Well-being Of Athletes Research Articles

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS EDUCATION FRAMEWORK IN MAASIN CITY, PHILIPPINES

The study focused on the crafting of a Sports Development Framework. A Delphi multi-survey was conducted with thirty (30) sports officers from Region VIII, who were selected as study participants through purposive sampling. Specifically, significant questionnaires and interviews were conducted during the first, second, third, and fourth rounds with the same participants. Consensus was reached in the fourth round, and findings were identified: Capacity building; Sports level competition; Community Impact; Project Management; Program specialization, Funding and resources; Training Facilities; Sports officers; Athletes' Performance; and Sports Benefits. It is concluded that a comprehensive approach to sports development involves various facets such as capacity building, competition levels, community impact, project management, and training facilities. Stakeholders, especially sports officers and community engagement, play a crucial role in successful initiatives while prioritizing athlete well-being and societal impacts. Hence, it is recommended to invest in capacity building for sports personnel, establish an inclusive competition structure, actively engage communities, implement effective project management systems, create specialized programs, ensure quality training facilities, and empower sports officers.

Leveraging drone technology for enhanced safety and route planning in rock climbing and extreme sports training

Introduction and Objective: This research explores the use of drone technology to enhance safety, route planning efficiency, and psychological comfort in extreme sports, with a focus on rock climbing. The objective is to determine how drones can contribute to performance improvements in these areas. Methodology: Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study assesses the impact of drone surveillance on key performance indicators, including emergency response times, route planning accuracy, and athlete confidence. Results: Findings indicate that drones significantly reduce emergency response times by enabling quicker hazard identification and navigation, thereby improving overall safety. Drone-assisted route planning also proves to be more efficient and accurate, facilitating better decision-making in complex terrains. Furthermore, drones enhance athletes' psychological comfort, leading to increased confidence and security during high-risk activities. Conclusions: Despite the advantages, challenges such as technological dependency and potential drone malfunctions in extreme environments are acknowledged. Future research should investigate the reliability of drones under diverse conditions and explore further applications in sports. The study advocates for the broader adoption of drones, highlighting their potential to significantly improve safety protocols, training strategies, and athlete well-being in extreme sports.

The relationship between psychological capital and athlete burnout: the mediating relationship of coping strategies and the moderating relationship of perceived stress

BackgroundAthlete burnout represents a critical concern in sports psychology, significantly affecting athletes’ well-being and performance. This study examined the relationships among psychological capital, coping strategies, perceived stress, and athlete burnout.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 344 athletes, and data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 25.0 and PROCESS Macro v4.1 for hierarchical stepwise regression and moderated mediation analysis. Control variables included age, gender, sport type, and competitive experience.ResultsThe results revealed that psychological capital negatively associated with burnout both directly (β = -0.539, p < 0.01) and indirectly (a*b = -0.803, p < 0.01) through coping strategies. Furthermore, perceived stress influenced both the relationship between psychological capital and coping strategies and the indirect effect of psychological capital on burnout via coping strategies. Notably, under high-stress conditions, the negative association of psychological capital was more pronounced, with a more substantial indirect effect compared to low-stress conditions (β = -1.020, p < .01 vs. β = -0.299, p < .01).ConclusionsThese findings underscore the importance of cultivating psychological resources and adaptive coping mechanisms to mitigate burnout, offering valuable insights for targeted interventions aimed at enhancing the well-being of athletes, particularly those experiencing elevated stress levels.

Аутентичность личности спортсмена как ресурс психологического благополучия в кризисе совладания с травмой

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The article presents an overview of modern foreign studies on the well-being of professional athletes during the period of coping with the crisis associated with sport injury. It is indicated that sports injury has not only signs of damage to the body, but also triggers specific deep processes, including combined distress, violation of psychological well-being, inability to plan and implement professional goals. To cope with them, an injured athlete needs a wide range of internal mental resources, and in their context, personal authenticity is of particular importance. The approaches to understanding this phenomenon are analyzed, and studies on related topics are presented that reveal the psychological potential of authenticity in preserving and strengthening psychological well-being. On the model of sports injury, the prospect of a special successful rehabilitation through the implementation of internal growth associated with injury (SIRG) is considered. The problems and prospects of further research are outlined, and a vision is given of the wide application of the described mechanisms in the work related to the recovery of patients and their psychological well-being.&lt;/p&gt;

Future Directions in Understanding Acute and Chronic Effects of Mental Fatigue in Sports: A Commentary on Bridging Laboratory Findings and Real-World Applications.

Mental fatigue (MF) is a psychobiological state that could negatively impact physical and cognitive performance, although the extent of this impact remains controversial. While laboratory studies have provided valuable insights into the acute effects of MF, their ecological validity in real-world sport settings remains limited. Recent research indicates that MF can naturally arise during sport activities, leading to chronic effects on endurance and perceptual-cognitive skills. These effects may persist beyond individual sessions, potentially increasing the risk of injury due to their cumulative nature. This commentary aims to guide future research by emphasizing the need to investigate the natural occurrence and chronic effects of MF in applied sport settings. Understanding how MF develops and manifests in real-world settings, particularly individual differences in perception and response, is crucial for creating more effective management strategies. Addressing these factors will enable better support for athletes who may experience prolonged periods of MF that could affect their training and competitive performance. Future research should prioritize studying MF in natural sport settings to enhance the ecological validity of findings. By focusing on the chronic and cumulative nature of MF, as well as individual variability, researchers can develop more tailored and effective strategies for managing MF. This research will not only bridge the gap between laboratory studies and real-world applications but also contribute to more precise monitoring and intervention techniques. Ultimately, these advancements will improve athletes' ability to maintain peak performance and reduce the risk of injury, thereby enhancing overall athletic well-being.

Squash in Los Angeles: Heat Strain and Performance Considerations at the 2028 Olympic Games.

The Los Angeles 2028 Olympics will mark the debut of squash, a high-intensity sport characterized by repeated efforts, posing potential thermoregulatory challenges. The demanding nature of squash results in substantial metabolic heat production, with consequential heat strain exacerbated by the indoor environment of squash courts, where low to moderate evaporative potential limits effective cooling. Players often experience increased body-heat storage and thermal strain, with muscle cramps (an early warning sign of more severe heat-related illnesses) commonly observed during tournaments. Despite these challenges, there are limited data on the thermoregulatory responses of elite squash players during match play. We discuss the thermoregulatory challenges faced by squash players and highlight key areas for research. Additionally, practical guidelines are provided for practitioners preparing squash players for the Los Angeles 2028 Olympics. Preliminary findings from international squash tournaments reveal that elite players endure significant physiological strain, with core temperatures rising to 39.0 °C to 40.1 °C, despite matches being played in mild wet-bulb globe temperatures of 19.4 °C (0.9 °C). Sustained heart rates exceeding 90% of maximal heart rate further compound this thermal strain. However, research on how thermal strain affects squash-specific fitness, recovery, and stroke mechanics are lacking. Such information is crucial for evaluating the need and effectiveness of tailored mitigation strategies such as heat training/exposures and precooling and midcooling during warm-up and match play. Systematic research into the thermal demands of squash and their impact on fitness and skills is needed. These insights can inform evidence-based strategies to safeguard athlete well-being and optimize performance at Los Angeles 2028.

Balancing Performance and Health in Elite Hungarian Athletes: The Relationship Among Disordered Eating Risk, Body Composition, and Nutrition Knowledge.

disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (ED) can negatively impact athletes' health, wellbeing, and athletic performance. this cross-sectional study aims to assess DE risk, body composition, and nutrition knowledge among elite Hungarian athletes. DE risk was assessed using DESA-6H and EAT-26 scales, nutrition knowledge through the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (A-NSKQ), and body composition with the OMRON BF511 device. The data were analyzed using Kendall's tau correlations, Mann-Whitney U tests, and ROC analysis. a total of 71 athletes participated (39.4% males, mean age = 24.8 years, SD = 4.8 years and 60.6% females, mean age = 24.3 years, SD = 4.3 years). At-risk scores on the DESA-6H scale were recorded for nine athletes (12.7%), while 32.4% scored in the risk zone on the EAT-26, with female athletes in aesthetic, endurance and weight-dependent sports being most affected. Low BF was observed in four males and four females. Nutrition knowledge (49.1%) was below the acceptable threshold. DESA-6H significantly correlated with EAT-26 scores, BMI, sports nutrition knowledge, and A-NSKQ total scores. A statistically significant difference by gender was found in the EAT-26 total score (p = 0.019, d = 0.65). Risk groups significantly differed in A-NSKQ scores (p = 0.026, d = 0.511) and sport nutrition knowledge, specifically (p = 0.016, d = 0.491). Using EAT-26 to identify at-risk athletes and the DESA-6H recommended cut-off, the ROC analysis showed a sensitivity of 29.1% and a specificity of 95.7%. insufficient nutrition knowledge plays a role in being at-risk for DE and ED. These results underscore the need for early detection, early sport nutrition education across all elite athletes, with particular attention to female athletes in aesthetic, endurance and weight-dependent sports, and for monitoring these athletes to prevent DE. Further work is warranted to optimize screening tools such as EAT-26 and DESA-6H for elite athletes.

Dose-response and time-lagged effect of daily training load on athlete well-being during an international rugby series

Dose-response and time-lagged effect of daily training load on athlete well-being during an international rugby series

Self-Esteem, Wellbeing, and Health Status of Female Athletes in the Context of Sport Performance.

Competing at a high level is challenging for athletes, both mentally and physically. Intense sport engagement is not always beneficial for health. This study investigates and compares self-esteem, wellbeing, and health status among athletes at different levels. In addition, it examines whether the type of sport (individual versus team) affects the self-esteem and wellbeing. A quantitative, observational survey was conducted, involving 296 female participants aged 18-35 years divided into three groups based on their sport performance: high-performance athletes (41%), recreational athletes (27%), and individuals with no or lower levels of physical activity (32%). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale were used to measure self-esteem, wellbeing, and health status, respectively. High-performance athletes exhibited significantly higher self-esteem, wellbeing, and health status compared with individuals with no or lower levels of physical activity. Recreational athletes showed better wellbeing than individuals with no or lower levels of physical activity and had no significant differences from high-performance athletes in any parameter. Results were not affected by whether the sport was individual or team-based. These findings highlight that regular sport participation, whether at a recreational or high-performance level, provides substantial mental and physical health benefits, while individuals with no or lower levels of physical activity experience significantly lower levels of self-esteem, subjective wellbeing, and health. The findings of this study suggest that regular sport activity, regardless of competitive level, provides substantial benefits, underscoring the importance of maintaining a physically active lifestyle.

Female athletes: a state-of-the-art review of multiorgan influence of exercise training.

Endurance sports have witnessed an increase in female participation, demanding a constant and evolving reassessment of the specific physiological and health implications of female athletes. In the present review, we analyze cardiovascular, hematological adaptations and anthropometry and hormonal fluctuations highlighting sex-specific differences in response to exercise, with estrogen playing a fundamental role in modulating body composition and metabolic processes. Nutritional aspects, in particular energy availability, macronutrient distribution and hydration, are fundamental in supporting training demands and menstrual function. Nevertheless, the repercussions of nutritional deficiencies, interacting in the female athlete triad - which also includes amenorrhea, osteoporosis and eating disorders - underline the importance of comprehensive management strategies. In addition, we comprehensively discuss the multiorgan effects of physical training, highlighting the intersections between sex-specific differences, nutritional needs, and cardiovascular adaptations. Cardiovascular remodeling in female endurance athletes reveals both morphological and functional adaptations, requiring a deep understanding of effective cardiovascular risk assessment and screening. The synthesis of current knowledge highlights the complexity of the physiological landscape of the female athlete practicing endurance sports, requiring ongoing exploration and tailored interventions. In conclusion, this review aims to support a gender-based approach to athletic training and health management and research, intending to optimize performance while safeguarding the well-being of female athletes.

Leadership in Sports Management: Strategies to Enhance Athlete Performance and Well-Being

Objective: The objective of this article is to examine and compare the extent and nature of ethnic discrimination in employment rights as governed by the legal frameworks of Iraq and Iran. Methodology: This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on a detailed examination of constitutional provisions, labor laws, and related legal documents from Iraq and Iran. The analysis is supplemented by a review of secondary sources, including reports from human rights organizations and international conventions to which both countries are signatories. Findings: The analysis reveals that both Iraq and Iran have legal frameworks that explicitly prohibit ethnic discrimination in employment. However, in practice, the implementation of these laws varies significantly due to cultural, social, and political factors. In Iraq, although the law mandates equal treatment of all citizens, certain provisions and practices suggest a degree of ethnic favoritism in public sector employment, particularly concerning the representation of minority groups. In Iran, despite comprehensive legal prohibitions against discrimination, certain policies and practices—such as the requirement for an Iranian identity card and regional employment quotas—perpetuate ethnic and religious discrimination, particularly against non-Muslim and non-Iranian minorities. Conclusion: Both Iraq and Iran have made legal commitments to prevent ethnic discrimination in employment, yet the practical enforcement of these laws is inconsistent and influenced by broader socio-political contexts. While Iraq's legal framework generally supports ethnic equality, its implementation is challenged by economic conditions and political dynamics. In Iran, despite strong legal provisions, ethnic discrimination persists due to systemic practices that favor certain ethnic and religious groups. The study concludes that while both countries strive for balance in their labor laws, significant efforts are still needed to fully eradicate ethnic discrimination in practice.

A Narrative Review of the Impact of Sleep on Athletes: Sleep Restriction Causes and Consequences, Monitoring, and Interventions.

This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the impact of sleep on athletic performance, the prevalence and causes of sleep disturbances, and effective monitoring and intervention strategies to enhance sleep quality and duration. A comprehensive review of case studies, observational studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar up to July 2024. Sleep plays a crucial role in the overall well-being and performance of athletes, yet sleep issues are highly prevalent due to factors such as competition schedules, psychological stress, and travel across time zones. Inadequate sleep negatively affects physical strength, endurance, cognitive function, and injury risk. Sleep tracking is highlighted as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, with interventions such as extending sleep duration, adopting sleep hygiene practices, and, when necessary, pharmacological approaches proving effective. The review concludes that tailored sleep strategies are essential to optimize athletic performance, recovery, and overall well-being.

Dribbling emotions and anxiety in women’s football: a scoping review

Background and Study Aim. Fear of failure, choking under pressure, financial disparities in income, and concerns related to body image and social pressure may intensify on-field challenges. These factors make the competitive environment particularly demanding for female soccer players. The aim of the current review is to map the available evidence on anxiety in women's football over the past decade and to identify interventions designed to manage anxiety among female soccer players. Material and Methods. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. An extensive search was carried out across four major databases for publications dated between 2014 and 2024. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts, followed by full-text screening and data extraction. Any disagreements were resolved by a third researcher. The findings were tabulated and synthesized in a narrative format. The study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework. Results. The search yielded 2885 unique records. A total of 21 texts were reviewed in full, and the final sample included 14 studies. Some of the records included mentioned modifications to psychosocial interventions, such as Virtual Reality (VR) relaxation sessions, pre-exercise sporting massage, and psychological training programs (including psycho-neuromuscular theory and visualization techniques). These interventions led to a reduction in anxiety, though their effectiveness varied significantly across different approaches. Our results suggest that research on women's football may disproportionately focus on psychological interventions for managing anxiety. This highlights the need for broader investigations into other factors that influence athletes' performance and well-being. Conclusions. This scoping review helps clarify the current landscape of anxiety research in women's soccer. It highlights both promising interventions and gaps in the research over the past decade. Although the body of evidence on anxiety interventions is small, it suggests that psychological interventions may be effective in reducing anxiety among female soccer players.

Athletic Trainers' Observations of Social Determinants of Health in the Secondary School Setting: A Card Study.

Athletic trainers (ATs) are in a unique position to mitigate the negative impact of social determinants of health (SDH) in their patients. In the secondary school setting, understanding common SDH may inform strategies that reduce these impacts. However, little is known about the types of SDH that ATs observe in patients in this setting. To investigate SDH observed by ATs at the point-of-care in the secondary school setting. Descriptive, observational card study. Secondary schools. Twenty-seven ATs (mean [SD] age = 29.9 (5.6) years, 23 [85.2%] female). Athletic trainers recorded SDH on a standardized observation card during patient interactions. Cards provided instructions for completion and had a 4-column table with a list of 19 predetermined SDH, a checkbox for observed SDH, a checkbox for perceived negative impact of observed SDH on patient health, and an open box to write in actions taken to address the observed SDH. Overall, 676 cards with 748 observed SDH were collected from 27 secondary schools. Of those, 46.9% (351/748) were perceived to have a negative impact on patient health. The top 3 observed SDH were academic stressors (14.2%, 106/748), access to social media (12.6%, 94/748), and lack of health literacy (11.4%, 85/748). The ATs reported acting on 37.7% of negatively perceived SDH 24 through counseling and education (48.6%, 137/282), additional resources (20.6%, 58/282), referral to others (17.4%, 49/282), and communication with others (13.5%, 38/282). Our results indicated ATs in the secondary school setting were observing and acting to mitigate the negative impact of SDH. However, these ATs should be prepared to provide resources for patients negatively impacted by academic stressors, social media, and lack of health literacy. Resources, referrals, and additional education for patients may support a healthier community and positively impact athlete health and well-being.

Knowledge and Communication About the Menstrual Cycle Among Rhythmic Gymnasts, Ballerinas, and Dancers.

While moderate exercise supports regular menstrual cycle (MC) function, many female athletes experience MC symptoms that negatively influence their training and performance. Hereby, knowledge and communication about this topic are important to promote an athlete's health and wellbeing. Hence, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and communication surrounding the MC among Norwegian rhythmic gymnasts, ballerinas, and dancers. In total, 116 rhythmic gymnasts, ballerinas, and dancers aged ≥ 16 years training ≥ 3 days per week completed an electronic questionnaire. Of these, 63% (n = 73) reported a lack of knowledge about the MC's influence on physical fitness and performance, and 39% (n = 45) rated their coaches' or pedagogues' knowledge as low. With only 32% of participants discussing the MC with their coaches/pedagogues, communication was found to be limited. Seventy-three percent felt uncomfortable during training or competition due to their attire and recommended darker colors and more options in size and layering. The study highlights a significant gap in knowledge and communication about the MC among female athletes and coaches/pedagogues in aesthetic sports. It also recommends improving athletes' choice of attire for greater comfort and confidence.

Low energy availability surrogates are associated with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport outcomes in male athletes

ObjectivesTo determine the association between surrogates of low energy availability (EA) and proposed health and performance outcomes of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) in a clinical sample of adolescent...

Building Confidence and Well-being: The Power of Coach Communication and Personal Connections in College Basketball

The relationship between coaches and athletes plays a critical role in shaping athletes' confidence, performance, and overall well-being. Effective communication and strong interpersonal connections between coaches and athletes are often key determinants of success in sports, particularly for student athletes who are balancing academic and athletic responsibilities. This research aims to identify and analyze the influence of coach communication skills and personal closeness on self-confidence and well-being of student basketball athletes at Universitas Negeri Jakarta and Riau Islamic University. The research used mixed methods with purposive sampling techniques to select participants who met the criteria, namely athletes and coaches with relevant experience in basketball teams. Data were collected through quantitative questionnaires to measure coach communication quality, personal closeness, confidence, and athlete well-being; as well as in-depth interviews and observations of interactions in training and matches to obtain more in-depth contextual data. Quantitative analysis was conducted using regression techniques, while qualitative data were thematically analyzed to identify key themes and patterns. The results showed that clear, open, and emotionally supportive coach communication had a significant effect on athletes' confidence and well-being. Athletes who perceived emotional support and effective communication from coaches were more motivated and confident in their abilities, which had a positive impact on their performance on the field. In addition, the personal closeness between coaches and athletes also increased athletes' confidence and emotional satisfaction. The implication of this research is the importance of communication skills and interpersonal relationships in the training process.

A comparative study of kinetic balance and static balance among football, volleyball, basketball, and handball team game players using the Balance Error Scoring System test

Background and purpose To guarantee excellent performance in group games, a careful interaction of kinetic and static balance is required. In these games, players must find the right balance because it affects their dexterity, coordination, and overall gameplay. The research focuses on examining the levels of balance among players participating in various group games and comprehending how these features of balance connect to neuromuscular control and movement mechanics. This study aims to assess the levels of kinetic balance and static balance among players engaged in different group games. The research also seeks to explore variations in kinetic and static balance within teams participating in these games. The research sample comprises athletes from diverse game categories, selected from two faculties of physical education. Materials and Methods In the study, athletes from physical education faculty who competed in a variety of game categories were chosen. 31% of the sample was made up of 66 players from Koya University who represented a range of skill levels and played several different team sports. BESS, or the Balance Error Scoring System, was used to measure balance. The accuracy of this test in determining variables affecting both dynamic and static balance is well known. The BESS exam also offers athletes, particularly those who may be at risk for concussions. Results The results show that participants taking part in particular team games have degrees of dynamic balance that differ noticeably from one another. In contrast, differences in static balance were not substantial in other team games. According to the study, a player's ability to coordinate their muscles neurologically and their static and dynamic balance are related. Additionally, it was discovered that a player's movement mechanics had a significant impact on their overall balancing performance. Conclusions In conclusion, this research underscores the significant influence of sport on balance demands and mechanics. Handball players excel due to their dynamic movements while balancing requirements vary based on factors such as contact, field size, and sport-specific actions. Tailoring training to these sport-specific demands is crucial for optimizing athlete performance and well-being.

THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL

The role of physiotherapists in professional football is critical for both the physical recovery of athletes and the implementation of strategies that promote injury prevention and enhance performance. With a comprehensive understanding of biomechanics and movement principles, physiotherapists can assess players’ performance and work closely with coaching staff to devise effective game tactics. Their expertise enables them to identify movement patterns and areas of stress that can lead to injuries, ultimately helping to minimize these risks. Education plays a vital part in the physiotherapist's responsibilities, as they teach athletes about health maintenance and the significance of injury prevention. This educational component is essential for ensuring that players can sustain a long and successful sports career. Despite progress in prevention and rehabilitation practices, studies reveal persistent gaps between clinical practice and scientific evidence. Increased regulation of the profession, coupled with a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates psychological support, emphasizes the growing importance of physiotherapy within football. Moreover, recognizing the psychological factors that influence recovery and utilizing evidence-based protocols are vital for optimizing rehabilitation outcomes. The physiotherapist’s influence extends beyond physical recovery; they are integral in fostering the overall health and well-being of athletes, which significantly impacts team performance. Moving forward, the field of physiotherapy in football must prioritize continuous professional development, the adoption of innovative practices, and the establishment of an environment that values both the physical and mental health of players.

Coach-athlete relationships, self-confidence, and psychological wellbeing: The role of perceived and received coach support.

Coaches are recognized as key support providers, although there is limited understanding of how coach support relates to athletes' self-confidence and psychological wellbeing. This study examined relationships among perceived coach support, received coach support, coach-athlete relationship, self-confidence, and psychological wellbeing. A further aim was to identify mechanisms through which coach-athlete relationship influences self-confidence and psychological wellbeing. A total of 537 athletes (Mage=21.83 and SD=3.67) from a range of sports completed measures of perceived coach support, received coach support, coach-athlete relationship, self-confidence, and psychological wellbeing. Mediation analysis revealed a significant direct effect of coach-athlete relationship on perceived coach support (b=1.44 and p=0.04) and received coach support on psychological wellbeing (b=1.94 and p=<0.05). Coach-athlete relationship was associated with a significant indirect effect on psychological wellbeing via received coach support (ab = 0.82 and 95% CI [0.40 and 1.26*]) but not perceived coach support. In contrast, coach-athlete relationship was associated with a significant indirect effect on self-confidence via perceived coach support (ab=0.16 and 95% CI [0.10 and 0.22*]) but not received coach support. These findings demonstrate the significant role perceived coach support and received coach support plays in potentially explaining the relationship between the coach-athlete relationship with self-confidence and psychological wellbeing. Additionally, the results highlight that different forms of social support uniquely mediate the relationship among the coach-athlete relationship, confidence, and wellbeing. These results have implications for coaching practices, as coaches can use their relationships with athletes to provide optimal support and thereby enhance the athletes' self-confidence and wellbeing.