Atlantic Forest Biome Research Articles

Little noticed, but very important: The role of breeding sites formed by bamboos in maintaining the diversity of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Atlantic Forest biome.

This study investigated the composition of mosquito species in different kinds of breeding sites in a tropical forest remnant of the Atlantic Forest and identified species of public health concern therein. Collections of immature forms of mosquitoes were carried out monthly at the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve in southeastern Brazil, between June 2014 and June 2015. Samples were collected from four types of breeding sites: bamboos, bromeliads, puddles, and a lake. A total of 1,182 specimens of mosquitoes belonging to 28 species and 13 genera were collected. Three species, Ad. squamipennis, An. neglectus, and Wy. arthrostigma represented 64.8% of the captured specimens. Only three species were found in more than one type of breeding site: Ps. ferox, An. triannulatus, and Tx. trichopygus. Two species of public health concern were found breeding in bamboo (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) and one in the lake (An. darlingi). Bamboo had the highest species richness, Shannon diversity, abundance of individuals and number of dominant species of all breeding sites. Similar Simpson diversity was obtained for bamboo and bromeliads, with higher values than those obtained for puddles and the lake. The significance of the four breeding sites, especially bamboos, is discussed in the context of controlling populations of sylvatic species of mosquitoes in Atlantic Forest areas.

Melissopalynology in Brazilian restinga areas, a mini review

A restinga is an ecosystem of the Atlantic Forest biome that occurs along the Brazilian coastal plains. The restinga areas studied here occur in the states of Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Alagoas, Paraíba and Maranhão. Honey, bee pollen, propolis and geopropolis produced by Apis mellifera and native stingless bees are characterised through the pollen morphology of bee plants. The main nectariferous sources in honey samples are Schinus terebinthifolia, Euterpe edulis and Syagrus romanzoffiana in São Paulo state; Burseraceae and Myrtaceae in Bahia state; Copaifera, Humiria balsamifera and mangrove plants in Maranhão state. The main polliniferous sources are Myrtaceae and Solanaceae in bee pollen samples in Santa Catarina state and Myrcia as monofloral samples in Rio de Janeiro state; Astrocaryum aculeatissimum is predominant and Cocos nucifera is always present in Bahia state. In propolis samples of Rio de Janeiro state Eucalyptus and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia are the most common pollen types; in Bahia state were Mimosa sensitiva and Cocos nucifera; Borreria, Cocos nucifera and Mimosa sensitiva in Alagoas state; Borreria and Symphonia globulifera in Paraíba state. Geopropolis samples from Maranhão state are strongly heterogeneous. Trees and shrubs in the resting areas considered here dominate over herbaceous plants and are predominant in the use by both Apis and native stingless bees. The wide presence of Eugenia catharinae pollen in the southern region samples, of Schinus terebinthifolia pollen in the south-eastern region, and of Avicennia, Cocos, Copaifera and Humiria pollen in samples of the north-eastern region are highlighted.

First karyotype description of the species of Adenomera Steindachner, 1867 (Anura, Leptodactylidae) in the " thomei" clade.

The genus Adenomera Steindachner, 1867 currently comprises 29 nominal species, some of which are suggested to be cryptic species complexes. The present study was carried out with specimens of the "thomei" clade that encompasses three taxa distributed in the Atlantic Forest biome: Adenomerathomei Almeida et Angulo, 2006, Adenomera sp. L., and Adenomera sp. M. We used classical cytogenetics to describe the diploid number and karyomorphology of these three species collected in two different locations in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Our results revealed the diploid number 2n = 24 (FN = 34) with two pairs of metacentric chromosomes (pairs 1 and 5), three pairs of submetacentric chromosomes (pairs 2, 3, and 4), and seven pairs of telocentric chromosomes (pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12). Further morphological, bioacoustic, and cytogenetic data (C-banding and AgNor) are needed to better delineate the lineages within the "thomei" clade.

Insights about wood density in Atlantic Forest ecosystems: spatial variability and alternative measurement

Basic wood density (BWD) is a functional characteristic important to quantify carbon storage and is related to tree growth and its survival. We investigated BWD variability among tree species, populations, and forest types across the Atlantic Forest biome in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. We sampled and measured 576 trees of 83 species in 28 natural ecosystems in the Dense Ombrophilous Forest, Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest, and the Restinga Forest. Stem wood from two different heights at each tree was acquired using a drill borer; discs were removed from branches in 20% of the height from 39 trees. BWD means increased from 0.42 for the most humid ecosystem to 0.675 g⋅cm−3 from the driest ecosystem. We identified changes in the wood as a result of climatic variables particular to different typologies, such as increased wood density in areas with lower precipitation and higher temperatures, were also observed within species, but with little difference in means. We identified three groups of species according to their BWD, different in mean height and diameter. The branches can be used to estimate tree wood density.

A revision of Discodon tricolor (Guérin-Méneville) and its mimics from the Atlantic forests of Brazil (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Discodon tricolor (Guérin-Méneville, 1832) was thought to be a common species widely distributed in the Atlantic Forests of Brazil, yet showing morphological and chromatic variations. After examination of a large number of specimens from different regions of the Atlantic Forest biome, we found that Discodon tricolor actually represents a complex of many similar and sometimes sympatric species. Thirteen species in this complex are recognised as valid: Discodon tricolor, D. neoteutonum sp. nov., D. vanini sp. nov., D. obscurior Pic, 1906 stat. nov., D. lineaticorne sp. nov., D. aurimaculatum sp. nov., D. marginicolle sp. nov., D. tenuecostatum sp. nov., D. nigrocephalum Pic, 1949, D. tamoio sp. nov., D. viridimontanum sp. nov., D. crassipes Wittmer, 1952, and D. testaceipes Pic, 1930 stat. nov. The species Discodon albonotatum Pic, 1906 is confirmed as a synonym of D. tricolor, while the subspecies D. albonotatum obscurior and D. albonotatum testaceipes are elevated to specific status. The subgenus Acanthodiscodon Wittmer, 1952 is synonymised with Discodon Gorham, 1881. All the species are described and illustrated in detail and an identification key is provided. Despite being chromatically similar, the species show major morphological differences in their aedeagus and antennal structures, suggesting that they do not form a monophyletic clade. A potential mimicry ring involving these species of Discodon as well as other members of Cantharidae, Lampyridae, Cerambycidae and Belidae is discussed. Comments are made on the conservation of these species and their habitats within the Atlantic Forest biome.

Mixed Sampling Methods Reveal Elevated Bat Richness in a Semideciduous Atlantic Forest Remnant

Richness is a key variable for understanding biodiversity, and estimates of species occurrence should be as comprehensive as possible and based on reliable records. The employment of diversified methods to be able to detect species, and of adequate sampling efforts is crucial for estimating the richness of bats occurring in highly complex tropical forests. We herein analyzed the richness of bats from one of the largest remnants of the semideciduous Atlantic Forest from Southeastern Brazil, the state conservation park called Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD), based on data from the 1990s and from 2012 to 2016. Based on mixed sampling techniques, including ground-level and canopy nets, acoustic surveys, and roost searching we have revealed that this single state reserve of PERD has the highest bat richness recorded to date among semideciduous Atlantic Forest locations. A total of 54 bat species have been recorded for PERD, including two recently described species from the genera Thyroptera (Thyropteridae) and Eumops (Molossidae). Our data reinforce the value of diversifying sampling methods and the role of PERD as key area for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest biome.

Physiological and biochemical characterization of copper-toxicity tolerance mechanism in grass species native to Pampa Biome and Atlantic Forest for use in phytoremediation.

Orchards and vineyards account for significant copper (Cu) accumulation in the soil due to frequent Cu fungicide applications to control leaf diseases. Although grass species are distributed in these areas likely because of their physiological mechanisms to combat Cu toxicity-related stress, the aim of the present study is to identify grass species presenting biochemical-physiological responses that feature adaptive Cu toxicity tolerance mechanisms. Three grass species native to the Pampa and Atlantic Forest biomes (Paspalum notatum, P. plicatulum, and P. urvillei) and an exotic species (Cynodon dactylon) were tested. Plants were cultivated in pots filled with 4kg of typic Hapludalf soil, under two Cu availability, control, and toxicity conditions (80mg Cu kg soil-1). Photosynthetic parameters, relative growth rate, root dry matter, shoot dry matter, the activity of stress-fighting enzymes (superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase), root biometry, soluble organic carbon, soil pH, and electrical conductivity were evaluated. P. notatum and P. urvillei have physiological characteristics that allow high translocation factor and Cu accumulation in the root and shoot, and it allows their use in phytoremediation processes due to (1) greater activity of stress-fighting enzymes such as POD in the shoot; (2) to larger diameter roots, which allow greater Cu complexation in them - they are lesser sensitive to stress caused by Cu than the other species; and (3) greater soluble organic carbon exudation in the rhizosphere than species P. plicatulum and C. dactylon, which can complex Cu2+ and reduce the presence of forms toxic to plants.

The forgotten world of subaerial desmids (Zygnematophyceae) in the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil

Although desmids (Zygnematophyceae) are widely distributed, their diversity in subaerial environments remains little known and explored. Subaerial algae live above the soil in a thin water film, directly exposed to the air. Desmids possess specific strategies to face environmental stress, such as mucilaginous sheaths that enable them to adhere to the substrate and protect the cells against desiccation. Also, zygospore production may be a strategy to survive. We conducted a taxonomic survey of the subaerial desmids in the Atlantic Forest biome (Rio de Janeiro city and other municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro). Briefly, we analyzed their strategies to resist sudden environmental changes, especially desiccation, a common condition in this environment. From 2006 through 2008, 100 samples were taken from natural and artificial vertical wet surfaces and tree bark. The material collected was identified based on morphological and metric characteristics of the vegetative and reproductive phases of the life cycle. We identified 57 species, varieties, and taxonomic formae, distributed in 12 genera, 2 orders, and 4 families. The study revealed that most subaerial algae were previously reported for Europe and North and South America. From the total taxa, 12% are reported for the first time for Brazil and 14% for South America. Even though subaerial environments are subject to stressful conditions, only three of the 57 taxa showed adaptive structures such as thick mucilage envelopes, spores, or zygospores.

Rescue and multiplication of native fruits at the Núleo Luta Camponesa for Agroecology

This research aims to identify the main multiplication strategies of native tree species in the Atlantic Forest biome, or simply native fruits, and to propose a way to stimulate their promotion. The audience was made up of six groups of farmers from the Núcleo Luta Camponesa of the Ecovida Agroecology Network, located in the south-central region of the State of Paraná-BR. The methodological procedures used the principles of action research and consisted of four complementary phases. The first sought to problematize the importance of native fruits and choose priority species, while the second focused, in a participatory manner, on characterizing the socio-environmental aspects of priority native fruits. Outstanding results are the identification of agroforestry systems as the best strategy for multiplication in the researched context, as well as the elaboration of a guide that can support the rescue and multiplication of such species in other territories. This guide is based on the following sequence: i) rescue looks for native fruits; ii) from what exists in agroecosystems; iii) exchange seeds and seedlings with farmers from other contexts; iv) plant in landscapes that farmers manage.

Developing and classifying urban biomes as a basis for nature-based solutions

Urbanization is a major driver of environmental change, which calls for multifunctional and comprehensive actions such as Nature-based Solutions (NbS). They are “inspired and supported by nature… and must benefit biodiversity and support the delivery of a range of ecosystem services”. But what nature should one aim for? We tested the hypothesis that local vegetation may not always be the best source of inspiration, as environmental changes impact both extant conditions and species suitability for restored ecosystems. We analyzed the megacity of São Paulo, where laws promote the use of species from the local Atlantic Forest biome. We trained a Linear Discriminant Analysis to classify the Brazilian biomes and predicted the biomes' correspondence considering city's vegetation cover and climate. With 80% accuracy, the model predicted correspondence with the Atlantic Forest in 57% of the city, while 43% is better represented by the Cerrado, a dense Tropical Savanna biome. Cerrado species are naturally adapted to higher insolation, temperature and more seasonal precipitation, and they can parallel the ecosystem services of the Atlantic Forest. To help guide NbS implementation, we consider four “urban biomes”: Atlantic Forest, Seasonally Flooded Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and the Seasonally Flooded Cerrado, whose dynamics seem to depend mainly on changes in the proportion of dense vegetation cover. We then discuss possible examples of NbS in the city. ResultsAccording to the PCA (Tables S3-S6), the main difference between the classification of the green spaces classified is the higher proportion of forest cover in those classified as Mata Atlantica, with almost any influence from other vegetation cover types (Fig. 5E). This pattern is still consistent when vegetation cover is evaluated outside the largest green spaces where the presence of even small forest patches across the urban fabric results in the Mata Atlântica category DiscussionThe urban ecosystem restoration could benefit from such natural and dynamic processes in which the Cerrado could act as a transient urban biome in the way of restoring the urban forests through soil horizon development and species succession followed by the densification of the vegetation whenever this planting scheme is possible. ConclusionsThese transitions among urban biomes may occur as local conditions change with the implementation of NbS, and the results point to the effectiveness of increasing the vegetation density wherever possible.

Small mammals and microhabitat selection in forest fragments in the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Pampa biome

Natural resources are depleted in fragmented landscapes that have their vegetation also altered. As a result, the microhabitat diversity and the composition and distribution of local species are affected. In this study, we evaluated the small mammals' community diversity, composition and microhabitat selection in two Atlantic Forest fragments, in an ecotone area with the Pampa biome, southern Brazil. We recorded five rodents (Akodon montensis, Oligoryzomys nigripes, Sooretamys angouya, Juliomys pictipes and the exotic Rattus rattus) and one marsupial (Didelphis albiventris). Both fragments were dominated by the generalist rodent A. montensis. Akodon montensis and O. nigripes showed similar habitat preferences: ground covered by rocks and higher values of vegetation obstruction. Sooretamys angouya preferred places with higher abundance of trees. Fruit availability was important for A. montensis and D. albiventris, highlighting the importance of this food resource for local wildlife, and the potential role of these species as seed predators and dispersers. Small species richness, the presence of an exotic species and high dominance level suggest that the study area is highly degraded.

Estrategias de depredación de Harpactor angulosus (Lepeletier y Serville, 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) sobre Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) en cautiverio

Based on the observation of specimens kept in captivity for 69 days, here we describe in detail for the first time the predatory behavior of an assassin bug Harpactor angulosus (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), on a stick insect Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae). The behavior of the generalist predator H. angulosus as well as the evasive reactions of C. phyllinus were detailedly described and illustrated. Because both species occur in the Atlantic Forest biome and were recorded in the same geographic coordinates, in an urbanized green area in the city of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, the ecological relationship here described is also plausible of occurring in nature and opens new venues to be explored. The unprecedented phytophagy of H. angulosus was also recorded.

Green manure cover effects on restoration success in Southeast Atlantic Forest biome

Green manure cover effects on restoration success in Southeast Atlantic Forest biome

Genetic diversity and verbascoside content in natural populations of Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers.

Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers occurs in threatened biodiversity hotspots of Cerrado and Atlantic forest biomes in Brazil and is used in traditional medicine to treat various respiratory and skin diseases. This study (i) examined the genetic diversity and structure of six natural populations of P. venusta from different Brazilian regions using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers; and (ii) compared the intra- and inter-populational levels of the bioactive component verbascoside using high-performance liquid chromatography. The population from Nova Mutum, Mato Grosso, presented the highest genetic variability (Nei index H = 0.2759; Shannon index I = 0.4170; 85.14% polymorphic loci), whereas the population from Araxá, Minas Gerais, presented the lowest genetic variability (H = 0.1811; I = 0.2820; 70.27% polymorphic loci). The intra-populational variability (79%) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than the inter-populational variability (21%). The populations were clustered into two groups but their genetic differentiation was not associated with geographical origin (Mantel test, r = 0.328; p > 0.05). The verbascoside content significantly differed (p > 0.05) among the six populations and between the individuals from each population. The highest verbascoside levels (> 200µg/mg extract) were detected in populations from Araxá and Serrana, while the lowest verbacoside levels were detected in populations from Paranaíta and Sinop. This is the first report on the use of SRAP markers to analyze genetic variability in the family Bignoniaceae. Our findings shall help to better understand the genetic and chemical diversity of P. venusta populations, as well as provide useful information to select the most appropriate individuals to prepare phytomedicines.

Terrestrial protected areas do not fully shield their streams from exogenous stressors

SummaryProtected areas (PAs) represent a powerful refuge for maintaining and safeguarding biodiversity. Generally, PAs are delineated to protect terrestrial taxa, providing incidental protection to the aquatic ecosystems within their borders. Here, we compare water quality within PAs and non-PAs in southern Brazil, encompassing remnants of the Atlantic Forest biome, to assess whether PAs serve as a buffer from external pressures for aquatic ecosystems within their boundaries. In addition to physicochemical and microbiological water parameters, we analysed 147 pesticide and 31 pharmaceutical compounds in water samples from 33 sites within and outside PAs. The water quality did not differ between PAs and non-PAs but indicated clear pollution from sewage discharges. We found 19 pesticides and five pharmaceuticals in streams within the study area. We detected pesticides in all sampling sites, with the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid present in 91% of them. Our data show that PAs are insufficient means to mitigate the impacts stemming from their catchments, and the running water that reaches their domains already shows signs of anthropogenic interference, which may affect aquatic biodiversity. Protection and management measures require consideration of the whole watershed to protect freshwater habitats and biota.

Influence of land use and occupation on the chemical and physical fractions of organic matter in cultivated and native areas in the Atlantic Forest biome

This study quantified the C content of the chemical and physical fractions of SOM in different management systems in an Argisoil of sandy texture. The study was carried out in a reference area of Native Forest (NF), and in three managed areas: Permanent Pasture (PP), No-Tillage System (NTS) and an area of Private Natural Heritage Reserve (PNHR) in the process of natural regeneration. Soil samples were collected in the layers 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. We assessed the soil density (Sd), total organic carbon (TOC) content, chemical fractionation of SOM with determination of the C contents of the fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA) and humin (HUM), with subsequent calculations of the HA/FA ratios, AE/HUM, stock (StockC), physical granulometric fractionation and determination of C contents of particulate organic matter (C-POM) and carbon management index (CMI). Higher TOC contents were observed for the NF area. The C-HA and C-HUM contents were higher in the NF and NTS. NF showed higher C-POM levels in all layers evaluated. For the C-MOM, the NTS area was superior to the other managed areas. The managed areas had lower StockPOM values than the NF. The managed areas had lower CMI values in relation to NF. The NTS area showed that, even in crop succession, it contributes to the improvement of the soil organic fraction over the adoption time. On the other hand, the areas of PP and PNHR showed that inadequate management favors the reduction of edaphic quality.
 Keywords: carbon in soil, carbon management index, chemical fractionation, physical fractionation.

Population genetic structure and morphological diversity of Cruzia tentaculata (Nematoda: Ascaridida), a parasite of marsupials (Didelphinae), along the Atlantic Forest on the eastern coast of South America.

Cruzia tentaculata is a helminth parasite of marsupials and has a wide geographic distribution from Mexico to Argentina. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic population structure of this nematode along the Atlantic Forest biome. Cruzia tentaculata specimens were recovered from Didelphis aurita, Didelphis albiventris and Philander quica in 9 localities. Morphological and morphometric data were investigated for phenotypic diversity among localities and hosts using multivariate discriminant analysis of principal components. Phylogenetic relationships of C. tentaculata were determined using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The population structure was analysed by fixation indices, molecular variance analysis, Tajima's D and Fu's Fs neutrality tests, Mantel tests and Bayesian clustering analysis. A higher significant morphometric difference for males was observed between localities. In the haplogroup networks, 2 groups were recovered, separating locations from the north and from the south/southeast. The morphometric variation in C. tentaculata between different localities was compatible with this north and southeast/south pattern, suggesting adaptation to different ecological conditions. Population genetic analyses suggested a pattern of evolutionary processes driven by Pleistocene glacial refugia in the northeast and southeast of the Atlantic Forest based on the distribution of genetic diversity.

Notalina (Neonotalina) ralphi sp. nov. (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae), a new long-horned caddisfly from the Cerrado biome of Brazil, with new records for N. (Neonotalina) brasiliana Holzenthal, 1986 and an identification key.

The long-horned caddisfly genus Notalina Mosely, 1936 contains 27 species divided into two subgenera. The Neotropical N. (Neonotalina) Holzenthal, 1986 occurs exclusively in South America. Its species are organized into two species groups, brasiliana and roraima. Nine species have been recorded so far in Brazil, mainly distributed in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes of Southeast Region, and only one species has been recorded from the Central-West and Northeast Regions. In this paper a new species of N. (Neonotalina) is described and illustrated based on adult males from two protected and preserved areas in the Cerrado biome of Brazil. Notalina (Neonotalina) ralphisp. nov. belongs to the brasiliana species group and can be recognized mainly by the morphology of the preanal appendages and segment X. New distributional records are provided for N. (Neonotalina) brasiliana Holzenthal, 1986. Additionally, a key to identify males of the ten species in the brasiliana species group is provided.

Integrative Phylogeography Reveals Conservation Priorities for the Giant Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla in Brazil

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is a strictly myrmecophagous xenarthran species that ranges from Honduras to northern Argentina, occupying various habitats, from grassland and floodplains to forests. According to the IUCN, it is a vulnerable species mainly threatened by poaching, habitat loss and fragmentation, and road kills. Here, we investigate the phylogeography, distribution, ecology, and historical demography of Brazilian populations of the giant anteater. We analysed two mitochondrial (mtDNA) and three nuclear (nDNA) markers in 106 individuals from the Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, and Amazon Forest biomes through analyses of population structure and demography, phylogeography, and ecological niche modelling. Two divergent mtDNA clusters were found, one in the Amazon (AM) and another in the Cerrado, Pantanal, and Atlantic Forest biomes (CEPTAF). At the population level, CEPTAF presented higher mtDNA haplotype richness than AM and a unidirectional mtDNA gene flow was identified from AM to CEPTAF, which could be linked to more favourable habitat conditions for the species in Cerrado and Pantanal. Paleodemographic reconstructions with mtDNA and nDNA data indicate a large population expansion of the species starting at the end of the Pleistocene. Finally, the integrative phylogeographic analyses of giant anteater populations reinforce the importance of the Brazilian Cerrado as a priority biome for the species’ conservation.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND LEISURE ASPECTS OF THE MUNICIPAL LAKE OF ESPÍRITO SANTO DO PINHAL-SP AND THE FAVORING OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION

Nowadays, urban planning in Brazilian municipalities has sought innovative practices and reflections related to green areas located in urban centers, being an indicator of environmental quality in cities due to the numerous ecological, aesthetic and leisure functions that it can perform. Thus, the objective of this work was to carry out a survey of the environmental and leisure aspects of a green area located in the municipality of Espirito Santo do Pinhal-SP called Municipal Lake used by the population. To carry out this work, the area was covered, portraying the characteristics of the vegetation found in this place and its functions, the water reservoir, the buildings and the use of the place by the citizens regarding the practice of physical exercises. The results showed that the Municipal Lake is located in a privileged area of the municipality, with a considerable number of tree species from the Atlantic Forest biome, among them the araucaria, a symbol tree of this municipality. The space has a water reservoir with a water surface of approximately 28,580m², thus, the arboreal vegetation and this lake favor a local microclimate and the space has a walking track and cycle lane being the place used for sports, leisure together to children and social integration factors that stimulate a quality of life in urban centers.