ATmega328P Microcontroller Research Articles

Optimising SD Saving Events to Maximise Battery Lifetime for Arduino™/Atmega328P Data Loggers

In many areas of science, Arduino based data loggers have become common enabling instruments because of their low cost and ease of use. However, battery life is commonly the limiting factor - particularly in respect of writing data to embedded SD cards. In this paper, various methods by which to optimise an SD card based data logger using an Arduino UNO, Atmega328P at 5 V at 16 MHz and the Atmega328P at 3.3 V at 8 MHz is explored. With the bare Atmega328P chip in sleep mode, the lifetime of a 2400 mAH battery can theoretically exceed 10 years, although this is reduced to only 3 months following the introduction of an SD card. The exact power consumption of an Arduino/SD card during saving events is analysed for the first time and is found to take up to 200 ms with current spikes up to 80 mA for every initialisation and saving event dramatically increasing the average current consumption of fast data loggers. Through the use of a power control MOSFET with proper initialisation and timing of SD saving events, it is found that the Atmega328P can be set up to measure data once every two seconds whilst also ensuring a battery lifetime of one year. With the novel techniques presented here, a new method for maximising the lifetime of Atmega328P microcontroller circuits for environmental data logging applications has been achieved; allowing researchers to record data using a cheap and reproducible system.

Design of an Integrated Anti-Hardening System for Carbon-In-Leach Tanks

Slurry density monitoring is of paramount importance in the industrial world. Most industries, especially cement and mineral processing industries, employ this method to obtain good quality products. However, most Carbon-In-Leach (CIL) tanks of gold processing industries do not use slurry density monitoring systems. As a result, many a time, agitation difficulties occur when the slurry begins to harden. This paper, therefore, seeks to design an integrated anti-hardening system for CIL tanks, with the aid of a microcontroller, to monitor the density of the slurry in order to prevent it from hardening. Slurry density measurement was achieved with the help of a strain gauge pressure sensor and a couple of level sensors. Atmega 328p microcontroller board was programmed to continuously compute the density of the slurry from values of pressure and level of slurry in the tank indicated by the pressure and level sensors, respectively. The microcontroller responds to slurry hardening by activating a light emitting diode and triggering the piezo buzzer when a set point is reached. The designed circuit was successfully simulated using Proteus 8.2 design suite software to ascertain its functionality. Based on the results obtained, the light emitting diode and piezo buzzer activated when the set point was reached. It was concluded that the anti-hardening system is effective for constantly monitoring the density of the slurry to prevent it from hardening. It was also recommended that the mining industries could employ the designed system to monitor the density in order to prevent hardening of slurry in CIL tanks. Keywords: Carbon-In-Leach Tanks, Slurry Densisty, Strain Guage Pressure Sensor, Microcontroller

Arduino Based Economic and Real Time Consumption Rate Computing

Arduino based design of economic and real-time fuel consumption rate computing by digital mileage meter is intended to develop effective and economic mileage meter that can promptly exhibit fuel mileage of a vehicle and show it. This device can be added to augment the existing running automotive system also, which works on carburetor or for that matter fuel injection technology. The cumbersome task of computing and manually checking the mileage can be automated using this device. Infra-red and position sensors have been assembled with Atmega328P microcontroller and installed on the motorbike. The efficacy of the designed mileage meter is revealed by comparing results with literature and real condition.

A development of a low-cost pyranometer for measuring broadband solar radiation

In this work, the design of an inexpensive and reliable pyranometer used for measuring broadband solar irradiance is proposed. A BPX43 – 4 phototransistor is used as a light detector, which has the spectral response in the range approximately 450 to 1100 nm. This system is controlled by an Arduino pro mini ATmega328P (5 V, 16 MHz) microcontroller and all components are located inside a FB05 black box. Due to a high level of solar radiation in the different environmental conditions, the pyranometer encountered the voltage saturation. Therefore, a 0.25 mm thick of Teflon is selected for attenuating the sunlight. After investigating against a reference sensor, the transmittance of this attenuator is found to be about 12.5%. Finally, the experimental results from the system are compared with a standard pyranometer performed at Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC, 46.80 °N, 9.83 °E and 1, 610 meters above sea level), Switzerland. The results demonstrate a satisfactory agreement between the global irradiance obtained from our proposed pyranometer and the standard pyranometer.

Dual Axis Tracker for Photovoltaic Panel

Main challenge of solar-tracking systems are the sunlight detection, providing position and delay of PV movement, designing control module for low consumption dc servo motor(s). Objective of this paper is designing and implementing automatic control for detecting maximum solar light to a solar panel. The two-axis solar tracker is used for optimizing conversion of solar energy into electrical energy, at cost of the mechanical and the maintenance need, for the best efficiency. The hardware development, two dc servomotors are adjusted which is controlled by drive module moving panel by using four Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) to provide the analog signals; the signals are processed by ATMEGA328P micro-controller with Arduino.

SCADFA: Combined SCA+DFA Attacks on Block Ciphers with Practical Validations

We present the first practically realizable side-channel assisted fault attack on any block-ciphers having bit-permutation with optimal diffusion, that can retrieve the round key efficiently using random nibble faults. The attack demonstrates how side-channel leakage can allow the adversary to precisely determine the fault mask resulting from a nibble fault injection instance. We first demonstrate the viability of such attack model via side-channel analysis experiments on top of a laser-based fault injection setup, targeting a PRESENT-80 and GIFT-128 (two popular block-ciphers based on bit-permutation having optimal diffusion) implementation on an ATmega328P microcontroller. Subsequently, we present a differential fault analysis (DFA) exploiting the knowledge of the output fault mask in the target round to recover multiple last round keys nibbles independently and in parallel. We show that the combined attack can recover the last round key of PRESENT-80 and GIFT-128 with 4 random nibble fault injections in the best case. In the average case, the number of random nibble faults required for PRESENT-80 and GIFT-128 are 9-18 and 6-9 respectively.

Interactive Control using Bluetooth for Dual Axis Sun Tracker with Three Light Sensors

The use of renewable energy from solar panel systems is increasingly being applied, but until now the utilization has not been maximized. The movement of the sun caused by the rotation of the earth should be taken into account to maximize electrical energy in the solar panel (PV). In this study, a concept was proposed to control the movement of the two-axis sun tracker with smartphones using bluetooth communication. Controlled by rotating two DC motors, two axes are joined together into linear actuators that can extend and shorten, so that the solar panel can move towards the sun. This system uses a light sensor (Light Dependent Resistor) and a gyroscope sensor as input and two DC motors that are placed on each axis as output. The motor driver used is the Monster Moto Shield. Sun tracker that is used based on tetrahedron geometry and uses three light sensors. The light sensor functions to determine the position of the sun while the gyroscope sensor is used to determine the tilt angle of the solar panel. The gyroscope module used is MPU-6050. This system also uses the GY-273 compass sensor which functions to determine the direction of the wind direction. Components of input and output are connected to the ATmega328P microcontroller and wireless communication using bluetooth. The Bluetooth module used is the HC-05 module. The solar panel movement and the power obtained are then monitored and recorded for analysis

An Aquatic Wireless Biosensor for Electric Organ Discharge With an Integrated Analog Front End

This paper presents a novel wireless underwater data acquisition system for sensing electric organ discharge (EOD) signals generated from the weakly electric fish S. macrurus . Variation in frequency and amplitude of the EOD signals are of interest by biologists to study behavioral and environmental effects on electric organ cells. In order to record the EOD signals, a miniature wearable wireless sensing system is designed for the target fish. The system consists of a custom-designed integrated analog front-end (AFE), an ATmega328p microcontroller unit and a wireless transmitter (TX), as well as a battery with a power management module. In order to save TX power, the wireless sensor only transmits the calculated frequency and amplitude information of the EOD signal based on a proposed gain-feedback control method. A receiver attached to a host computer receives the wirelessly transmitted EOD data to perform further analysis. A wearable waterproof backpack for the fish is designed to house the wireless sensor and battery. The overall system has been successfully tested in a clinical experiment with the weakly electric fish. The AFE integrated circuit, which includes a novel rail-to-rail dynamic comparator, is fabricated in a 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process. The total area of the core circuit is 1.0 mm2. The LNPA achieved a noise efficiency factor of 1.8. The AFE power consumption is 2.2 $\mu \text{W}$ from a single +1.8 V supply, whereas the overall system power consumption is 15 mW. The proposed gain-feedback control structure for frequency and amplitude measurement saves the transmitter data rate by 3,756 times compared with sending the raw data.

Design of a Solar Mpp Tracker with Modified Perturb and Observe Method using Arduino

Design of a fast, improved and reliable solar Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is described in this work. The working algorithm was motivated from the existing Perturb and Observe method for tracking MPP of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV). The tracker was developed using an Arduino Uno development kit which is run by ATMega 328P microcontroller and clocked at 16MHz. Due to high frequency operation the model was fast and accurate and consumes very low power and can be driven by 5V only. Proteus 8.3 simulator was used and further a hardware model was designed in order to realize the operation. MPP was tracked very quickly and accurately in accordance with the change in solar irradiance. The tracker offered an efficiency of ranging from 96.40% -99.25% at different irradiance level.

Real-Time Implementation of Greenhouse Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network

The climate change has brought about unpredictable weather conditions that have resulted in the global food shortage being experienced. This issue can be solved by greenhouses, they play a main role in increasing the crop yield per unit area and represent the suitable environment for off-corps yields. Managing and continuous monitoring the green house environment can be done using a wired sensor network, but the high cost, wiring complexity, fixed sensor locations and the restricted distances are the big problems of this type of a networking. To solve these problems, we implemented a real time embedded system using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based on ZigBee technology to control and monitor the environmental of greenhouses. The WSN can be adopted as the best solution to apply in greenhouse because of its good properties, long distances, low-cost, low power consumption, high security and high reliability. The constructed system is implemented based on simple components, ATMEGA328P microcontroller and ZigBee are represented the kernel of sensor node, collect data from various sensors and present them to a coordinating station where data can be stored and processed, then actuators will be operate depending on the processed data. The captured data will be displayed for monitoring in a real time manner. The monitor system was developed using GSM technology. The simulation results show that the system is more efficient in the manpower saving and raising the economic value of products. Furthermore, the developed system is simple, and easily installable.

A Device for Remote Monitoring of Solar Power Plant Parameters

The need for application of a device for online remote monitoring of electrical parameters and the operability of photovoltaic converters of solar power plants is justified in the context of the problems encountered in the Sevastopol Solar Power Plant (S. Energy Sevastopol LLC) operation. A structural diagram of the device showing the connection and purpose of its main functional components is presented. The circuit is based on an ATmega 328p microcontroller, which transfers processed data from the sensors to the server by sending a GET request using a W5100 Wiznet Ethernet controller. Such a solution allows for a high data transfer rate—up to 25 Mbps—and provides a simple connection to the Internet independently from operating systems and external computers. The characteristics and performance analysis of galvanically isolated sensors used in the device are presented, such as a current sensor based on an Allegro ACS712 integrated current sensor, and a voltage sensor based on the transistor optocoupler. The results of the device operation illustrating the photovoltaic plant daily operation on a sunny fall day are provided. The device provides for continuous monitoring of the operation of the photovoltaic converters with long-term storage of measured values in graphical and numerical form, which makes it possible for operational and dispatching personnel to visually analyze the plant operation, monitor its performance, compare key performance indicators of various sections, and obtain production reports by periods with plotting of curves, as well as receive alarm signals.

“MAX” Robot Pintar Berpendingin Mesin Dengan Sensor Suhu LM35 Berbasis Arduino UNO328P

It has been successfully created a robot named "MAX". MAX Robot uses 2 (two) main sensors, those are ultrasonic sensors as sensors that detect an objects and LM35 temperature sensors as sensors to detect and monitor the temperature of the robotic machines. Both sensors are connected and controlled by ATMega328P microcontroller based Arduino Uno. The results of the readings from the temperature sensor on the robot's body will be displayed to the Light Crystal Display (LCD). The MAX robot is able to detect objects effectively at a distance of ±25 cm, then the robot stops and then turns in a certain direction by considering the distance of the object around the robot body. If a barrier is not detected, the MAX robot runs straight. In addition, the MAX robot is also able to detect and monitor engine temperature on its own and is able to automatically activate engine coolers when the engine temperature is above the set – point (hot) and non-active again when the engine is in normal temperature.

Concept of Designing Thermal Condition Monitoring System with ZigBee/GSM Communication Link for Distributed Energy Resources Network in Rural and Remote Applications

Monitoring the thermal behavior of distributed energy resources (DERs) network explores the dualism between thermal effects and electrical power flow. This paper proposes a design concept that monitors thermal conditions of DER grids, using ZigBee/GSM wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for real-time monitoring in rural and remote areas. The concept seeks to improve upon existing designs by integrating composite functions. The functions comprise temperature conditions monitoring, data acquisition, and wireless data transmission including data storage and abnormal conditions alert/notification for control solutions. Thus, the concept determines the thermal impact on the DERs integrated network. WSNs with temperature sensors LM35 are utilized to complement ZigBee and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies as a communication assisted link. Temperatures are measured from solar Photovoltaic PV modules, wind turbine, distribution cables, protection control units, and energy storage facilities. The ATMEGA328P microcontroller is assigned for signal and control processing. The circuit performance is coordinated and displayed on an LCD screen for normal conditions, whereas abnormal scenarios communicate through an alert/notification by GSM Short Message Service (SMS) protocol. The development analysis was performed through algorithm and circuit simulations. Proteus software was used for circuit design. Both the algorithm and circuit analysis passed the assigned simulation stages.

PROTOTIPE PEMBERI PAKAN IKAN DAN PENGGANTIAN AIR PADA AKUARIUM BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ATMEGA328P

Technological developments have encouraged many human lives in automatic matters. One of the uses of the rapidly developing electronics field is the application of household appliances. This study will be made a prototype of fish feed and water replacement in the aquarium of ATmega328P microcontroller based. This prototype aims to facilitate feeding of fish and replacing water in the aquarium. The sensor reading is using an ultrasonic sensor to control the amount of fish feed which when the feed runs out will be marked with a buzzer that lights up. The system for regulating fish feeding and replacement of water is regulated by the DS1307 Real Time Clock IC with a display in a 20x4 cm LCD. A valve opening for fish feed containers uses a servo motor. The program used in designing this prototype is to use the C Programming Language. The results achieved in this study are fish feed schedules and water changes can be arranged with a switch button with a twice daily feeding schedule and water replacement every three days. Another condition that is achieved is the servo motor and the water drain pump can work according to the schedule of the time that has been arranged. The conclusion of this research is that the prototype of fish feed and water replacement can already be implemented using the ATmega328P microcontroller. The fish feeder prototype can realize wave reflections from the ultrasonic sensor when the feed has run out, and it will automatically move the servo motor to open the valve, and the buzzer will sound if the fish feed is below 20%.

E-PADI: an iot-based paddy productivity monitoring and advisory system

<span>Rice is source of food calories and protein. This second most widely grown cereal crop is the staple food for more than half the world’s population especially in developing countries. The ability of global rice production to meet population demands (now estimated at more than 5 billion and projected to rise to 8.9 billion by 2050) remains in uncertainty in the near future unless challenges in rice production are properly addressed [1-3]. This paper proposed an IoT (Internet of things)-based paddy productivity monitoring and advisory system Using Dash7 Wireless Network Protocol. All collected data will be stored in a database management system to enable users to retrieve data either from tablets, smartphones or computers. The heart of the system is the ATmega328p microcontroller that will control the payload of the wireless network of dash7 and read data from sensor nodes. Results show all data from sensor nodes in representation of graph for analysis purpose.</span>

A simple solar simulator with highly stable controlled irradiance for solar panel characterization

A solar simulator suitable for universities’ lab was designed and developed using a quartz tungsten halogen lamp as its light source, an alternating current phase-cut dimmer, a light intensity meter, and an ATMega328p microcontroller with a computer and a liquid crystal display. Noting that the quartz tungsten halogen lamp suffers bulb overheating and long-term degradation that leads to the decrease in its light intensity, a control mechanism was applied. The control mechanism employed a proportional–integral–differential action with Some-Overshoot Ziegler–Nichols tuning rule. It was shown that the control mechanism works well in stabilizing the quartz tungsten halogen lamp irradiance between 273 and 1182 W/m2. The developed solar simulator was then tested to obtain I-V (current–voltage) characteristics of 3 W peak and 5 W peak commercial solar panels (GH Solar, GH5P-9). Based on the gained I-V characteristics, it was shown that the obtained characteristics of the commercial solar panels are in the range of the characteristics provided by the manufacturer’s data sheets. The developed quartz tungsten halogen lamp-based solar cell simulator can therefore be used to characterize solar cells.

Multiagent Gathering With Collision Avoidance and a Minimax Distance Criterion—Efficient Algorithms and Hardware Realization

Multiple autonomous agents working cooperatively have contributed to the development of robust large-scale systems. While substantial work has been done in manufacturing and domestic environments, a key consideration for small hardware agents engaged in collaborative factory automation and welfare support systems is limited area and power on-board. When the agents attempt to meet for performing a task, it is natural for them to encounter obstacles and it is desirable for each agent to optimize its resources during its navigation. In this paper, we develop efficient geometric algorithms to find a point, termed as the gathering point (and denoted by $P_G$ ), for the agents that minimizes the maximum of path lengths . In particular, we present an $O(n \log _2 n)$ time algorithm for calculation of $P_G$ for an environment with two agents and $n$ static polygonal obstacles. We then use the notion of a weighted minimax point to derive an efficient algorithm (with complexity of $O(k^2 + kn \log _2 n)$ ) for computing $P_G$ for an environment with $k$ agents and $n$ obstacles. An enhancement to a dynamic environment is then presented. We also present details of an efficient hardware realization of the algorithms. Each agent, equipped with only an ATmega328P microcontroller and no external memory, executes the algorithms. Experiments with multiple agents navigating amidst static as well as dynamic obstacles are reported.

Analisa Pengendali Arah Putaran Motor Induksi 3 Fasa 1 KW Dengan Menggunakan Note Book Arduino Uno R3

Induction motors are widely used in industry. One example is applied to elevators used in multi-storey buildings. In its application, the elevator uses the principle of forward and reverse circuits because there are options when the elevator goes up or down. Based on the description of the above problem then designed a prototype reversal control device rotation 3k phase induction motor based on ATmega 328p microcontroller board. The entire core system is controlled by Arduino Uno R3 (Microcontroller ATmega 328p) with Visual Basic version 6.0 software. The inverting process of a three-phase induction motor based on ATmega 328p microcontroller board can simplify the equipment and can be operated from a place far enough that it tends to be more efficient and sophisticated than the conventional way.

Design and Low-Cost Implementation of an Electric Wheelchair Control

This paper discusses the design and low-cost implementation of direction and speed controller for an electric wheelchair actuated using a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor. Most of the works are performed either with the simulation of PMDC motor control with various techniques or studied the performance of a single type of controller in real-time with the wheelchair. In this work, the authors simulated the control of PMDC motor with three different controllers and tuned the parameters for real-time implementation of electric wheelchair control using PMDC motor. The authors attempted the simple solution using push button-based interface as well as a graphical user interface for the direction and speed control of electric wheelchair. The signal processing path of the controller, decode the user command input for the direction and desired speed. The controller generates necessary pulse width modulated signals to the H-bridge driver for directions forward, backward, left, and right direction as well as speed control of wheelchair. The user speed control commands low, slightly medium, medium, high, and very high speed are sensed to limit the speed of wheelchair. The performance capability of the intelligent neural network and fuzzy logic controller is studied and compared with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with variations in speed. The PID, neural network and fuzzy logic controller are designed using Matlab-Simulink for PMDC motor and controller parameters are tuned for driving the wheelchair in the real-time implementation using the ATmega 328P microcontroller. The fuzzy logic controller in the electric wheelchair demonstrated the improved performance with less peak overshoot and faster settling with less oscillation compared to PID and neural network controller.

Sistem Kontrol Irigasi Sprinkler Otomatis Bertenaga Surya di Kelompok Tani Kecamatan Meureubo Kabupaten Aceh Barat

Penerapan teknologi irigasi sprinkler otomatis berbasis tenaga surya dapat dirancang dengan memanfaatkan teknologi digital, mikrokontroler dan jaringan sensor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja sistem kontrol irigasi sprinkler otomatis bertenaga surya di lahan usaha tani. Penelitian ini dibagi dalam beberapa tahapan yaitu analisa tanah lahan percobaan, perancangan sistem kontrol otomatis dan jaringan irigasi sprinkler, pengujian dan penerapan lapang, dan analisis kinerja irigasi sprinkler otomatis. Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno ATMega328P digunakan sebagai sistem kendali otomatis untuk pengaturan on-off pompa irigasi berdasarkan kelembaban tanah yang dideteksi oleh YL-69 sensor kelembaban tanah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis kadar air tanah, pengaturan tingkat kelembaban tanah 13,58% sebagai nilai set point bawah dan 28,29% sebagai nilai set point atas untuk acuan pengaturan on-off pompa irigasi dapat menjaga kondisi tanah dari kapasitas lapang. Teknologi ini dioperasikan menggunakan tenaga surya yang terdiri dari panel surya 30 Wp, solar charge controller, rangkaian inverter dan baterai serta dapat beroperasi 24 jam secara kontinyu selama 7 hari. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kadar air tanah maksimum 29,10%, kadar air tanah minimum 12,87% dan rata-rata kadar air tanah 23,55%. Rata-rata waktu pengoperasian pompa irigasi 13,07 menit dengan total aplikasi irigasi 21,40 m3. Total daya untuk mengoperasikan sistem irigasi sprinkler otomatis 67,0 Watt dan menghemat penggunaan daya baterai sebesar 234,7 Watt.