ATM System Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING ON AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL EFFICIENCY: A COMPREHENSIVE STRUCTURED REVIEW

Air travel is crucial for global connectivity, yet it faces increasing challenges due to rising air traffic volumes and complex operational demands. Mathematical modeling has emerged as a transformative solution in air traffic control (ATC), enhancing efficiency and safety across the aviation sector. This review delves into the application and outcomes of mathematical models in ATC by analyzing recent literature that incorporates various computational techniques for optimizing air traffic flow, predicting and mitigating conflicts, and improving decision-making processes. In order to attain this, we thoroughly searched scholarly articles from well-known databases, for instance, Scopus as well as IEEE articles published in the last decade, focusing on studies that demonstrated clear numerical results regarding the effectiveness of mathematical modeling in ATC operations. The flow of the study is based on the PRISMA framework. By analyzing a comprehensive selection using an advanced searching approach on Scopus and IEEE database found (n=22), the final primary data was analyzed. The review highlights significant advancements, such as the development of algorithms capable of optimizing flight paths, reducing airspace congestion, and enhancing fuel efficiency, which collectively contributes to more sustainable aviation practices. The findings are divided into four themes, which are (1) optimization of ATC operations, (2) route and flight scheduling optimization, (3) resilience and robustness in atm systems, and (4) technological advances and their integration in air traffic management (ATM). Conclusively, mathematical models have proven indispensable for maximizing ATC efficiency and are pivotal in guiding strategic planning and policy-making to accommodate future air traffic growth while maintaining high safety standards.

Operational Challenges and Prioritization of Potential Solutions for Integrating Vertiports into Airports

The integration of vertiports into airports for eVTOL/UAV flights poses operational challenges. The aim of the study was to propose and prioritize solutions to overcome these challenges. A comprehensive literature review identified remote vertiport networks, geofencing technology, dedicated airspace corridors, advanced collision avoidance systems, and dynamic airspace management as potential solutions. These solutions were prioritized using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on criteria such as safety, cost, efficiency, feasibility, and sustainability. Dynamic airspace management was the highest priority, followed by remote vertiport networks, dedicated airspace corridors, geofencing technology, and advanced collision avoidance systems. The study highlights the importance of dynamic data sharing and real-time planning through integrated ATM and UTM systems, enhanced by AI technologies, to ensure safety and efficiency. In addition, the development of remote vertiport networks and dedicated airspace corridors is essential to manage growing air traffic and ensure the safe coexistence of eVTOL/UAVs and traditional aircraft. Geofencing technology and advanced collision avoidance systems are also essential to maintain safety and operational integrity. It is recommended that future studies focus on the integration of ATM/UTM and the application of artificial intelligence. Continued collaboration between UAM stakeholders is essential to develop effective integration strategies.

Stakeholder Analysis using Fuzzy Logic Operations for Integrated User Story Prioritisation Approach in Agile-Scrum Method

Effective prioritisation of user stories in Agile-Scrum projects is pivotal to ensuring optimal allocation of resources and meeting both user and system requirements. The process of prioritising user stories requires careful stakeholder analysis to determine their influence, the significance of their story, and the value it adds to the project. Common challenges, such as conflicting views, stakeholder exclusion, requirements overflow, insufficient stakeholder input, and incorrect prioritisation of user stories, are typical. This study presents an innovative approach to user story prioritisation by integrating stakeholder analysis as part of the user story prioritisation process in the Agile-Scrum method. The analysis employs fuzzy logic operations to rank stakeholders based on selected parameters, facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of their contributions and concerns. The study’s application focuses on the context of an ATM system’s requirements and associated user stories. Feedback was gathered from software experts well-versed in practising the Agile methodology within their respective organisations. Results from this study highlight the positive impact of stakeholder analysis during the prioritisation process. At the same time, the software experts praised the approach’s ability to integrate functional and non-functional user stories during the prioritisation process. By systematically addressing stakeholder perspectives, this approach ensures a balanced consideration of diverse user needs and system requirements, ultimately enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of user story prioritisation within Agile-Scrum projects.

A Study of the Effect Automatic Teller Machine Banking on Customer Satisfaction: The Case of Zambia National Commercial Bank

This research investigates the impact of ATM banking services on customer satisfaction, utilizing an exploratory approach to evaluate the satisfaction levels of ZANACO ATM services in the Lusaka District. The specific objectives include assessing the availability, performance, security, and challenges faced by customers when using ZANACO ATM systems. The study focused on customers of ZANACO Bank in the Lusaka District, with a sample size of 150 customers representing various customer profiles. The study findings indicate that while ZANACO ATM services are generally available, there is some disagreement among respondents regarding the accessibility of these ATMs. Despite favorable ratings for performance, participants expressed concerns about long queues, transaction errors, and occasional cash shortages at ZANACO ATMs. Regarding security, respondents generally agreed that ZANACO ATMs are secure; however, challenges such as failed transactions, delays in resolving issues, and instances of ATMs running out of cash were identified. Furthermore, the study revealed no significant variations in results based on individual characteristics such as gender, age, education level, or customer tenure with the bank. Recommendations for ZANACO Bank include enhancing customer mapping strategies to improve ATM service accessibility, promptly addressing failed transactions (especially VISA transactions), and ensuring consistent availability of cash in all ATMs to minimize customer inconvenience.

Challenges and Potential Opportunities of Tourism in Kumrat Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The study examines the potential opportunities and challenges faced by the tourism sector in District Dir, specifically focusing on Kumrat Valley. A sample size of 384 respondents was taken from the population, and data was collected using an interview schedule. The data were entered into SPSS and analyzed using cross-tabulation, Chi-square, and binary logistic regression tests to analyze the association of every impediment of tourism with the potential opportunity of tourism. Moreover, the study adopted a multivariate analysis model to establish the combined effect of all the socio-economic and infrastructural impediments on the potential opportunities of tourism. The study reveals that Kumrat Valley has emerged as a promising tourism destination in recent years, offering a wide range of potential opportunities. However, the area faces significant socio-economic and infrastructural obstacles that impede tourism and restrict tourist flow. These challenges include inadequate infrastructure, damaged road situation of Kumrat, lack of market facilitation to outsiders, insufficient electricity availability, inappropriate ATM and bank systems, and local people's discouragement of women and industrialists from involvement in tourism. To address these issues, the study recommends that the government promote tourism in Kumrat Valley through study-based initiatives. Both government authorities and local communities need to collaborate to overcome these challenges.

ATM Security System Based on IOT

The evolution of technology has led to many innovations that ease our life, like digitisation, automation, Artificial intelligence, Data science, etc. Though these technologies are helpful, they come with a cost. Digitisation makes us more vulnerable to cyber-attacks and crimes. Digitisation in finance sectors like banks, stock markets and ATMs is more susceptible to theft and cyber-attacks as they hold a high financial risk. One concern that we are addressing and aiming to improve is the Security System of ATMs. ATM systems made financial transactions more accessible, but they pose a risk to Financial and customer security. Various ATM security systems were developed to combat thefts and cyber- attacks, but they address customer security issues like ATM card trapping, skimming, and cloning. We aim to provide security for the bank and Cash Management Company loading the cash in the ATM. The ATM security system we are developing ensures proper authorisation using a biometric sensor. Key Words: Security System; ATM frauds; Embedded systems; Internet of things(IOT); Automation; Authorisation; Microcontroller; Arduino; Control systems.

Video Compression By Eliminating Irrelevant Frames

Regarding the security of the ATM systems situated at various locations throughout the world, constant monitoring via surveillance at the ATM machine is required. Even though ATMs are equipped with manual protection, several theft events have made headlines over the past few decades. Since continuous surveillance provides an alternative to manual security, it is not feasible for the banks to do so at every one of these ATMs. With so much data generated by the monitoring system inside and outside the ATM, it becomes expensive for the banks to manage in terms of memory. As a result, the goal of this job is to reduce the number of frames in the video that was collected by removing all of the pointless frames. The technique employs transfer learning on a Mask RCNN Network to identify frames containing people before removing any such frames. Mask RCNN network, which is typically trained on the COCO dataset, will be used to detect humans in the so-called relevant frames and subsequently to filter out the frames with no humans. The pertinent frames are after that turned into video and kept in the backup. The plan decreases the amount of storage needed for continuous monitoring. Keywords- Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Closed Circuit Television(CCTV), Discrete cosine transform (DCT), GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), Deep Learning techniques, area classification,

Advanced High Secured Smart ATM System

Abstract: Automated Teller Machines are widely used nowadays by people. But It’s hard to carry their ATM card everywhere, people may forget to have their ATM card or forget their PIN number. The ATM card may get damaged and users can have a situation where they can’t get access to their money. In our proposal, use of biometrics for authentication instead of PIN and ATM card is encouraged. Here, The Face ID is preferred to high priority, as the combination of these biometrics proved to be the best among the identification and verification techniques. The implementation of ATM machines comes with the issue of being accessed by illegitimate users with valid authentication code. This project provides service to the user only when the user is legitimate or the user is verified by the legitimate user of the ATM card. The users are verified by comparing the image taken in front of the ATM machine, to the images which are present in the database. If the user is legitimate the new image is used to train the model for further accuracy. This system uses openCV to process the image being obtained and Haar Cascade Classifier to detect the faces in the image. The face recognition is done using Local Binary Pattern.To overcome these problems,the project ’ATM Security system based on Face recognition, PIN and OTP’ consists of conventional features ie is Personal Identification Number (PIN) along with additional features like face recognition and one-time password (OTP) is used. Database holds information about a user’s account details, images of his/her face and a mobile number which will improve security to a large extent.

Brightness Based Password Safeguard System with Face Recognition in ATM

the importance of security in the authentication process as well as the increase in threat level posed by such malware has attracted many researchers to the field. Many attacks are successful in accessing social network accounts since the current password-based authentication paradigms are not efficient and robust enough as well as vulnerable to automated attacks. The traditional two-factor authentication mechanisms are not applicable to online social networks because physical token or biometric data cannot be easily used to log into users’ profiles. The simplest alternative is complementing the single factor (password-based) authentication process with additional identification elements, such as one-time PIN codes, generated by the user’s own device (e.g. the smart phone) or received via SMS. Proposed a brightness based authentication mechanism (i.e., Bright Pass) capable of enhancing the security of identity confirmation PIN codes without asking the user to memorize an additional secret value or to solve a complex cognitive task. This method introduces a new input value that is changed at every usage combining a something you know element (i.e., the PIN) with an interface element that cannot be captured by spyware, i.e., a bright or dark circle displayed on the phone screen to tell the user when to digit the correct PIN digit and when to digit a fake one. It prevents the malware from correctly inserting the PIN code, thereby disallowing the possibility to perform critical operations without the user’s agreement. Proposed work also focuses on implementing secure face recognition approach for user authentication. This approach will enhance the performance of ATM system

Methodology of air traffic flow clustering and 3-D prediction of air traffic density in ATC sectors based on machine learning models

The increase in the demand for aircraft operations has caused the ATM system to become overloaded as it no longer has sufficient capacity to respond to this increase in demand. For this reason, many projects have emerged with the aim of increasing the capacity of the ATM system through the development of new technologies. This paper proposes a solution that would allow predicting and evaluating the traffic density in a three-dimensional basis in one or several ATC sectors. The final goal of this methodology is to analyse the complexity of these ATC sectors.This paper proposes, first, the two-dimensional structuring of traffic density in a set of air traffic flows identified from historical operational data in the sector of analysis. In the vertical dimension, the traffic will be still structured in flight levels. As a subsequent step, a prediction of this structured traffic density is attempted by means of machine learning models.This proposed methodology will try to facilitate the work of the ATC service by allowing them to have a picture of the air traffic organisation of the ATC sector before the real operation occurs. The application of this methodology will allow the adjustment of the ATC service resources. In addition, it will allow the complexity of the sectors to be assessed, as this complexity will strongly depend on how the traffic is structured.

Strategic planning and development of Air Traffic Management system in Europe: A capacity-based review

Nowadays there may be different strategic drivers between Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) in Europe. However, far less than before market deregulation and liberalization, and before 2004 when European Commission (EC) established Single European Sky (SES) initiative. The introduction of two SES regulative packages and the European ATM Master Plan imposed the obligation to the ANSPs in Europe to strive for common strategic goals - articulated in terms of Key Performance Areas (KPA): capacity, safety, environment and cost-efficiency. All the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of listed KPAs are based on the adoption of the one-size-fits-all principle. In that respect, this paper evaluates conceptual and methodological assumptions of strategic planning and development framework of the ATM systems in Europe from a capacitive viewpoint. It provides a review of flaws identified by studying the applicability of the performance target defined by EC for capacity as one of four KPAs. As such, in a concise review, the paper reveals shortcomings of conceptual and methodological assumptions, performance differences and gaps, their implications, ANSPs with under-defined and above-defined performance targets, i.e., strategic goals from a capacitive viewpoint and points out flaws that need to be revised to better reflect settings of the ATM system in Europe.

MENUMBUHKAN CINTA BAHASA ARAB DENGAN BI’AH ‘ARABIYYAH DI PONDOK PESANTREN

This research is a description of the programs implemented in the Assalafi Al Fithrah Islamic Boarding School in shaping an Arabic language environment (bī'ah 'Arabiyyah) and their planning. This description aims to describe the programs that are carried out and the planning for implementing these activities. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The research data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. After the data is collected, it is analyzed by means of data display, data reduction, and verification or conclusion. The research results obtained are that there are 12 programs divided into four types, namely daily programs, weekly programs, monthly programs, and annual programs. To run these programs is equipped with planning, which includes the completeness of planning tools, planning components, vision and mission of the institution, curriculum, and program plans. However, there are obstacles that arise from the management of the pesantren, in which there is no written mandatory guideline regarding the formation of program planning. So, they still use the ATM (observe, imitate, and modify) system in evaluating each program to make it better for the next.

Achieving stepwise construction of cyber physical systems in EX-MAN component model

For industry 5.0, constructing new large scale systems by using existing and new technologies is the latest research trend; being a combination of hardware and software technologies, these are referred to as hybrid systems. For constructing large and complex systems, the process of incremental and iterative development is popular for many decades. In the component based software development community, using EX-MAN component model (EX-MAN) a new incremental development process is proposed in this paper. With a new definition on increments, this proposed process is different and beneficial for building systems from existing components in a developer-friendly way. This claim is backed by comparing and contrasting the proposed work with the existing approaches in the component-based development domain. We evaluate our approach by constructing a smart ATM system effective to be used in a pandemic situation. For the support of system construction in EX-MAN, a tool Exogenous Composition Framework is created for modeling and simulation of systems.

Face Biometric Authentication System for ATM using Deep Learning

Abstract: Automated Teller Machines also known as ATM's are widely used nowadays by each and everyone. There is an urgent need for improving security in banking region. Due to tremendous increase in the number of criminals and their activities, the ATM has become insecure. ATM systems today use no more than an access card and PIN for identity verification. The recent progress in biometric identification techniques, including finger printing, retina scanning, and facial recognition has made a great effort to rescue the unsafe situation at the ATM. This project proposes an automatic teller machine security model that would combine a physical access card and electronic facial recognition using Deep Convolutional Neural Network. If this technology becomes widely used, faces would be protected as well as their accounts. Face Verification Link will be generated and sent to user to verify the identity of unauthorized user through some dedicated artificial intelligent agents, for remote certification. However, it obvious that man’s biometric features cannot be replicated, this proposal will go a long way to solve the problem of Account safety making it possible for the actual account owner alone have access to his accounts.

Fast and accurate face recognition system using MORSCMs-LBP on embedded circuits.

Because of the current COVID-19 circumstances in the world and the tremendous technological developments, it has become necessary to use this technology to combat the spread of the new coronavirus. The systems that depend on using hands, such as fingerprint systems and PINs in ATM systems, could lead to infection, so they have become undesirable and we can replace them by using facial recognition instead. With the development of technology and the availability of nano devices like the Raspberry Pi, such applications can be implemented easily. This study presents an efficient face recognition system in which the face image is taken by a standalone camera and then passed to the Raspberry Pi to extract the face features and then compare them with the database. This approach is named MORSCMs-LBP by combining two algorithms for feature extraction: Local Binary Pattern (LBP) as a local feature descriptor and radial substituted Chebyshev moments (MORSCMs) as a global feature descriptor. The significant advantage of this method is that it combines the local and global features into a single feature vector from the detected faces. The proposed approach MORSCMs-LBP has been implemented on the Raspberry Pi 4 computer model B with 1 GB of RAM using C++ OpenCV. We assessed our method on various benchmark datasets: face95 with an accuracy of 99.0278%, face96 with an accuracy of 99.4375%, and grimace with 100% accuracy. We evaluated the proposed MORSCMs-LBP technique against other recently published approaches; the comparison shows a significant improvement in favour of the proposed approach.

Electronic Payment Systems and Its Impact in Affecting Behaviour and Satisfaction of Customers

Advanced and modern technology has made a revolution in the payment method which has become an extensive payment phenomenon across the world. This study focuses on the impact of electronic payment systems on customer purchasing behaviour and customer satisfaction. This study investigates a variety of types of electronic payment systems such as mobile banking, ATM system, internet banking, and POS system, and how these influence customer satisfaction levels. Electronic payment systems have made the payment method easier and more flexible. This type of modern technological approach to payment methods has promoted loyalty, delivery service, and customer satisfaction. In addition to that, e-payment methods are also able to track customers in order to map out the landscape of the future. This study uses the “primary quantitative data collection method” to make the research paper of better quality and also add value. Along with this, SPSS software has been used to describe all the findings in an understanding and systematic way. This study concludes that the e-payment system is cost-effective, reliable, safe, accessible, and easy to transfer money instantly. However, this study also discussed its issues to make an effective approach to make a better influence on the readers. Keywords : Cost-Effective, Customer Behaviour, Customer Satisfaction, Electronic Payment Systems, Instant Payment, Purchase, Trust

Finger Print Based ATM System

Our Project is to develop the technique for fingerprint authentication in ATMs. This target can be mainly decomposed into image preprocessing, feature extraction and feature match. For each sub-task, some classical and up-to-date methods in literature are analyzed. Based on the analysis, an integrated solution for fingerprint recognition and authentication is developed for demonstration. Our demonstration program is coded in ASP.NET & MATLAB. For the program, some optimization at coding level and algorithm level are proposed to improve the performance of my fingerprint authentication system. These performance enhancements are shown by experiments conducted upon a variety of fingerprint images. Also, the experiments illustrate the key issues of fingerprint recognition that are consistent with what the available literatures say.

Finger Print Based ATM

In this modern world, all the people were used ATM machines to withdrawal and transfer cash. This research based on implementing Fingerprint mechanism in the ATM System. We were selected this area to increase save and secure for all customers to make easy to do the transaction. The fingerprint minutiae features are different for each human being. There is no worry of losing ATM card and no need to carry ATM card with you always. By comparing different technologies that are used for ATM security, it observes that fingerprint technology performs better and safer than other technologies. Which is making easy and secure transaction also maintaining user-friendly environment with user and ATM machine. This is most promising technology at electronic money transaction.

Biometric based ATM System: A Survey

Biometric based ATM System: A Survey

Knowledge Graph Construction for SOFL Formal Specifications

Formal specifications can provide a solid foundation for software development and support for techniques of software quality assurance, such as specification-based inspection and testing. To ensure that these techniques can be applied effectively in practice, efficiently and accurately understanding specifications becomes extremely important. While this may be relatively easy for well-trained developers in formal methods, it can be rather difficult for computer since computer does not easily understand specifications. This difficulty poses a challenge for realizing automatic specification-based verification techniques that are in high demand for reducing development cost and improving software reliability. In this paper, we address this problem by discussing how the formal specification can be transformed into a knowledge graph to provide comprehensible, well-organized details of the specification for developers and computers. The transformation is done by extracting and storing information about attributes of each component and by establishing relationships between components in a formal specification. We elaborate on a top-down approach of constructing a knowledge graph from a specification, including creating an ontology, designing the Entity–Relationship (ER) diagram of the relational database based on the created ontology, extracting and storing attribute and relationship information in the relational database, mapping ontology to its instances and relational data to RDF triples, and displaying knowledge graph. Further, we present a case study to show how our approach works on the formal specification of an ATM system. Finally, we describe three experiments to evaluate its performance in improving specification readability, effectively guiding inspectors to establish traceability links between specifications and programs, and detecting defects through program inspection, respectively.