Atmospheric Crude Distillation Research Articles

Increasing production of gasoline and diesel fuel in medium and small refineries to meet the needs of Iraqi market

Iraq is considered one of the countries exporters of oil in the world, but the output of motors fuels from the refined crude oil less than (45 wt %), which is associated with the lack of Iraqi refineries with secondary processes.Iraq consist of five big capacity crude oil refineries which include (atmospheric crude distillation, hydrotreating, catalytic reforming and isomerization) and produce high quality motors fuel, in addition five medium and five small in capacity crude oil refineries include only atmospheric crude distillation which produce low quality raw products (light and heavy naphtha, light gasoil and reduced crude).The total capacity of Iraqi oil in the last years changed from 28 to 35 million ton/year. Most of our refineries include old equipment, but in spite of the annual maintenance for these refineries the motor fuels products could not able to cover all the Iraqi requirements of motor fuels 27 million ton/year.In these refineries produce reduced crude (fuel oil) in large quantity and because of this, Iraq imports gasoline fuel (30 wt%) of its requirements and LPG (17 wt%) of its requirements.This situation impose on us to increase the output products quantity from the Iraqi crude oil by development the medium and small capacity refineries via installation thermal processes units instead of vacuum distillation units, by this actual research we will find that the deep of refinery will increase from 54 to 70 wt%, and production of motor fuel will change from 45 to 68 wt%.Purpose of the work: development of the flowchart which is applied in Iraqi small capacity refineries (1.3 – 1.4 million Ton/year) by installation thermal cracking units to produce maximum allowable yield and quality of motors fuels.This research depends on actual experiments which are done by me in Ufa state petroleum technological university on actual crude oil and reduced crude brought from Iraqi‘s refineries from the oil fields Basrah (Zubair) and Kirkuk.

Exergy analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger using DETHE software

In this paper, a sensibility study of irreversibility due to geometrical parameters variation of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger is proposed by using an exergy analysis. The irreversibility calculation model has been implemented on design tubular heat exchangers (DETHE) software, where thermohydraulic calculations are based on Bell-Delaware method. A prior evaluation of thermohydraulic results of DETHE is provided against a commercial software. Through an exergetic analysis in the study case, formulation to be implemented in the software for irreversibility calculation is developed. A real case study of a heat exchanger located in a pre-heat train of atmospheric crude distillation unit is analysed. Irreversibility results due to key design parameters variation for this heat exchanger are provided and discussed.

Evaluation of Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit Design Using Plant Data

Fouling in pre-heat trains of atmospheric crude distillation units is one of the major issues hindering the efficiency of oil refineries. This paper illustrates the benefits of using dynamic simulation, combined with plant measurements, to evaluate heat exchanger retrofit opportunities that provide the largest savings to the refinery. Once the fouling behavior of the network is well characterized and the most critical heat exchanger is identified, the performance of a retrofit design for that exchanger is assessed by re-running history using plant measurements for an extended period of operation. The comparison of the original design versus alternative ones, based on the potential reduction of fouling, provides an overall assessment of the impact on energy/economic savings for the whole network given by the proposed retrofits options. This enables the design engineer to use available plant data to evaluate and select the most beneficial design option, not simply based on expected operating conditions and fixed fouling factors, but on time-varying conditions and dynamic fouling build-up as it happens in the plant. The method is demonstrated with an industrial case study. The estimated savings in furnace duty were of 1.5–2.7 MW, resulting in expected economic benefits of $270–700 k per year.

A data-driven soft-sensor for monitoring ASTM-D86 of CDU side products using local instrumental variable (LIV) technique

Abstract Atmospheric crude distillation unit is the main unit operation in petroleum refining industries. The main difficulties in quality control of column are the availability of quality measurements. The design of product quality estimator will help improve quality monitoring and control performance in oil refinery industry by accurately predicting the side products properties, simultaneously. The objective of this paper is to design and implement state dependent parameter (SDP) based soft sensors using local instrumental variables (LIV) technique for an industrial atmospheric crude distillation unit. On the basis of tray temperature measurements of the column, soft sensor models for estimation of 95%ASTM-D86 of product streams have been developed. Three soft sensors are separately designed in an offline manner for each product quality with steady-state data of the column. The performance of proposed soft sensors is evaluated through testing data and also by online implementation in simulated control system. The prediction results, after tuning controller parameters, show excellent agreement with quality predictions from the rigorous model. Based on developed soft sensors, it is possible to estimate product properties in a continuous manner with minimum delay compared to laboratory ASTM analysis and apply perfect control as well as compliance with product quality specifications.

Steady State Simulation of Atmospheric Crude Distillation Tower

Steady State Simulation of Atmospheric Crude Distillation Tower

Crude unit control and optimisation at Grangemouth Refinery

BP Oil Grangemouth Refinery has installed a distributed quadratic program (DQP) multi-unit online optimiser across its three atmospheric crude distillation units and the splitter columns of the two distillate hydrotreaters. The main objective of the DQP application is to enhance the optimisation capabilities of the five existing MVPC controllers by taking account of product pool property constraints and blending economics. This article outlines its design and implementation.

ON THE DESIGN FLEXIBILITY OF ATMOSPHERIC CRUDE FRACTIONATION UNITS*

This paper is devoted to study the effect of the design parameters on atmospheric crude distillation units. The following conclusions are obtained: Pump-around circuits play only a role in energy integration, but they have imperceptible effects on the separation goals. Column separation performance is not affected by side-stripper steam rates above a certain threshold, whilst condenser duty is increased unnecessarily. Main steam injection and overflash have important effects on the quality of gas oil. However when the overflash is reduced, the impact on the flowrate of gas-oil produced can be compensated by increasing main column steam injection, [n this way, as the furnace duty is lowered, air emissions can be reduced without altering the column performance. Finally, the usage of reboilers is quantified confirming the recommendations that they should not be used in the design of these systems.

Modelling of a crude distillation column

An algorithm and a FORTRAN program have been developed for modelling of crude distillation and vacuum columns on smaller computers. Wang-Henke and Sum of Rates methods are combined in a new way. The memory requirement is low even in the case of a great number of pseudocomponents. An atmospheric crude distillation column has been simulated. Crude oil is described with 50 pseudocomponents chosen on the basis of the TBP curve of the feed. Calcula and experimental results are compared.

The Selection of Materials for Some Petroleum Refinery Applications

Abstract Extensive tabulated data with accompanying discussions are devoted to quantitative information on the performance of various ferrous and non-ferrous alloys in refinery service. The sixteen tables of data from the records of the Corrosion Engineering Section of The International Nickel Company, Inc. give results of actual service tests with ASTM spool-type specimens. When sour crudes are charged, corrosion in the atmospheric crude distillation system is maximum in the tops of vessels. Results of tests above the top plate indicate Monel suitable as a cladding or lining material. When sweet crude is charged little corrosion is encountered. In reflux water separators where water is free of hydrogen chloride or contains some hydrogen chloride as well as hydrogen sulfide, nickel or copper-base alloys are suitable. It is customary to use Admiralty metal, 70–30 Cupro-Nickel or Monel for gasoline condenser tubes and coolers. The degree of acidity of the condensate and condition of the cooling water will d...