Atom Reservoir Research Articles

The determination of trace transition elements in biological tissues using flameless atom reservoir atomic absorption.

Abstract The development of an analytical technique generally applicable to the determination of Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in all biological tissues is described. All of these elements may readily be determined in tissue samples of less than 0.5 g using flameless atom reservoir atomic absorption with a Perkin-Elmer heated graphite atomizer. Some of the operational characteristics of this atomizer system are discussed. The utility of the method is illustrated by analyses of selected marine biota and of NBS standard orchard leaves.

The determination of gold in serum by atomic absorption spectrometry with a carbon filament atom reservoir

The determination of gold in serum by atomic absorption spectrometry with a carbon filament atom reservoir

Determination of vanadium in titanium dioxide by ultramicro atomic absorption spectrometry on a carbon filament atom reservoir

Determination of vanadium in titanium dioxide by ultramicro atomic absorption spectrometry on a carbon filament atom reservoir

Determination of Sodium by Atomic Emission Spectrometry Using a Carbon Filament Atom Reservoir

Abstract This communication is concerned with atomic emission of the 589.0/589.6 nm sodium doublet, in a N2/H2 diffusion flame on the sheathing gas box of a carbon filament atom reservoir. The sample is directly atomised by the carbon filament thechnique1.

The direct determination of chromium in urine by selective volatilization with atom reservoir atomic absorption

The direct determination of chromium in urine by selective volatilization with atom reservoir atomic absorption

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir : Part XII. The determination of nickel in crude and residual fuel oils by atomic absorption spectrometry

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir : Part XII. The determination of nickel in crude and residual fuel oils by atomic absorption spectrometry

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir : Part XI. The determination of iron by atomic absorption spectroscopy

The atomic absorption behaviour of iron in the carbon filament atom reservoir is described. With limited field viewing and an open cell, used in conjunction with direct presentation of a d.c. absorption signal on an oscilloscope, a detection limit of 1·10 -11 g Fe (2·10 -3 p.p.m.) and “sensitivity” of 5·10 -12 g Fe (1·10 -3 p.p.m.) is obtained at 248.3 nm using 5-μl volumes of sample solution. The effect of the presence of 22 cations and anions in 10–1000-fold amounts is examined. Nine metals interfere at the 1000-fold level, but only two (Co and Cr) interfere at the lower level. Atomic absorption signals were observed for iron at 27 lines by the carbon filament technique.

The combined hollow cathode and high frequency discharge as excitation source for atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Using a high frequency discharge (2450 MHz) to excite the vapours produced by hollow cathode sputtering, a spectral line source suitable for use as excitation source for atomic fluorescence spectrometry was developed. The lamp is demountable with a watercooled cathode, employing a flowthrough gas system at reduced pressure. With an argon-oxygen-hydrogen flame as atom reservoir, detection limits of 0.0005 ppm for copper and 0.003 ppm for gold were obtained, these limits being determined by insufficient light gathering power of the spectrometer.

An Evaluation of a Premixed Méker-Type Flame as an Atom Reservoir for Atomic Fluorescence

The characteristics of a sheathed Méker-type burner (Alkemade burner) in producing a flame atom reservoir for atomic fluorescence measurements have been investigated. Comparative measurements of interferences, atomization efficiency, spatial distribution of atoms, and atomic fluorescence of Sn were made. The effect of phosphate anion on the alkaline earth elements has been used as the basis of comparison of interferences with the sheathed burner and several commercial premix burners. The efficiency of atomization of the burner has been compared with a Techtron burner with Méker-type head. Lateral and radial atom profiles for Ca have been measured in observing the effect of sheathing on the atomic distribution, and the benefits of sheathing are demonstrated in the measurement of the atomic fluorescence of Sn. It is concluded that the sheathed burner is markedly better than standard Méker-type burners for atomic fluorescence measurements.

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometry with a carbon filament atom reservoir: Part IX. The direct determination of silver and copper in lubricating oils

Summary A method is described for the direct determination of silver and copper in clean and used lubricating oils by carbon filament atomic absorption spectroscopy. Absolute atomic absorption sensitivities of 2.2 · 10−11 g and 1.3 · 101 g were obtained for copper and silver in the lubricating oil matrix. No sample pretreatment of any kind is required apart from dilution when the contents of metals are too high. Very dilute samples can be preconcentrated by repeated additions to the filament with brief heating periods between sample additions.

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir: Part X. The determination of nic'kel with an unenclosed atom reservoir

The detection and measurement of nickel by atomic absorption spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir and a hollow-cathode lamp is described. Determinations were carried out at several wavelengths; the lowest detection limit of 2.10 −10 g(0.04 p.p.m.) was found at 232.0 nm. The effects of various interfering species were examined and it was shown how interferences could be minimized by restricting the viewing of the absorption signals to a small area immediately above the carbon filament. A study of the volatilities of the interfering species showed that the larger interferences could often be associated with metals which have a volatility similar to that of nickel.

The Application of a Fast Pulse Atom Reservoir to the Determination of Mercury

Abstract A system is described for the non-flame atomisation of mercury, using sample heating pulses of a few microseconds duration. The rapid sample atomisation thus obtained leads to good analytical sensitivity; it also provides a technique for distinguishing between, and separately measuring, inorganic and organically-bound mercury.

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir: Part VIII. The determination of manganese by atomic absorption spectroscopy

The atomic absorption characteristics of manganese with a carbon filament atom cell and hollow-cathode lamp source are described. With limited field viewing conditions and direct oscilloscopic presentation of the absorption signals, a detection limit of 5.10 -11 g Mn (5 μl of 0.01 p.p.m. Mn solution) is obtained at 279.5 nm. The effect of the presence of 24 foreign ions has been examined; 14 ions interfere at the 1000-fold level, but only 6 ions interfere at the 100-fold level.

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir: Part VII. Atomic absorption under limited field viewing conditions

The atomic absorption spectroscopy of copper, lead, nickel and aluminium with the carbon filament atom reservoir under conditions such that only an area extending 0.5 mm above the filament is irradiated, is described. The sensitivity for lead under these arrangements is improved, and the determination of aluminium is made possible.

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir: Part VI. a study of some matrix effects

A study is made of the effects of 62 ions present in 1000-fold amounts on the determination of 10 −9–l0 −11g amounts of Ag, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mg, Pb, Tl and Zn by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament in an argon atmosphere, with high-intensity hollow-cathode lamps or electrodeless discharge lamps as sources of excitation. Suppressions of signal which occur are shown to be due to gas-phase interaction between the atomic species concerned and the cloud of condensing elements. Re-investigation of these matrix effects by atomic absorption with the filament cell and a limited area viewing technique shows that most of the interferences can be avoided if only the space extending 0.5 mm upward from the filament is illuminated.

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir : Part V. Determination of elements in organic solvents

The behaviour of the carbon filament atom reservoir in the atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence of trace metals (Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) extracted from aqueous solutions into organic solvents (C 6H 6, CHCl 3, CCl 4, MIBK) by a variety of chelating agents (cupferron, dithiocarbamates, dithizone, 8-hydroxyquinoline, thenoyltrifluoroacetone) is described. There is no restriction on the nature of the solvent as in flame-based techniques and the behaviour of the organometallic systems is virtually identical to that of aqueous solutions of the metals. Only with the copper(II)-oxine system was a slightly anomalous behaviour observed. The general technique may easily be applied with solvent extraction preconcentration systems.

Measurement of Transient Atomic Fluorescence and Atomic Absorption Signals using Photon Counting

RECENT advances in analytical atomic spectrometry have been concerned with the development of non-flame atom reservoirs, namely, the L'vov furnace1, the Massman furnace2, the filament atom reservoir3 and the platinum loop4. These devices give increased analytical sensitivity but the absorption or emission signals produced may be characterized by several peculiarities. First, the radiation signals derived are transient in nature; second, the signal profiles are usually asymmetric and may also be non-reproducible from sample to sample; and third, the signal duration may depend on sample concentration.

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon filament atom reservoir: The determination of gold by atomic fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy with an unenclosed atom reservoir

The atomic absorption and fluorescence characteristics of gold generated in an argon atmosphere by a carbon filament atom reservoir and a high-intensity hollow-cathode lamp are examined. Strong fluorescence signals at 242.8 and 267.5 nm were observed which yielded detection limits of 5.10 −12 and 4.10 −12 g (0.001 and 0.0008 p.p.m.), respectively. Much weaker fluorescence was also observed at 302.9 nm. Absorption signals occurred at 242.8 nm with a detection limit of 2.10 −l0g (0.04 p.p.m.). The fluorescence sensitivity is better than the best previously reported for an argon-separated oxy-hydrogen flame. Condensation reactions occur in the gas phase and lead to abnormal loss of atomic gold when 1000-fold concentrations of elements such as Ce, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pd and W are present in the gold solution. When, however, the fluorescence signals are measured immediately above the surface of the filament, with restricted field viewing, virtually all these interferences disappear.

The Application of Photon Counting as a Detection System in Atomic Fluorescence and Emission Spectrometry

Abstract Despite the profusion of literature associated with analytical atomic spectrometric techniques, very little has been reported concerning the development of detector systems. This is particularly surprising in view of the current trend in atomic spectrometry towards the use of non-flame atom reservoirs. These devices frequently produce weak transient signals and dc level detector systems designed for steady state measurements are in consequence often unsatisfactory. High speed recorders may be used with success providing the total response time of the various electronic components is comparable with or preferably less than that of the signal duration and only in such instances will precise measurement of the signal be achieved (1,2). The use of absolute integration techniques are obvious for this type of measurement, although their application has not been particularly forthcoming to date. Photon counting would seem to have many advantages for such purposes, although with the exception of the more...

Observations on Some New Separated Flames in Analytical Emission Spectroscopy

Abstract The renewed interest in flame emission spectroscopy (FES) in recent years has lead a number of workers to investigate the potential of the mechanically separated or the gas sheathed flame as a low background, high temperature atom reservoir in analytical spectroscopy. The work reported so far has been reviewed elsewhere2,3, and will not be considered here, other than to indicate that only acetylene has been extensively investigated as a fuel for separated flames in FES. Separated hydrogen flames have been applied only to atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS)4-6 particularly when non-dispersive detector systems have been used6. The object of the present investigation was to examine the potential application of the separation of some recently proposed flames7-11 in emission spectroscopy, including the nitrous oxide-hydrogen flame, the merits of which have recently been the subject of controversial discussion7,8, and the air and nitrous oxide MAPP Gas flames, which have been tentatively suggested9-...