Atmospheric Electric Field Strength Research Articles

Relationship of precipitation intensity in the form of snow with atmospheric electricity and radiothermal radiation of the snow cover

Remote radiophysical methods using artificial satellites of the Earth allow to determine physical and chemical parameters of the atmosphere. For this purpose, calibration subsatellite measurements are necessary. One of the natural phenomena to be studied is precipitation in the form of snow. This paper presents the results of ground-based measurements of radio-thermal radiation of snow cover at two wavelengths 0.88 cm and 1.35 cm, as well as the results of measurements of the variation of the vertical component of the surface atmospheric electric field strength during snowfall. The measurements were made near the ice-water phase transition temperature. The research site is located in the city of Chita (Russian Federation). A strong influence of air temperature on the measured values, especially at the ice-water phase transition temperature, was found.

Wireless charging via atmospheric electrostatic induction in supercapacitive MXene: Huge energy-capture, sensitive electric-field- and proximity-sensing

The wire electrical conduction is a traditional method to transfer carriers from external circuit into internal functional materials in electronic devices, yet these guest carriers suffer ineluctable dissipation on their traveling paths before contributing device performance. Hereof, a wireless electrostatic induction strategy is developed to activate native carriers just inside MXene-based electrochemical supercapacitive device for facilitating carrier utilization. Experimental and simulative results reveal that in the device domains permeated by atmospheric electric field, the native carriers are effectively excited not only in porous MXene material, but also in metallic foil substrate and ionic electrolyte, endowing a huge energy capacity of 541.6 F g − 1, greatly larger than 258.5 F g − 1 implemented by wire conductive charge. Further, the inducing system is explored to detect the atmospheric electric field strength with the highest sensitivity of 14.42 m μA V − 1 and high linearity of 95.22% in ranging 0–1100 V m − 1 and is also utilized to sense contactless proximity stimulus with a high sensitivity of 7.01 μA m − 1 and high linearity of 97.9% in penetration depth ranging 0∼20 cm. These smart functions are also realized with prototype equipment for applicable exploration.

К ОБЪЯСНЕНИЮ ЭФФЕКТА ПОВЕДЕНИЯ Г-ОБРАЗНОЙ РАМКИ В ПРИЗЕМНОМ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОМ ПОЛЕ

The possibility of determining the zones of the reverse electrode effect in hard-to-reach places using an L-shaped frame is considered. It is shown that joint measurements using instruments and an L-shaped frame with adjustable sensitivity will make it possible to convert the recorded angles of frame movement into physically understandable values of the atmospheric electric field strength.

INNATE INTERCONNECTION IN THE SPACE-TIME: EXAMPLES OF SHIELDS

The mass reaction of the ground-based complex systems (i. e. the ones with an internal structure that can stay in different inner states) (1) to total solar eclipse and (2) to Sun shielding by a tower located in the neighborhood of the observation is invited to consider. This reaction has revealed the basic factor of observed natural dynamics of mass - the Sun. These observations data were collected by a special geophysical monitoring which every ten seconds synchronously records mass of some definite geological systems (minerals/mineral aggregates), atmospheric electric field strength, and six physical characteristics of the observation conditions at three geographical points: Dubna, Nauchny (the Crimea), and Novosibirsk. Due to significance for modern experiments and technologies, a physical phenomenon associated with the role of the Sun in the mass dynamics is briefly discussed in conclusion.

The electrical activity of Saharan dust as perceived from surface electric field observations

Abstract. We report on the electric field variations during Saharan dust advection over two atmospheric remote stations in Greece, using synergistic observations of the vertical atmospheric electric field strength (Ez) at ground level and the lidar-derived particle backscatter coefficient profiles. Both parameters were monitored for the first time with the simultaneous deployment of a ground-based field mill electrometer and a multi-wavelength polarization lidar. The field mill time series are processed to extract the diurnal variations of the global electric circuit and remove fast field perturbations due to peak lightning activity. In order to identify the influence of the elevated dust layers on the ground Ez, we extract a localized reference electric field from the time series that reflects the local fair-weather activity. Then, we compare it with the reconstructed daily average behaviour of the electric field and the Saharan dust layers' evolution, as depicted by the lidar. The observed enhancement of the vertical electric field (up to ∼100 V m−1), for detached pure dust layers, suggests the presence of in-layer electric charges. Although higher dust loads are expected to result in such an electric field enhancement, episodic cases that reduce the electric field are also observed (up to ∼60 V m−1). To quantitatively approach our results, we examine the dependency of Ez against theoretical assumptions for the distribution of separated charges within the electrified dust layer. Electrically neutral dust is approximated by atmospheric conductivity reduction, while charge separation areas within electrically active dust layers are approximated as finite-extent cylinders. This physical approximation constitutes a more realistic description of the distribution of charges, as opposed to infinite-extent geometries, and allows for analytical solutions of the electric field strength so that observed variations during the monitored dust outbreaks can be explained.

Seasonal and annual variations in the strength of the atmospheric electric field in the 24th cycle of solar activity measured in Yakutsk

The paper presents the results of measuring the strength of the atmospheric electric field in fair weather conditions in the 24th cycle of solar activity from 2009 to 2019 according to observations in Yakutsk (North-east of Siberia). Intensity of the atmospheric electric field measurements by an electric field-mill sensor, mounted on the roof of the main building of the SchICRA SB RAS (N 62 ° 1 ‘, E129 ° 43’) in Yakutsk. The field-mill sensor has a measurement range of the atmospheric electric field strength +/- 50 kV/m with an accuracy of +/- 1 V/m. The data acquisition system based on a personal computer and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) E 14-440 L-Card. Data is written to the hard disc drive of the data acquisition system with a one second resolution data. Based on the analysis of data on the atmospheric electric field from 2009 to 2019 it was found that the seasonal variation of the monthly mean values of the field strength has maxima in the spring and autumn months and minima in the summer and winter months. Annual variations of the field strength in fair weather conditions over the observation period have a general trend towards a decrease in the field strength.

Variations of gamma-ray during thunderstorm by observations in Yakutsk

The paper presents the results of a study of the increase in the gamma background in the surface layer of the atmosphere during near thunderstorms in Yakutsk (based on the Cosmic Ray Spectrograph of the IKFIA SB RAS). To register the gamma background, scintillation detectors based on NaI (Tl) crystals with a size of 63mm x 63mm are used. The range of measured energies is 20-1900 keV. The detectors are closed from the sides and bottom with lead (5 cm) and placed in thermoboxes with a glass window. The detector is located on the roof of the Cosmic Ray Spectrograph building in Yakutsk. Also, synchronous registration of the atmospheric electric field strength was carried out using an atmosphere electric field – mill sensor (with measurement range +/- 50 kV / m).The data of continuous recording of an analog signal from a detector during the nearest thunderstorms of 2018 were considered. The analog signal from the gamma detector was fed to the first channel of the E20-10 ADC (L-Card) and recorded continuously on the computer hard disk for one hour (during a thunderstorm) in series of 10 minutes. A signal from an active broadband dipole P-10 antenna (0.9 kHz - 900 MHz bandwidth) was fed to the second channel and was also recorded in one file together with the signal from the gamma detector. Synchronous recording of signals from the gamma detector and from the antenna allows accurate timing of gamma photons to electromagnetic signals from nearby lightning. In the studied thunderstorms, based on the results of the analysis of the data obtained, statistically significant variations in the count rate and shapes of the spectrum of gamma – ray at the moment of lightning discharges were found.

Observing the neutron component during thunderstorm activity at a mountain CR station

During three summer months in 2015, the Cosmic Ray (CR) station Irkutsk-3000, located at 3000 m above sea level, measured the CR neutron component intensity with the 6NM64 neutron monitor, as well as the atmospheric electric field strength and the level of electromagnetic interference during lightning discharges. It is shown that the level of electromagnetic interference, when registered during lightning discharges, depends considerably on the fixed level of signal discrimination. During observations, we observed no effects of thunderstorm discharges at the neutron monitor count rate at the CR station Irkutsk-3000.

Наблюдение нейтронной компоненты в периоды грозовой активности на высокогорной станции космических лучей

During three summer months in 2015, the Cosmic Ray (CR) station Irkutsk-3000, located at 3000 m above sea level, measured the CR neutron component intensity with the 6NM64 neutron monitor, as well as the atmospheric electric field strength and the level of electromagnetic interference during lightning discharges. It is shown that the level of electromagnetic interference, when registered during lightning discharges, depends considerably on the fixed level of signal discrimination. During observations, we observed no effects of thunderstorm discharges at the neutron monitor count rate at the CR station Irkutsk-3000.

On the Negatively Charged Layer of the Earth’s Electric Field

Based on the hydridic Earth model, we propose a hydridic model of the Earth’s electric field. The model predicts that the negative electrode of the Earth’s capacitor is located under the Earth’s crust and the Earth’s fluids carry a positive charge. We have observed an excess of positive charge in the Earth’s crust down to kilometer depths. The model explains the unitary variation of the fair-weather atmospheric electric field strength, the change in atmospheric electric field strength and the precipitation of high-energy electrons during earthquakes.

Natural factor impact on atmospheric electric field variations in Kamchatka

The paper briefly describes a site network which registers atmospheric electric field strength (AEF V’). The scheme of natural processes affecting the formation of the local atmospheric electric field is considered. AEF V’ disturbances on ground flux meters are described. They were recorded when two eruptive clouds from Shiveluch volcano eruption were passing by. Key words: atmospheric electric field, potential gradient, electrostatic flux meter, volcanic clouds

Registration of weak ULF/ELF oscillations of the surface electric field strength

Measurements of the atmospheric electric field strength made by an electrostatic fluxmeter with a unique threshold sensitivity for such devices (6 × 10–2–10–3 V m–1 Hz–1/2 in the 10–3–25 Hz frequency range) and wide dynamic (120 dB) and spectral (0–25 Hz) ranges, are presented. The device parameters make it possible to observe the electric component of global electromagnetic Schumann resonances and long-period fluctuations in the atmospheric electric field strength.

Atmospheric electric field strength and thunderstorms in the North Caucasus

The results ofthe joint analysis ofthe data ofinstrumental observations using LS8000 lightning detector, weather radars (MRL-5 and DMRL-C), and electric field strength sensors as well as the results of numerical simulation of electric parameters of developed convective clouds based on the three-dimensional model worked out at High-mountain Geophysical Institute are presented. Some results of mathematical modeling of electric charges and fields in a convective cloud in the process of its evolution are described. The computations are based on the real data of atmospheric upper-air sounding on the days with thunderstorm and hailstorm processes in the North Caucasus. The effects of electric processes on the formation of micro structural parameters of convective clouds and precipitation are studied.

Simulation study on the correlation between the ground cosmic rays and the near earth thunderstorms electric field at Yangbajing (Tibet China)

Coincident study on the intensity change of the ground cosmic rays during thunderstorms is very important for understanding the acceleration mechanism of secondary charged particles caused by atmospheric electric field. It is found that the strength of the near earth thunderstorm electric field can be up to 1000 V/cm or even higher from ARGO-YBJ (where YBJ stands for Yangbajing, 4300 m a.s.l., Tibet, China) data in 2012. In this paper, Monte Carlo simulations are performed by using CORSIKA program to study the correlations between the intensity of the ground cosmic rays and the near earth thunderstorm electric field at YBJ. When the atmospheric electric field strength is higher than the threshold field strength (ERB) for the development of a runaway breakdown process, the total number of electrons and positrons is exponentially increases. At an electric field strength of 1500 V/cm, the number increases exponentially and reaches a maximum value at an atmospheric depth of ～520 g/cm2, where the electric field is slightly stronger than the threshold field strength. These results are consistent with the theoretical results of relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA) which was proposed by Gurevich et al. (Gurevich A V, Milikh G M, Roussel-Dupre R 1992 Phys. Lett. A 165 463) and also supports Dwyer's theory. The total number of electrons and positrons increases with the strength of the field in the negative field or in the positive field greater than 600 V/cm, while a certain degree of decline occurs in the positive field less than 400 V/cm. In the range 400-600 V/cm, the energy of the primary proton should be taken into account. For the primary energy that is lower than 80 GeV, the total number of electrons and positrons increases. And it does not change obviously when the energy is between 80 GeV and 120 GeV. For the primary energy exceeds 120 GeV, the number drops off, and the decrease is of ～4%. During thunderstorms, a short duration occurs in which the single particle counting rate increases as energy lowers, while a decrease happens with energy becoming higher than that from ARGO-YBJ data. Our preliminary results can give reasonable explanations to the experimental observations of ARGO-YBJ.

Electricity of the convective atmospheric boundary layer: Field observations and numerical simulation

The electric state of the middle-latitude convective atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is investigated during a point in time when it is not disturbed by clouds, precipitation, mist, or industrial aerosols. A numerical model is developed that estimates the electroaerodynamic state of the convective ABL. The model is parameterized using results of field observations and laboratory experiments. According to the model, vertical profiles of atmospheric electric field strength, space charge density, electric conductivity, and atmospheric electric current density are calculated in the horizontally homogeneous approximation with a high space-time resolution.

Measurement of atmospheric-electric field strength and air-ion concentration at varying distances from the coast with a mobile measuring station

With a mobile measuring station the variations in space of atmospheric-electric factors such as electric field strength and air-ion concentration can clearly be separated from fluctuations in time. Measurements at the coast demonstrate the suitability of this method.

Electrification experiments on Elk Mountain

During the winter of 1976, along with the continuing studies of ice crystals in the cap cloud on Elk Mountain, measurements were made of ice crystal charges and the atmospheric electric field strength. The electric field was, in general, found to be of the same sign as the fair weather field. The net particle charges were predominantly positive with mean values of the order of ±10−14 C with fairly symmetrical distributions of positive and negative charges. The ‘mirror image’ effect was seldom observed perhaps because of the small extent and short lifetime of the cap cloud. The absence of large negative charges suggests that the particles and particle charges do not originate from blowing snow. A mechanism of charging which may explain the symmetrical charge distributions is inductive charge transfer between particles which contact and then separate in random directions relative to the electric field.