ATmega328P Microcontroller Research Articles

Development of an integrated device based on the gain/phase detector and Arduino platform for measuring magnetoelastic resonance

This study presents the development of an integrated device for measuring magnetoelastic resonance, utilizing a gain/phase detector and the Arduino platform. The device stands out for its simplicity, low cost, and efficiency. It employs the Arduino’s ATmega328P microcontroller, coupled with the AD8302, and an intuitive graphical interface developed in Python, which facilitates the measurement of magnetoelastic signals in sensors. The device’s validation is carried out through measurements of mass deposits on magnetoelastic sensors, confirming its accuracy and functionality. This advancement offers a practical and portable solution for detecting magnetoelastic resonances, promoting the use of these technologies in field environments and in diverse scientific applications. The integration of components into a compact, robust, and low-cost electronic circuit, along with an easy-to-operate graphical interface, significantly simplifies the complexity of the components, making the device complete and readily operational.

Smart LPG Regulator

The Smart LPG Regulator is designed to oversee the regulation of pressurized steel gas cylinders in residential households. The primary goal of this project is to prevent the potential risks associated with LPG gas leaks, including the loss of life, injuries, and health concerns. The system is equipped to identify gas leaks and issue auditory and visual alerts through a buzzer, a display, and a servo motor, which promptly closes the gas cylinder regulator to terminate the gas supply. The LPG Gas Detector (MQ6) is a suitable sensor with high sensitivity to Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), including propane, proficient, isobutene, and natural gas. It is also capable of detecting easily flammable gases, mainly methane. Data collected by the MQ6 sensor is processed by the Atmega 328P microcontroller and presented through the output components. The LCD screen will display 'GAS LEAK,' the buzzer will sound an alarm, and the servo motor will continue to close the regulator valve on the gas cylinder. The MQ6 sensor can identify gas leaks from the gas cylinder, gas pipes, or kitchen stove burners. One significant advantage of this system is its ability to shut off the gas cylinder supply, indirectly preventing accidents and injuries. The system's design is tailored to accommodate the standard size of gas cylinders used in residential homes, with domestic consumers as the target user group.

Crystallographic and electrochemical corrosion resistance analyses of cataphoretically co-deposited spinel Co>0.5Mn0.1-0.3O0.1-0.4@rGO composites over α-Fe(110) as current collector for supercapatteries

Binder free spinel Co>0.5Mn0.1-0.3O0.1-0.4@rGO composite electrode films were fabricated via galvanostatic electrochemical deposition technique over α-Fe(110) as current collector for hybrid supercapattery. Self-designed, n-MOSFET embedded ATMega328P microcontroller assisted modules were deployed to record the chronopotentiometric as well as galvanostatic charging-discharging analysis for specific capacitance (Cs) measurements. Partial, exchange as well as limiting current densities(iL) and cathodic current efficiency were estimated. Electrochemical signature was analyzed from cyclic voltammetry data. Morphology and chemical nature of the composites were scrutinized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron, FT-IR and Raman spectra. Indigenously designed computer simulation programs coded in Python were used to optimize the deposition parameters and to analyze the crystalline structure from XRD data. The unit cell length for the FCC crystal with an octahedral geometry was ∼ 4.28 Å. An in-depth analysis of potentiodynamic polarization as well as electrochemical impedance spectral data were carried out to scrutinize the corrosion resistance and capacitance characteristics of the composites in KOH. From the Tafel constants, Ecorr, Icorr, Ru, RCT and ZW data, it was accentuated that rGO incorporated composite films offer enhanced corrosion protection for Fe(110) substrates than their individual counterparts along with augmented specific capacitance. Estimated Cs was about 1166 F.g−1 at a scan-rate of 10 mV.s−1. Impact of time-constant (τ) and current density over Cs was analyzed via GCD technique and was about 1458.73 F.g−1 at 2 τ and at 0.5 A.g−1. And the corresponding specific energy and power density were about 183.23 W.h.kg−1 and 237.75 W.kg−1 respectively. These composite electrode films impregnated with rGO not only improved the specific capacitance but also imparts the sacrificial corrosion resistance over the α-Fe(110) as current collector in presence of OH−as electrolyte and can serve as a sustainable electrode material for supercapatteries.

GSM Based Transformer Healthcare Monitoring with Overload Alert and Protection

The "Transformer Health Monitoring System" project presents a proactive and cost-effective solution for monitoring power transformers in electrical distribution networks, addressing the critical need for reliable maintenance. Leveraging the ATmega328P microcontroller, the system continuously monitors vital parameters such as oil level, quality, voltage, current, and temperature. With real-time data visualization through a user-friendly display module and advanced fault detection algorithms, the system ensures prompt identification of issues. Integration of a GSM module enables instant alerts to designated recipients, facilitating swift response to faults. Scalability across multiple transformers streamlines monitoring and maintenance, enhancing grid stability, reducing downtime, and supporting environmental conservation efforts. This project underscores a commitment to reliability, safety, and sustainability in power distribution networks..

Miniaturizing a coherent beam combining system into a compact laser diode module.

We present a laser module with dimensions of 76×43×15m m 3 that for the first time to our knowledge realizes a coherent beam combination in such a compact device, using two tapered amplifiers seeded by a distributed Bragg reflector ridge waveguide laser diode operating at 761nm in a single longitudinal mode. The generated combined optical power is up to 5W continuous wave with a combing efficiency of 85%. The phase of the system is controlled by the current in the ridge waveguide section of one of the tapered amplifiers. The phase-stabilization process is automated using a reverse hill-climbing algorithm and an ATmega328P microcontroller.

Temperature and Water Level Controlled Steam Therapy Equipment

Steam Therapy is a treatment method used extensively in the healthcare industry. Steam has numerous benefits which is why it is used in the healthcare industry. With the context of our project, we are focusing on the steam therapy used mainly by the physiotherapist for the treatment. There exists a steam therapy equipment which is used for the treatment, but is not user friendly. The current equipment does not consist of temperature control, water level indication and auto power on and off, because of which one needs to manually look after it. To make it more user friendly with less human intervention, we propose to develop a steam therapy equipment. We plan on adding various features to the existing model. The features are temperature control and water level indication. Our focus is to mainly remove human intervention as much as possible and make the equipment as smart as possible. To implement the prototyping of the above we have considered the ATmega328p microcontroller, DS18B20 as the temperature sensor and a Force sensor. Hence, to tackle the issues faced by the physiotherapist we plan to devise this model. Keywords—temperature control, water level indicator, microcontroller, force sensor

AI-Based Self-Learning Robotic Arm Using Microcontroller

Robotic arms are essential components of day-to-day life likely manufacturing and logistics operations to provide more speed, more flexible decision-making and reduce the possibility of errors. The objective of this project is to make a robotic arm with machine learning features to automate the assembly by object and colour detection using openCV, and TensorFlow library. The basic arm is made of light material to provide maximum mobility which is controlled by an ATmega328P microcontroller with the aid of an Arduino development environment for hassle-free interfacing sensors. A webcam is used for sensing the surroundings. Feed from waveform is processed by openCV and TensorFlow library Using a Python environment the real-time coordinates data and colour information will be fed to the microcontroller unit that controls the arm servos accordingly to grip the appropriate object and place them in the predetermined location. The arm is also capable of learning trajectory which is taught to it using human hands. The use of easily available components reduces the cost but the same time leaves much room for future improvement. There are two approaches to machine learning used in robotic systems, the first one is a conventional approach to machine learning which is a complicated, expansive asset that is not suitable for several types of automation industries. A self-learning approach, called a behaviour-based robotic arm with a machine learning feature to automate the assembly by the object and colour detection using openCV, a python environment to be built to address the limitations of conventional robotics methodologies. This approach aims to enhance the capability of robotic platforms to offer more flexible decision-making, cost-effectiveness, reduced human error, and higher precision in processes.

Single axis solar tracking system using arduino

The future is being built upon the foundation of renewable energy, particularly solar energy. Today, India is the third- largest solar deployment country in the world. Solar energy is an extremely efficient form of energy, making it a popular choice among people. However, the fixed structure of solar panels often limits their productivity. This paper proposes capturing more solar energy using a single-axis solar tracking system designed with an Arduino UNO and LDRs (along with two IR sensors). The proposed system aims to increase the performance of solar panels by continuously tracking the sun. It can receive the maximum amount of solar energy when it is perpendicular to the solar panel. The main controller in this paper is the Arduino UNO, a board based on the Atmega328P microcontroller. Two LDRs are used to detect the position of the sun in the sky, while a mirror rotates the orientation of the solar photovoltaic panels with the help of the L293D motor driver. An Arduino board connects to the sensor and gear drive. The photovoltaic panel and the motor are mechanically connected. The Arduino IDE is used to write the driver program. After the system was assembled, its operation was tested. The tracker intelligently adjusts the angle of the panels based on the direction in which the sun is facing the solar panel.

Application System for Setting Values on High Voltage Power Supply Using MCP4725 Module Based on ATmega328P Microcontroller

Applications of power supply systems to supply sensors that require high voltage values are widely available in the market in the form of modules. However, in general, setting the voltage value is open by providing a voltage value from the potentiometer or trimmer component which is rotated manually. This becomes less flexible because the operator must always be nearby. The solution option is to implement automatic regulation via a potentiometer attached to an interface component connected to the microcontroller via a serial communication line called I2C. Furthermore, the microcontroller is programmed to receive regulatory commands and monitor the desired voltage value from a computer or mobile phone. This study uses the ATmega328P microcontroller, the MCP4725 DAC module and the CA12P-5TR series HV module from EMCO products. The results of this study are the design, implementation and prototype scheme.

Fire Detection System for Urban Structures with Integrated use of Multisensors in Embodied Technology

Objective: Create a sustainable, low-cost and effective fire detection system (FDS) for urban buildings, based on embedded technology, as an alternative to traditional detection systems. Method: experimental research that used the hypothetical-deductive method, with assemble hardware using the ATMEGA328P microcontroller and the MQ2 gas sensors, MLX90614 temperature and LM393 flame. When building the software, a qualitative model was created, based on everyday observations, associating it with a logical expression; Then, a quantitative model was created based on experimental data subjected to computational analysis using the decision tree method, defining a heuristic for early detection of fire patterns with precision. Results and conclusions: The suggested FDS had a shorter response time than the red ampoule sprinkler and an accuracy of 94%. This system proved to be more agile than common detectors, reducing water and energy consumption when fighting fires and the amount of resources used to replace affected assets. Furthermore, it has a low cost, making it accessible even at a residential. Implications of the research: It can be said that this research represents an important step in the construction of sustainable FDS, bringing social, economic and environmental benefits; and efficient due to the use of computational data analysis. Originality/Value: FDS which uses embedded technology and computational analysis to process fire variables, improves this analysis and allows for more agile and accurate detection, in addition to making the detection system cheaper and reducing the use of resources due to the fire.

Development of a microcontroller and resistive touchscreen-based speed monitoring and control system for DC motor

<span>Speed control is a key requirement in direct current (DC) motor applications where accuracy, reliability, flexibility, and safety are of high importance. In this study, a microcontroller and resistive touchscreen-based DC motor speed monitoring and control system were developed. The core components employed in the development of the system include Arduino ATMega328P microcontroller, thin film technology (TFT) resistive touch screen, L293D motor driver, and infrared (IR) sensor module. ATMega328P microcontroller is the brain of the system around which the overall circuit design was modeled. TFT resistive touch screen displays the motor speed and also, enables the users to set a desired speed. L293D motor driver regulates the voltage and current supplied to the motor, and a feedback loop comprising an IR sensor module ensures the maintenance of the motor speed at the desired level. A performance test was conducted on the developed system to ascertain its correct functionality. The developed speed monitoring and control system operated satisfactorily during testing; achieving a speed control in the range of 800 to 3000 rpm. The developed device is useful and can be scaled up for various domestic and industrial applications.</span>

Measuring the Voltage, Current and Resistance of the LDR Sensor through the Arduino UNO

The main purpose of this paper is to build an intelligent electronic system based on LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor. A very interesting but also very useful part of this scientific research is the measurement of electrical quantities with high precision as intelligent machines know and can achieve, and one of them in this case is the Arduino Uno microcontroller. These measurements of electrical quantities such as voltage, resistance, and current intensity are used in programmable logic in the microcontroller to decide when to light a light or more and when not to light. Of course, this problem has been solved by using the LDR sensor in the electronic system. Such an electronic and programmable system works perfectly. The work itself contains solutions of electrical circuits in an analytical way, connection of electronic circuits with the Arduino Uno module, communication with the input and output devices of the ATMEGA 328P microcontroller interface and the fusion of the source code - Sketch. This paper will serve as a good basis for further research in determining the wavelength of light which represents an obstacle for people with vision problems. All the measurements of electrical quantities through the Arduino Uno microcontroller have also been confirmed with the measurements made through the universal voltmeter instrument. The results of each measurement are very approximate, of course, many times faster and more accurate than those with a microcontroller.

Design and Manufacture of Rainfall Measuring Instruments Based on Android Smartphone and ATmega328P Microcontroller Using Hall Effect Sensor

Aims: To produce low-cost measuring instruments with high accuracy, which are expected to be used as a reference in developing rainfall observation instruments to reduce observation costs.
 Study Design: Design of Rainfall measuring instruments based on Android Smartphone and ATmega328P microcontroller using hall effect sensor.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physics, Udayana University, and Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG), Region-III Badung, from June 2022 to August 2022.
 Methodology: Calibration is done by comparing the output value of the rainfall measuring instruments using hall effect sensor and the BMKG calibration standard tool. The calibrated parameter is rainfall. The relationship between the measurement values of the design tool and the standard tool is determined using linear regression method to obtain a correction equation.
 Results: Rainfall measuring instruments based on Android Smartphone and ATmega328P microcontroller using hall effect sensor have been produced. The measurement accuracy obtained for the rainfall parameter is 97.97% with uncertainty (U95) of 0.06 mm/min. The accuracy value indicates that the resulting tool has a good level of accuracy to the standard tool.
 Conclusion: In this research, has been produced a rainfall measuring instrument at a low-cost with high accuracy and precision, which has been calibrated with BMKG standard tool.

Real-time photovoltaic energy assessment using a GSM-based smart monitoring system: Addressing the impact of climate change on solar energy estimation software

Climate change is altering weather patterns, leading to increased variability in cloud cover, precipitation, and temperature. These changing patterns make it more challenging to accurately forecast solar radiation levels, which directly impact solar energy generation. This study, evaluates the solar energy potential using a real-time GSM-based communication system combined with an off-grid PV power plant in Tehran and Ahvaz, two regions in Iran with contrasting climates. To measure the output voltage, C++ language programming was used in Arduino_IDE programming language was utilized along with an Arduino Nano board, ATmega328P microcontroller, and sensors for measuring current, voltage, temperature, humidity, and time. The recorded data was sent through short message service. The results were compared with simulations from PVsyst, PVGIS, and the Global Solar Atlas. The findings revealed that the PV power production potential in Tehran, which is characterized by a cold and wet climate, was 4.101 kwh.kwp −1 with a capacity factor of 17.09%. In contrast, Ahvas, with its warm and dry climate, had a potential of 3.271 kwh.kwp −1 and a capacity factor of 13.63%. These values differed significantly from the estimates provided by PVsyst and the Global Solar Atlas. The Global Solar Atlas overestimated the PV potential by 15% and 18.2% in Tehran and Ahvaz, respectively, while PVsyst underestimated it by more than 15% in both locations. The real-time energy production was measured at 246.1 Wh and 196.27 Wh, compared to the estimated values of 283 Wh and 232 Wh from the Global Solar Atlas, 178.36 Wh and 142.63 Wh from PVsyst, and 221.4 Wh and 196.9 Wh from PVGIS in Tehran and Ahvaz, respectively. These results underscore the importance of accounting for recent climate changes when predicting near real-time solar generation, particularly in remote areas and regions that deviate from global trends.

Implementation of a 220v Ac Overload and High Voltage Monitor Alert System with Auto Shut Down

The electricity supply in Nigeria is usually associated with voltage fluctuation that causes damage to connected loads. In this study, implementation of a 220V AC overload and high voltage monitor alert system with auto shutdown was carried out using an ATMega328p microcontroller. The circuit was simulated in Proteus Ver8.12 using Arduino software with C++ programing language. A prototype was constructed on a Vero board and tested for continuity and power ON. Performance analysis with 50 trials (25- high voltage, 25- overload) was used to calculate sensitivity and accuracy. Result shows good circuit continuity with no short circuits or bugs along the paths. Also, no component undergo heating in the circuit. Performance analysis test indicated sensitivity of 96% and 92% for high voltage and overload monitoring respectively. This implies that the device will correctly monitor 96% high voltage and 92% overloading conditions, but it will fail to monitor 4% high voltage and 8% overloading conditions. Accuracy of 94% implies that, the design conforms to the correct value specifications of the simulated circuit and that high voltage and overload monitoring using the constructed device can be compared to that of an ideal device and we are 94% sure. Even though the device shows more sensitivity to high voltage than it is to overloading, the sensitivity level is very good for a practical device, as such, it can be used for protection of our devices on the utility supply in homes and industries for smooth and steady electricity supply.

A GSM-Based Fault Detection on Overhead Distribution Lines

Power distribution in Ghana is managed by the Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) which is responsible for ensuring accessibility of electricity to consumers. One of the challenges that affect the effective operation of ECG is the slow response to faults on the overhead distribution lines. Fault detection on the distribution lines is a very tedious activity but a necessary procedure to ensure efficient power distribution to consumers. This paper seeks to design a system that can detect faults, the type of faults and their location before they cause any casualties to transformers and other power system equipment. This would replace the primitive method of patrolling and manual inspection of faults currently done by the Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG). This objective was achieved using a GSM-based system on an Arduino platform and ATmega 328P microcontroller to locate the occurrence of faults efficiently. Faults are introduced into the system by triggering the type of fault on the Arduino platform which opens the corresponding relay of the line fault. The opening of this relay sends a signal to the microcontroller and a corresponding LED which switches to display the type of fault. The microcontroller then communicates to the GSM module which displays the said fault and location on a display screen with the help of a virtual terminal. This system was tested under the various unsymmetrical faults to show the efficiency of the system using C++ programming. The simulation shows that the system offers a fast fault response time.

Implementation of a Wide Band and Low Noise Signal Generator Based on Phase Locked Loop

A signal generator, an essential electronic test instrument with versatile applications, finds its utility in various fields such as cellular communications, radar systems, microstrip antennas, and electronics labs. This research focuses on the simulation and design of a low-phase noise signal generatoroperating in frequency range of 35 MHz to 3 GHz . To accomplish this, an Atmega 328P microcontroller on an Arduino board was employed to control the synthesizer based on the Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) concept. The signal generator’s performance was assessed, with particular emphasis on predicting and analyzing the phase noise generated by the PLL components. To ensure a robust system, a third-order loop filter was devised to effectively suppress spurs. Through simulation using the ADIsimPLLsimulation tool, optimal values for loop bandwidth (10 kHz) and phase margin (45°) were obtained. The chosen Phase-Locked-Loop chip for this implementation was the ADF4351, manufactured by Analog Devices. By conducting transient analysis, the time required for the PLL system to transition from the minimum to the maximum output frequency was determined. Furthermore, the characteristics of the generator’s signal were investigated in the frequency range of 35-100 MHz using a cathode ray oscilloscope, and for 101-3000 MHz using a spectrum analyzer. The phase noise levels were calculated at different frequencies (35 MHz, 387 MHz, 1 GHz, 2 GHz, and 2.9 GHz) and analyzed at varying offsets (1 kHz, 10 kHz,100 kHz, and 1 MHz). Comparatively, the experimental results indicated a higher level of phase noise than what was obtained through simulation. Notably, as the output frequency increased, there was a corresponding increase in the amount of phase noise. The maximum spur observedoccurred at the third harmonic, measuring -18.6 dBc, while the minimum spur appeared at the fourth harmonic, measuring -44.5 dBc.

Perancangan Prototipe Rain Drop Sensor Berbasis Arduino Uno

In Indonesia, the climate is mostly hot and humid, and most of the rainfall occurs. As a result, people are less aware of how much rain occurs inside rooms, homes, and offices. We need a warning to explain the problem so that we can take the necessary action when it rains. By creating Arduino-based rain sensors and implementing the fourth industrial revolution in everyday life, the study aims to raise awareness of rain unknowingly. The initial method is the implementation of the Raindrop Sensor based arduino which is an Arduino standard board based on the ATmega328P microcontroller. The Rain Drop Sensor Module works when it rains, when the electric vibration buzzer rains into sound vibration, then the buzzer will provide sound information. The research results of the sensor value of more than 500 with the green light indicator lighting the Buzzer does not emit noise then the conditions are not rainy or can be meant the weather is medium bright, then the sensor value is less than 500 by the indicator Buzzer on then emits the sound and the red lighting indicator color lighting, then indicates the rain condition.

Design and construction of solar-powered smart garbage disposal unit

Cities with developing economies experience exhausted waste collection services, and inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites; which is an ongoing challenge and many struggles due to weak institutions and rapid urbanization. The purpose of the research is to design and construct a smart garbage disposal system using a two-way power supply unit (that is, the electrical power supply unit and solar power supply unit) based on Arduino Nano that utilizes ATMEGA 328p microcontroller. Two pairs of ultrasonic sensors, the pair that faced upward detects the presence of garbage disposal agent at a close distance of (5 - 50) cm and then opens the lid while the other pair faced the inside of the container senses when the container is filled up and then closes the container until it is emptied are used.

Dual Axis Solar Power Tracking System

In the current world, electrical energy has surpassed all other important resources. However, it still hasn't been able to reach every corner of the globe, mainly rural places. Energy production has also come under threat from the quick depletion of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, finding other methods of energy generation is crucial. Solar energy is the greatest underutilized renewable energy source and has the potential to meet all of our energy needs entirely. Using solar photovoltaic panels allows for easy exercise. However, it has been noted that the majority of solar panels are positioned at fixed angles. The solar tracking device is used to keep the solar panel towards the sun throughout the day in order to capture as much incident solar energy as possible, increasing the system's performance ratio. The Dual Axis Solar Power Tracker, which combines software programming for the microcontroller unit with hardware design and implementation, can be used to accomplish this. To move two DC gear motors, which spin the solar panel in two axes, the system used an ATmega328P microcontroller. The microprocessor estimates rotating speed based on data collected from four light sensing sensors that are placed strategically close to a solar panel. As a result, solar panels are able to provide more output power.