hystopathological changes on glomerule, intersticiel section and on blood vessels: Hydropic expansion and epithels desquamination of proximal tubules, vacoulization of cytoplasm, dylatation of distal tubules, expansion of subcapsular area of some glomerules, and a source of extravasate erythrocites in subcapsular area. Our findigs show that there were not any protective function of C vitamin with the dosage we have applied. C vitamin combined with Cr (VI) has significantly increased the bio‐accumulation of Cr in noted kidneys (ppm., FW) compared with control group chickens and those treated with only Cr (VI).

Trace Metal Levels In Surficial Sediments Of Lake Manyas, TURKEY AND TRIBUTARY RIVERS

Some trace element contents of surficial sediment samples from sampling stations in Lake Manyas (Bird Lake) in Turkey and its tributary rivers have been analyzed by flame atomic absorbtion spectroscopy. The mean levels (μgg −1 dry weight) of Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn for five sampling stations in the first season (March 1996) and for eight sampling stations in the second season (May 1996) have been listed. The results have been compared with the values given in the literature. A comparison with the available benchmark sediment quality criteria and toxicity guideline values has also been made. The results in the light of those comparisons suggest that a pollution problem especially with respect to Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni exists at several stations which are effected by municipal and industrial effluents and at the middle of the lake.

The relationship between epilithic periphyton (biofilm) bound metals and metals bound to sediments in freshwater systems.

Surficial sediments and epilithic periphyton (biofilm) were sampled from six sites on the River Churnet and five sites on the River Manifold in Staffordshire and analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The sites demonstrated a wide range of sediment trace metal concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS). Biofilm was removed from the substrate using physical abrasion and 0.005 M ethylenediaminoethanetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) extractant. The European Standards, Measurements and Testing Programmes (BCR) operationally defined geochemical speciation scheme was used to determine the exchangeable, acid soluble fraction of the sediments. Significant positive correlations were determined between the EDTA extractable biofilm and the exchangeable sediment fraction for Cd, Cu and Zn but not for Pb. Natural epilithic periphyton may be a potential metal biomonitor particularly of Cu, Cd and Zn in aquatic systems and provide supporting information in relation to potential sediment toxicity.

Flow injection analysis of mercury(II) in pharmaceuticals based on enzyme inhibition and biosensor detection

An enzymatic amperometric procedure for measurement of mercury(II) in pharmaceuticals, based on the inhibition of invertase and on a glucose electrode was studied. Analytical parameters for measurements in batch and flow injection analysis (FIA) have been optimised. Mercury(II) was detected in the 10–60 ppb range with RSD≤2%. A sample throughput of 6 h −1 for batch and 15 h −1 for FIA was obtained. The total mercury(II) from thimerosal (thiomersal, sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate) in eye-drop samples was measured with the amperometric procedure after oxidative cleavage treatment. Results for both batch and FIA procedures correlated well with atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS) data.

Toxic effects of lead on the biochemical parameters of the hyacinth weevils neochetina eichornae through the trophic levels of food chain

Abstract Lead accumulation as determined by Atomic Absorbtion Spectroscopy was found to be higher in the roots than in the aerial parts of the aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes Mart (Solms). However, Pb accumulation in the leaves of the Eichhornia plants had more significant effects with respect to eco‐toxicological studies. The hyacinth weevils Neochetina eichhornae feeding on lead treated plants bioaccumulated about 5–10% of Pb through the trophic levels of food chain. Studies on the biochemical changes in these insects revealed a drastic decline in the protein content with an increase in the free amino acid pool. The higher activity of alanine and aspartate amino‐transferases implied their role in metal stress conditions. This study demonstrated the biotransfer of a toxic metal Pb from the aquatic environment to the insects via the trophic levels of food chain ‐ a unique model system for ecotoxicological studies.

Synthesis of Two Newvic-Dioxime Ligands Containing Azo Group and Their Complexes with Ni(II) and Cu(II)

Abstract Two vic-dioxime ligands were synthesised by reacting anti-dichloroglyoxime with 4-aminoazobenzene and 2′, 3-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene, respectively, and then their nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes were synthesised. The ligands and complexes were characterised by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements and ′H nmr, infrared, UV-visible and atomic absorbtion spectroscopy.

Characterization of commercially available coffee filter papers

Abstract Commercially available coffee filter papers were evaluated for extractable materials to determine differences between chlorine bleached, peroxide beached and unbleached products. Organic species were determined by initial Sohxlet extraction followed by GC/MS analysis for semi‐volatile organics, dibenzofurans and dioxins. Inorganic species were initially extracted with heated water. Representative inorganics were determined either by atomic absorbtion spectroscopy or ion selective electrodes as the method of analysis. No direct relationship between bleaching method and the presence of halo‐genated materials in the final filter product was observed. Only in one cases was a single dioxin isomer detected. Three semi‐volatile species not consistent with natural products were detected in any of the filter papers. Both a chlorine bleached and unbleached paper were found to contained a single brominated species whereas tributyl phosphate, a plasticizer for cellulose esters and plastics was found in a sin...

Some metals and their possible sources in rain water of the Southern Baltic coast, 1976 and 1978–1980

Samples of rain water collected at three sites on the Baltic coast were analysed for iron, manganese, lead, copper, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium by atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS); uranium and thorium were determined spectrophotometrically with Arsenazo III. A regional and seasonal-dependent variability of some metal concentrations in rain water was observed. Sodium, potassium, magnesium and cobalt existed in water mainly as dissolved forms, while lead, iron uranium and thorium were generally contained within suspended matter. Considering the concentration of each metal relative to iron and sodium as normalizing elements, three groups of metals can be distinguished, i.e. a marine source for sodium; a terrestrial source for iron, magnesium, potassium, uranium, thorium, manganese and nickel; and an anthropogenic source for lead, cadmium, copper and cobalt.

Increase in cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) cytotoxicity upon reversible electropermeabilization of the plasma membrane in cultured human NHIK 3025 cells

A series of brief electrical high-voltage discharges were given to cultured NHIK 3025 cells to render the plasma membrane transiently permeable to drugs. Using [ 14 C]sucrose as an inert marker which normally does not cross plasma membranes, increased permeability could be demonstrated for no longer than 10 min following electrical treatment, indicating that the permeabilization was entirely reversible. The reversibility of the treatment was further demonstrated by a lack of effect on cell growth and colony-forming ability. When cells were given electrical discharges immediately before or during exposure to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum( II)( cis-DDP) the cytotoxic drug effect increased. By using electrical discharges during a 2 hr drug treatment period the cytotoxicity was enhanced to an extent corresponding to at least a 3-fold increase in drug uptake relative to unpermeabilized cells. This increase in drug uptake was confirmed by direct measurements of the amount of cell-associated Pt by atomic absorbtion spectroscopy. The results suggest that uptake across the plasma membrane may be the rate-limiting factor in the cytotoxic effect of cis-DDP. Furthermore, the methodology applied in the present study may prove useful in assessing the influence of membrane permeability on the effect of other cytotoxic drugs.

The purification and biochemical properties of alcohol dehydrogenase--"fast (Chateau Douglas)" from Drosophila melanogaster.

Alcohol dehydrogenase has been purified from Drosophila melanogaster lines bearing the AdhF, AdhS, and AdhFCh.D. alleles. Biochemical investigations show that the properties of the purified enzymes are very similar to those of crude enzyme extracts except that the pure enzymes are more heat stable. ADH-FCh.D. resembles ADH-S very closely in specific activity, substrate specificity, and a number of kinetic parameters including limiting values for Km(app.) for ethanol. However, it is considerably more heat stable than either of the two common variants. ADH-F differs from ADH-S and ADH-FCh.D. particularly with regard to the rate of oxidation of secondary alcohols. Atomic absorbtion spectroscopy shows that all three allozymes lack zinc or other divalent cations as active-site components. Peptide mapping experiments identify one very active cysteinyl residue; and amide residues in the NAD+ binding domain.