ATmega328 Microcontroller Research Articles

Automatic Maintenance Alert System for Heavy Duty Haulage Machines

The timely maintenance of haulage machines is important to prevent machine breakdown and reduce productivity down time. An unintended breakdown or machine stop due to inadequate maintenance causes huge financial loss to the company due to delivery delays. Excessive maintenance also increases production cost due to down time and workshop maintenance. Most haulage companies like Mantrac Ghana Limited have a maintenance schedule for their customers. However, most of these customers do not maintain these machines on time, largely due to forgetfulness or sheer disregard for the maintenance schedule. It is thus important to implement an automatic alert system to notify operators of this machinery when it is time for maintenance. This paper seeks to design an automatic alert system using ATmega328 microcontroller, SIM900 GSM module and alarm unit. A sensor connected to the engine of the haulage machine is used to monitor the condition and operational hours of the machine. The microcontroller is programmed using proteus software to receive instructions from the sensor and issue commands to activate both the GSM module and the buzzer simultaneously. The type and time of maintenance to be done is displayed on the LED display. A corresponding message is sent via the GSM module to both Mantrac Ghana Limited and the customer to undertake the type of maintenance. It can be concluded that an automatic alert system would improve strict adherence to maintenance schedule and help reduce machine.

Desain Alat Smart Farming Penyiram Bawang Merah Menggunakan Arduino Uno Berbasis Android

One of the technological developments in agriculture is smart farming. Shallot farmers still carry out the process of watering shallot plants manually. This takes a long time because farmers have to go around the agricultural land during the watering process. To solve these problems, an automatic shallot sprinkler machine was designed that can be applied by farmers. The Arduino Uno ATMega328 microcontroller is used on this machine as the control system, while Android is used for the interface. The android interface on this machine can provide a graphical display, therefore farmers can give direct orders to drive a DC motor (Direct Current) and a DC pump on/off switch (Direct Current). The results of the smart farming research on this automatic onion sprinkler help farmers get 72% efficient time. The comparison can be seen in the manual watering process on 10,000m2 agricultural land that takes 7 days, on the other hand, it only takes 2 days when it is done with smart farming technology.

Design and Development of an Internet of things Based Glucometer with Wireless Transmission

Diabetes is one of the top non-communicable illnesses of public health importance. 6.4% of world population is reported to have diabetes mellitus with the figure, feared to double by 2040. Nigeria has estimated 1.6 million cases in 2015, which ranked her the third diabetes endemic country in Africa. Diabetes complication is a known leading cause of the disease high mortality rates and healthcare burden on developing economies. Daily monitoring of blood sugar levels, however, is an effective way to prevent diabetes complications. Glucometer is a simple device used for blood glucose monitoring. The aim of this study was to design and use locally sourced materials to fabricate a cheap digital glucometer that will be able to measure blood glucose levels and sends a distress signal to medics and caregivers via wireless transmission.The method employed includes programming, calibration, assembling, component testing, and the overall device test. The device is equipped with an Atmega32 microcontroller, One-Touch Ultra glucose sensor, a GSM module, emergency button, and internet of things (IoT). Our device and a conventional device (Accuchek) were used to measure the blood sugar level of 200 individuals in groups of 5, the data were analyzed using SPSS2.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010.The p-value was (>0.05) indicating no significant difference between the data generated by our device and the conventional glucometer, while the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9838. From the results above, we conclude that our fabricatrd device is effective and reliable.

An Rfid-Based Access Control System Using Electromagnetic Door Lock and an Intruder Alert System

Aims: The study was conducted to develop a basic security system that integrates Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), an electromagnetic lock, and a GSM Module to produce a lowcost and effective access control system. This work uses the possibility of improving access control door security by replacing a door key with a dependable electromagnetic door lock system for only authorized persons utilizing RFID and a mobile call intruder warning system.
 Methodology: The system is controlled by an ATMEGA328 microcontroller, which instructs the RFID reader to check and verify the users' unique identity tags before unlocking the electromagnetic lock to grant access or alert the administrators through the GSM module if an invalid tag is used. The microcontroller which also controls a liquid crystal display was programmed using Arduino C language; the data of identification tags were stored in its database. The RFIDbased access control with electromagnetic lock and intruder alert consists of three main parts – the INPUT (RFID), CONTROL (ATMega 328), and OUTPUT (Electromagnetic lock, LCD, Buzzer, and GSM Module). The RFID reader was able to scan tags and open a prototype door when a valid tag is used. The motor closes the door after a preset 5 seconds delay.
 Conclusion: When compared to well-known techniques in the literature, the developed RFID Access control system outperforms them in terms of accuracy and cost-effectiveness. The door locking system works in real-time because when the user places the tag in contact with the reader, the door opens and the check-in information, together with the user's basic information, is recorded in the central server.

Power setting based on load using phase control on conveyor system

The advantage of using conveyors that have been successfully designed through this research is in the power settings based on the load’s condition on the conveyor in which we hope that the system performance would be better in terms of electrical power usage. The conveyor’s speed control system used the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) method, a pulse width setting to supply current for the engine. Inputs come from a Load cell censor that measures the weight together with the motor’s activator. Microcontroller ATMega328 is used as a controller of the system. When the system is activated, the controller will activate the motor activator with the PWM signal based on the load weight The Microcontroller then identifies the load weight and determines the PWM count to set the corresponding power and speed. Through the optocoupler, Microcontroller provides the pulse to control the gate on the TRIAC (Triode for Alternation Current), which acts as a phase controller connected to the induction motor to power the conveyor. The result of this research shows that the heavier the load is, the generated power will correspondingly be higher.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM NURSE CALL TERHADAP KEGAGALAN INFUSE PUMP MENGGUNAKAN MIKROKONTROLER ATmega8535

The infuse pump is a media device used to provide the patient's body fluids with a certain time and amount. In giving intravenous fluids can have a bad effect on patients. The infusion that is currently used is still manual where errors such as clogging or monitoring of fluids. Therefore, planning an infusion pump that can send notifications when the infusion fluid runs out.In designing this tool aims to design a nurse call on an infusion pump using a microcontroller and sent via Bluetooth to the nurse call. On the Bluetooth call nurse receiving and sending it to the microcontroller will send it to the LCD and the Buzzer sounds if it goes to the input.In this final design using the ATmega8535 microcontroller which will read the incoming data via Bluetooth. LCD and buzzer are used so nurses can see and hear when the infusion fluid runs out.

RANCANG BANGUN HEATER PADA BLOOD WARMER DENGAN TAMPILAN LCD BERBASISI MIKROKONTROLLER ATMega8535

Blood warmer is a tool that is used to warm blood in the process of blood transfusion. Inside the blood warmer there are several main parts that must be considered, the main part that must be considered is the heater part. With the main aim to maintain the temperature in the blood cantomate so that no clotting occurs. The design of this tool aims to obtain the design of blood builder using the LM35 sensor as a temperature indicator to be displayed on the LCD. This research starts from the stages of collecting various sources, gathering information designing tool products, designing and perfoming function tests. Device hard covening design circuit supply power, circuit minumum system ATMega8535 microcontroller, a temperature sensor circuit. circuit,heater driver circuit LCD. While design for device soft covering programming basic language complier. Principle work from system on a whole namely : temperature sensor circuit will give input on the microcontrller for processed and produce output in the fom of hot via heater

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENGAMANAN TRANSFUSI DARAH BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ATMega 8535

Blood warmer is a tool that is used to warm blood in the process of blood transfusion. Inside the blood warmer there are several main parts that must be considered, in the main part that must be considered is the blood fluid detector section. With the main purpose so that blood does not rise again fill the blood bag. The design of this tool aims to get the design of a security system for blood transfusion by using a photodiode detector as an indicator of blood flow that will be displayed in the form of sound. This research starts from the stages of collecting various sources, gathering information, designing tool products, designing and performing function tests. The hardware includes the design of the power supply circuit, the minimum system circuit of the ATMega8535 microcontroller, the liquid blood detector circuit, the buzzer circuit, and the servo motor circuit. While the design for software includes basic complier language programming. The working principle of the overall system is: The photodiode detector circuit will provide input to the microcontroller to be processed and produce output in the form of buzzer and servo motor closing the hose

Implementation of Microcontroller-Based Current Speed Monitoring System

In this research, the designed system consists of two parts. First, the hardware consists of a power supply, display, optocoupler sensor, LCD and mechanical measuring instrument. The microcontroller used is ATMega 8535 which serves as a controller. The software used on the microcontroller chip functions to read, process data received from the input port and send the processed data through the output port. On the ATMega8535 microcontroller, the system has been designed with an accuracy rate of 97%, precision 96%, error 3.8%, the resolution of the measuring instrument can be used as a measurement reference. Additional software used is a delogger, which is set to read the river current velocity every minute, which is stored every 10 minutes.

Microcontroller based dual energy Moringa leaf dryer design and development

This paper presents the design and development of an automatic dual energy solar powered Moringa dryer used to remove moisture. Moringa leaves are circulated by hot air evenly in a cylindrical mesh of aluminum mesh which rotates at 20 revolutions per minute through which hot air is passed to extract moisture from the leaves. The Arduino Uno or Atmega32 microcontroller works in conjunction with appropriate sensors to monitor and control humidity, moisture content, motor speed, room temperature, heater, and fan. Based on the moisture content in the Moringa leaves, the sensor sends a control signal to the controller. The results showed a good response in removing the initial moisture content from 18.5% to the final moisture content to 4% of green leaves without changing the nutritional value. Qualitative analysis showed that traditional drying, namely open drying, drying Moringa leaves each for 3 days in 12 hours with a final moisture content of 7%, while double solar drying only takes 3 days in 12 hours with a final moisture content of 4%, and produce better quality Moringa leaves. High efficiency in the drying process of Moringa leaves compared to traditional drying, where this tool can dry Moringa leaves faster by 3%.

Programing Relay Time Control Using ATMEGA 328 Microcontroller

Abstract: Digital timer switches are used to control the operation of electrical devices based on a programmed schedule. This project describes a programmable digital timer based on the ATMEGA328 microcontroller that can be programmed to schedule the on and off operation of an electrical appliance. The appliance is controlled through a relay switch. This timer switch allows you to set both on and off time. That means, you can program when do you want to turn the device on and for how long you want it to be remained on. The maximum time interval that you can set for on and off operation is 99 hours and 59 minutes. The project provides an interactive user interface using a 16×2 character LCD along with 4 push buttons Keywords: Relay, LCD Display (16X2), Clock Unit (DS3231). ULN 2803, ATmega-328

Smart Vending Machine

Abstract: Now-a-days vending machines are becoming very popular in western countries because of their ease, less wastage of time and effort, availability near doorstep and variety of products. But in India, vending machines are still not so popular according to the customer's requirement. In this paper, a model of vending machine is proposed which dispenses liquid products by accepting the coin. The model of vending machine is customer friendly with a feature of fake coin detection. This machine is implemented using AVR ATmega16 microcontroller. Various modules of the machine are interfaced with the microcontroller. Coin recognition through CS-616 coin acceptor and IR sensor makes this model simple and inexpensive as compared to the previous work where either currency or tokens were used or difficult techniques like image recognition for detection of coin. Keywords: Atmega16,IR sensor, CS-616 Coin acceptor

Analysis of Drop Sensor Accuracy in Central Infusion Peristaltic Monitoring Based on Computer Using Wireless Communication HC-11

In some hospitals, the infusion is still done manually, where medical personnel observe the liquid droplets directly and then control the rate using a mechanical resistor (clamp). This method is certainly far from accurate. An infusion pump is a medical aid that functions to control and ensure the correct dose of infusion fluid given to patients treated. The purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of the infrared photodiode as a drop sensor based on the readings of the infusion pump monitoring system. This module consists of a photodiode infrared drop sensor module, a comparator circuit, a monostable circuit, a stepper motor, an L298N motor driver, and an ATmega328 microcontroller. The droplets were detected by an infrared photodiode sensor, then compared with a comparator and monostable circuit as an oscillator developer, and then the flow rate and residual volume readings were generated by the ATmega328 microcontroller. Next, this data has sent to the computer via the HC-11 wireless. The results of the flowrate module measurement show the highest error value of 3% at the 30 ml/hour setting and the lowest error value of 2.5% at the 60 ml/hour setting. Meanwhile, the results of the flow rate measurement using an infusion device analyzer obtained the highest error value of 4% at the setting of 30 ml/hour and 60 ml/hour, and the lowest error value of 0.8% at the setting of 100 ml/hour. Monitoring the infusion pump was designed centrally to facilitate the nurse's task in monitoring the infusion dose given to the patient accurately. Based on this research, the accuracy of the infrared sensor and photodiode is very good by looking at the existing error rate.

ECG Graph Monitoring System using Ad8232 with ECG Sensor and Arduino

Patient monitoring is the heart of the fitness care domain in day to day lifestyles both at domestic or at medical institution. This paper affords the layout of a transportable electrocardiograph (ECG) device the use of the AD8232 microchip as the analog front-stop (AFE). Beginning with the producer’s evaluation board of the AFE chip for testing circuit configurations, open-supply hardware and software components had been integrated into a breadboard prototype. In the long run, a custom printed circuit board (PCB) changed into produced. The prototype required to accommodate the microchip on a SMD-to-DIP adapter for checking out with the breadboard-pleasant Arduino microcontroller alongside a statistics logger and a Bluetooth breakout board. The analog ECG sign from the AFE output changed into digitized the use of one channel of the 10-bit analog-to-virtual Converter (ADC) of the ATmega328 microcontroller contained in the Arduino Nano board. The digitized ECG signal may be transmitted not simplest with the aid of serial cable using the Arduino capabilities, but also thru Bluetooth to a computer or to an Android telephone gadget whilst the HC-06 guard is used. The records logging guard presents gigabytes of garage, and the sign is recorded to a micro SD card adapter in conjunction with the date and time stamp information of the pattern seize (actual-time clock provided). further to hardware and software improvement, a simulation was used in the analog circuit design with SPICE Multisim software program and the related macro model library to assess machine stability. besides the analog filters within the AFE degree, virtual filtering through easy distinction equations become investigated. A menu turned into incorporated to pick out from the several modes of operation of the device. The ECG test signals were acquired from a affected person simulator (SimCube) and real sufferers. A portable ECG gadget for tracking applications that complies with electric protection regulations and medical equipment design became found out.

Triple Probe Heat Pulse (TPHP) Soil Moisture Content and Temperature Monitoring Digital System Using Nanomaterials based Sensor Elements for Precision Agriculture

I discuss the TPHP soil moisture content and temperature measuring digital system using Indium doped Tin Oxide nanopowder (ITO) electric heater and Nickel manganite (NiMn2O4) nanoceramic powder thermistor as a temperature sensor fabrication, characterization, calibration, and testing. The NiMn2O4 nanoceramic powder is synthesized using the wet chemical method and the ITO nanopowder-based heater is fabricated by a simple fill and press method. The heater, temperature sensor, Atmega328 microcontroller with its software, stainless steel cylindrical tubes, and 3D-printed package are used to fabricate the device. The distance between the heater and the temperature sensor is set to 0.006 m and heat pulse duration is set to 240 s. The heater consumes 3.587W electric power. The temperature sensor can measure the soil temperature up to 50°C. The system is capable of measuring volumetric soil moisture content from 3% to 37% efficiently with a strong correlation coefficient of 0.997 with respect to the standard. The test result shows that there is less than a 2.8% error which is the smallest among the category and the sensitivity of the sensor at volumetric soil moisture content ( θ v ) = 0.28 m 3 m − 3 becomes 3.14 ∘ C per m 3 m − 3 . The developed system is simple to fabricate and operate highly precise, low cost, low power and light in weight.

Implementation of Automatic Plant Water Supply and Monitoring System

In daily operations related to farming or gardening watering is the most important practice and the most labour-intensive task. No matter whichever weather it is, either too hot and dry or too cloudy and wet, you want to be able to control the amount of water that reaches your plants. Modern watering systems could be effectively used to water plants when they need it. But this manual process of watering requires two important aspects to be considered: when and how much to water. In order to replace manual activities and making gardener's work easier, we have create automatic plant watering system. By adding automated plant watering system to the garden or agricultural field, you will help all of the plants reach their fullest potential as well as conserving water. Using sprinklers drip emitters, or a combination of both, we have design a system that is ideal for every plant in the yard. For implementation of automatic plant watering system, we have used combination of sprinkler systems, pipes, and nozzles. In this paper we have used ATmega328 microcontroller. It is programmed to sense moisture level of plants at particular instance of time, if the moisture content is less than specified threshold which is predefined according to particular plant's water need then desired amount of water is supplied till it reaches threshold. Generally, plants need to be watered twice a day, morning and evening. Thus, the microcontroller is programmed to water plants two times per day. System is designed in such a way that it reports its current state as well as reminds the user to add water to the tank. All this notifications are made through mobile application. We hope that through this prototype we all can enjoy having plants, without being worried about absent or forgetfulness.

Home Security and Fire Detection System Design Using IoT-based Microcontroller ATmega2560

A smart home security system or SmartHome is a new technology in this modern era with the concept of IoT (Internet of Thing), namely by utilizing internet connectivity by connecting a microcontroller device as a data processor for input and output with other components such as sensors that can communicate via smartphones. The PIR sensor and the MQ-2 smoke detector are one of the important components in a security system both at home and in buildings. Based on statistical data sources at the National Police Headquarters, crime in cases of theft is increasing and statistical data from https://www.jakartafire.net/statistics causes and occurrence of fires are still quite high. Based on the above problems, the author's motivation in making a home security system and fire preventive based IoT using microcontroller ATmega2560 Wi-Fi. This design prototype uses the ATmega2560 microcontroller component as input and output data processing, the HC-SR501 PIR sensor as a motion detection sensor, the MQ-2 sensor as a sensor in reading smoke levels with the addition of other components such as a buzzer as warning sign information and LED as an indicator sensor is active. Monitoring media used is the Blynk application on the smartphone in real time when the sensor detects motion and smoke. In this study, the smoke detection system is set to detect smoke with a threshold value of > 100 ppm. The PIR sensor coding and testing program works well and is already integrated with Blynk. In the second measurement, the sensor has an average voltage value on the MQ-2 sensor output on the 3.53 VDC sensor while the PIR sensor measurement when the sensor detects movement of the output voltage is 0 VDC and when the sensor status idle is 3.3 VDC.

Developing real-time boiler control algorithm for fuel consumption savings

In this study, an automatic solid fuel control algorithm has been developed that provides maximum heating with minimal solid fuel waste in boiler systems. With the algorithm developed using the Atmega16 microcontroller, motors such as stoker, fan, water pump used in boiler control and features such as boiler temperature, temperature sensor, water pump temperature are controlled. In addition to these features, operations such as fuel loading, waiting, fan speed adjustment can be performed with the help of the menu controlled by interrupt functions. The boiler control algorithm developed for real-time control of the system is programmed with the AVR C language. In the system in which the developed algorithm is used, a user-friendly panel with a 7-segment display has been developed to facilitate the work of the users. With the help of this panel, the user will be able to make all adjustments that affect the operation of the boiler in a very short time. As a result of experimental studies, an increase in the life span of the controlled boiler elements has been determined and an annual fuel saving of approximately 20% has been achieved compared to conventional boiler control systems.

Transmission Line Protection Using High-Speed Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Network: A Hardware Co-simulation Approach

In this paper, a protection scheme of 500 kV, 50 Hz, and 220 km double end transmission system based on wavelet transform (WT), high-speed decision tree (DT), and artificial neural network (ANN) are proposed. The scheme is implemented using a microcontroller co-simulated with MATLAB/Simulink and it is validated in real-time. The proposed scheme performs fault classification, location estimation, and fault zone identification using both DT and ANN in a comparative study. The scheme calculates the wavelet transform approximation coefficients of the current and voltage signals and then sends its energy to a specific decision tree/neural network to recognize the fault type, its zone, and its location. It was found that the accuracy of the decision tree classifier outperforms the ANN classifier, in addition, achieves a significantly higher classification speed of about 0.4 msec inference time and it is easier to be applied in real-time. In contrast, the neural network is more accurate in calculating fault zone and locations. DT and ANN are trained and tested using different sets of data obtained from simulated faults that differ in type, resistance, and location. Modeling fault scenarios and data processing are carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink software package. The hardware implementation uses an 8-bit ATmega microcontroller that is interfaced with the simulated model using MATLAB support package for Arduino. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme using DT for fault classification and ANN for zone and location estimation is accurate and reliable even with varying fault resistance, type, and distance, and is therefore applicable in practice on a digital platform.

Design and Implementation of a GSM-based Monitoring System for a Distribution Transformer

Maintaining the distribution power substation's health and reliability has been an issue for many years. A typical transformer measurement device detects only one transformer characteristic, such as power, current, voltage, or phase. While some methods can detect several factors, the acquisition time and operation parameters are too long, and the testing speed is insufficient. However, a monitoring system that can check the temperature level of the transformer continuously and predict faults such as overheating, overcurrent, after which the fault diagnosis is relayed to the base station through a GSM modem is developed in this paper. After receiving the message of any abnormality remedial action can be taken immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of distribution transformers. Key components used in this development are the ATmega328 microcontroller, the GSM modem, the LM35 temperature sensor, ACS712 current sensor, and so on. The GSM-based monitoring of the distribution transformer is preferable to manual monitoring since it is not always possible to monitor the ambient temperature rise, load current manually.