Athlete Development Research Articles

Морфофункціональні зміни у спортсменів в процесі силової підготовки на спеціалізовано базовому етапі в хортингу

The purpose of the work was to study the influence of training session models different in structure, loads, and means in the process of strength training in horting on the development of strength capabilities and changes in the indicators of the body composition of athletes. Materials and methods. The study involved 60 men aged 19–21, who have been engaged in horting for the past 3.5–4 years. For the practical implementation of the purpose, three experimental groups were formed. The duration of the study was 3 months. Three variants of strength training models were offered. The main difference between the proposed models is the combination of exercise complexes on simulators or with free weight loads with different sequences of using basic and isolating exercises in the conditions of anaerobic alactate or lactate modes of energy supply against the background of load modes of different intensity. Control of changes in the studied indicators occurred with the help of testing methods and bioimpedancemetry. Results and discussion. It was revealed that the greatest development of maximum muscle strength by 63% over three months of research is observed when performing basic exercises in the athletes of the 3rd group. The athletes of this group also demonstrate the greatest growth dynamics of the investigated indicator by 47.6% during the control testing of strength development in isolating exercises. At the same time, the smallest dynamics of development of the investigated strength indicators among the examined contingent over the same period of time, was found in the athletes of the 2nd group. On average, the dynamics of maximum strength development in athletes of the 2nd group is 8% lower compared to the participants of the 3rd group. Control of the nature of changes in the body composition indicators of the participants revealed that only in the athletes of groups 1 and 3 during the study period, we observed a significant decrease in the level of fat mass by an average of 2.6% compared to the initial data. At the same time, only in the representatives of groups 1 and 3, the indicators of lean body mass show positive dynamics to the increase by an average of 4.8% over three months of research. Conclusion. At the stage of special basic training, the use of exercises on simulators in the training session against the background of premature fatigue of the working muscle groups in a series of isolating exercises in the conditions of the anaerobic-glycolytic mode of energy supply, followed by the use of a series of basic exercises in the anaerobic-lactate mode with high-intensity loads contributes to the most pronounced rate of development of strength capabilities and positive changes in the indicators of body composition of athletes

10-14 Yaş Tenisçilerde Core Antrenmanlarının Çeviklik, Kuvvet Performansına ve Tenis Becerilerine Etkisi

This study aims to determine the effect of 8-week core training on agility, strength performance and tennis skills in tennis players aged 10-14. 25 tennis players studying tennis at EA Tennis Academy participated in the study voluntarily. First of all, vertical jump, pro-agility agility and ITN Tennis skill tests were applied to all participants, then, in addition to tennis training, the experimental group of 11 people was given core training 3 times a week for 8 weeks in a row in line with the literature. The tennis players in the control group continued only their tennis trainings. In order to examine the effect of core training on strength, agility and tennis skills, the tests applied in the pre-tests were applied to all participants again at the end of 8 weeks as post-test. Using the pretest-posttest measurements taken in the study, the effect of 8-week core training on the strength, reactive agility and tennis skills of 10-14-year-old tennis players was determined. According to the results, a statistically significant improvement was observed in the ITN numbers, ITN scores, agility of the tennis players in the experimental group. Also, within limited aspects, a statistically significant difference was found in ITN numbers, ITN scores in the control group. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference in vertical jump and counter movement jump test scores in both groups. As a result, it has been concluded that core training has positive contributions to agility, balance and tennis performance in tennis players aged 10-14. It is thought that core training to be applied in addition to tennis training in training programs will contribute to the development of athletes.

Peculiarities of relationships between rheoencephalographic and anthropo-metric indicators of mesomorphic volleyball players somatotype

Annotation. For early detection of signs of fatigue and overtraining at high altitude of professional sportsmen, quality is of great practical importance monitoring of the state of the cardiovascular system, in particular indicators of cerebral hemodynamics in combination with individual constitutional features of the body. The purpose of the study was determination of features of relationships between rheoencephalographic indicators and parameters of the external body structure of volleyball players youth of a high level of skill, which belonged to the mesomorphic constitutional type. They conducted a comprehensive study of 70 young men (aged from 17 to 21 years old), who played volleyball for at least 3 years and achieved a high level skill level (small sports categories from the first adult to masters of sports). After somatotyping according to the Heath-Carter (1990) found mesomorphic somatotype in 36 volleyball players. Rheoencephalography was performed on a computer diagnostic complex according to by the method of Ronkin and Ivanov (1997), anthropometry - by the method of V. V. Bunak (1941), correlation analysis - according to Spearman's method. It was established that in cerebral indicators of mesomorphic somatotype volleyball players hemodynamics had individual anthropo-somatotypological parameters reliable relationships, most of which were directly proportional to mean strength. Temporal correlations had the greatest strength and number of statistically significant correlations rheoencephalographic indicators, in particular the time of the ascending part rheoencephalograms. Most often with indicators of cerebral hemodynamics total body dimensions (length and surface area) were reliably correlated bodies, height of anthropometric points, anterior-posterior and transverse diameters body, girth measurements of chest and limb segments, separate craniometric dimensions). The study of correlations is the basis determining the harmony of physical development of athletes and further mathematical modeling to determine individual dues rheoencephalographic indicators.

Пути повышения профессионального мастерства спортсменов-рукопашников на основе сравнительного анализа зарубежных школ единоборств

High-quality information support for training highly qualified Russian athletes is impossible without the organization of a system of regular monitoring, selection, analytical processing and systematization of leading foreign coaches’, scientists’ and specialists’ publications. In this regard, the content of the research is based on a comparative analysis of training highly qualified athletes in different foreign martial arts schools.
 The article reveals various aspects of athletes’ training involving the biomechanics of motor actions, the physical development of high-class athletes, the features of their training process and competitive activity. Ways to improve various aspects of sports training are considered; specific result-oriented methods, primarily aimed at working out striking techniques with hands, are shown. Modern scientific studies of the theory and practice of training athletes are presented; a systematic analysis of the methodology in the main areas of activity is carried out. The considered distinctive features of achieving professional sport skills in foreign martial arts schools can serve as the basis for the development of effective training programs for hand-to-hand athletes.
 The author makes a conclusion that the important component in the martial arts training of boxers and hand-to-hand fighters is the achievement of a high level of technical and tactical preparedness, physical and functional development, as well as psychological stability, which together ensure the optimal level of effectiveness of the use of attacking blows and defensive combinations.

Juniors age categories of athletes at the Panathenaic Games

The article is devoted to some aspects of ancient athletics of the classical period. The author traces the history of the formation of the Olympic Games program and its influence on the programs of Pan-Hellenic and local Games. The popularity of the Pan-Hellenic Games led over time to the complication of the program and an increase in the number of athletes participating in the games, for whom different age classification systems were developed. At the Olympic and Pythian Games, all athletes were divided into two age groups: paides and andres, whereas at the Isthmian and Nemean Games there were three age groups of athletes: paides, ageneioi and andres. The author explores the history of the Panathenaic Games in Athens, which are often called the “fifth” Panhellenic Games. The article shows that the program of the Panathenaic Games, on the one hand, was created on the basis of the programs of the Olympic and Pythian Games, on the other hand, it differed from it in that it included a number of competitions in which only Athenians could take part. The author shows that both the competitions “only for Athenians” and the introduction of younger age groups of athletes created more opportunities for local athletes to succeed at the Panathenaic Games and thus contributed to the development of athletics in Athens.

Development of physical qualities of volleyball players

The paper considers that playing volleyball requires maximum manifestation of physical capabilities, willpower and the ability to use acquired skills from athletes. Physical training is one of the most important components of the training of athletes specializing in volleyball. It is aimed at the development of such motor qualities, namely: strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and coordination abilities. Physical training in volleyball is usually divided into general and special. General physical training is aimed at the harmonious development of motor skills in volleyball, which indirectly contribute to achieving high results in this game sport. The special physical training of athletes specializing in volleyball is aimed at the development of movement qualities, strictly in accordance with the requirements set by the specifics of the sport, the specifics of the intended activity and the duration of the competition. In volleyball, physical qualities are conditionally divided into general and special. General – strength, speed, endurance, dexterity, flexibility, which largely determine the comprehensiveness of physical development and health of athletes. On the highly developed base of the physical qualities listed above, special physical qualities are developed, which are necessary for playing volleyball: "explosive" strength, speed of movement and jumping, speed, jumping and game endurance, acrobatic and jumping dexterity. The main tasks of physical training are to constantly increase the functional capabilities of the volleyball players' bodies, which determine the level of development of their physical qualities and gradually bring them to intensive loads that ensure the growth of special work capacity and the achievement of optimal sports results.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SOME MORPHOFUNCTIONAL INDICATORS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN AND YOUNG ATHLETES

The aim of the article is the research and assessment of main indicators of the physical development of schoolchildren and young athletes (wrestling). Theoretical and practical issues of medical supervision of young athletes and schoolchildren are important for maintaining and strengthening health. As a result, it was found that the indicators of physical development and cardiovascular system of young wrestlers exceed the indicators of schoolchildren. Thus, the level of cardiovascular reserve and the adaptive potential of wrestlers (classic style) tend to strain adaptive abilities of the body, particularly the cardiovascular system.

Technical training of cheerleaders in sections of a sports club

In the article "Technical training of cheerleaders in sections of a sports club" the issues of theory and practice of technical training of cheerleaders in sections of a sports club are considered.
 Cheerleading refers to sports where technique is the basis the art of movement. Because it combines elements of such sports as gymnastics, acrobatics, sports and other dances - and all this technique is aimed at expressiveness, beauty and precision of movements.
 Technical training is the level of mastery of the cheerleading movement system by athletes. It cannot be considered in isolation, but should be imagined as a component of a single whole, in which technical solutions are closely related to the physical and mental capabilities of the athlete [4, 14, 15 etc.]. In cheerleading, technical readiness is determined by the level of mastering technical techniques (complexity) and the beauty of movements, their expressiveness and accuracy, since these characteristics determine the level of sports results [15, 20, etc.].
 A high level of technical preparation is called technical mastery (TM) [15, etc.]; its criteria are: volume of technique - the total number of technical techniques flawlessly performed by athletes in a certain time; variety of technique - breadth of variety of technical methods [4, 14]. These indicators of technical skill are especially significant in cheerleading, since this sport has a large arsenal of technical processes.
 The goal of the group of teachers was to investigate the influence of the method of teaching the discipline of cheerleading, in the conditions of a sports club, on the physical development of athletes, the development of their strength abilities, speed of reaction and general strengthening of health and their technical training.

A case study of the features and holistic athlete impacts of a UK sports-friendly school: Student-athlete, coach and teacher perspectives.

In order to understand the features of sport schools and their impacts on the holistic development of student-athletes, it is important to take into account the voice of multiple stakeholders central to the programmes (student-athletes, coaches, teachers). Through a case-study approach, using five focus groups, with 19 student-athletes, and six semi-structured interviews with three coaches and three dual coach and teachers, this study explored the perceived impacts of one sport-friendly school (pseudonym-"Salkeld High") on holistic athlete development and the features that drove these impacts. Using a critical realist approach to thematic analysis, findings indicated a multitude of immediate, intermediate and long-term positive and negative impacts associated with academic/vocational (e.g., academic security vs. second/third choice university), athletic/physical (e.g., performance development vs. injuries), psychosocial (e.g., social skills vs. social scarifies) and psychological (e.g., sport confidence vs. performance pressure) development of "Salkeld High" student-athletes. Overall, "Salkeld High" was viewed as an integrated school environment for sport, academics, and boarding, where academic (e.g., extra-tutoring), athletic (e.g., high volume/frequency of training), and psychosocial/psychological (e.g., pastoral services) features are all in one location. The student-athletes tended to get a well-rounded, balanced holistic experience. However, the intensified and challenging nature of involvement did present some negative impacts that stakeholders should be aware of when designing, implementing, and evaluating sport-friendly school programmes. Furthermore, although "Salkeld High" was seen as an integrated environment within the school, it could do better at collaborating with wider sporting structures.

Youth athlete learning and the dynamics of social performance in Norwegian elite handball

This study examines how the social interactions of youth handball players are entangled with the ideals, beliefs and norms associated with youth athlete learning in Norwegian handball and communicated through coaching practice. This qualitative study uses Goffman's interactional sociological lens to explore how players strategically manage their interactions with peers and coaches by balancing the risks of overuse and injury with the need to be seen as promising, committed players. Our data collection was based on four focus group interviews and five individual interviews with 24 female youth handball players. The athletes reported that they conformed with the social rules and expectations of acceptable behaviour in handball because they wished to avoid being discredited in the eyes of their peers and coaches. Additionally, they engaged with these expectations through self-censorship and behavioural caution, because doing so allowed them to sustain their identity as promising athletes within the current framework of athlete development. They also feared being perceived as less committed to their development. The findings highlight how the normative expectations of youth athletes affect their sense of agency and control, the behaviours they engage in, and their understandings of what it means to be a good athlete. An understanding of how athletes perform socially in ways that facilitate opportunities for ongoing development will help to facilitate more productive, ethical and meaningful practice and pedagogies.

Co-Operative Design of a Coach Dashboard for Training Monitoring and Feedback

Athlete development depends on many factors that need to be balanced by the coach. The amount of data collected grows with the development of sensor technology. To make data-informed decisions for training prescription of their athletes, coaches could be supported by feedback through a coach dashboard. The aim of this paper is to describe the design of a coach dashboard based on scientific knowledge, user requirements, and (sensor) data to support decision making of coaches for athlete development in cyclic sports. The design process involved collaboration with coaches, embedded scientists, researchers, and IT professionals. A classic design thinking process was used to structure the research activities in five phases: empathise, define, ideate, prototype, and test phases. To understand the user requirements of coaches, a survey (n = 38), interviews (n = 8) and focus-group sessions (n = 4) were held. Design principles were adopted into mock-ups, prototypes, and the final coach dashboard. Designing a coach dashboard using the co-operative research design helped to gain deep insights into the specific user requirements of coaches in their daily training practice. Integrating these requirements, scientific knowledge, and functionalities in the final coach dashboard allows the coach to make data-informed decisions on training prescription and optimise athlete development.

Learning to coach: An ecological dynamics perspective

A constraints-led approach (CLA), based on an ecological dynamics rationale for athlete learning and development has been applied to analyses of individual and team sports. To date, such an approach has yet to be applied to the learning of coaches. Here, we propose how applying a CLA in education and professional development programmes can shape emerging behaviours of coaches as they interact with constraints of representative environments to adapt their practice. A core concept within ecological dynamics for coach education is the conceptual differentiation between knowledge of (direct perception) and knowledge about (indirect perception) the environment. Current coach education and development practices focus primarily on the acquisition and transmission of knowledge about, which over-relies on provision of (abstract) verbal and visual augmented corrective information found in manuals. Reconsidering coaches’ behaviours as emerging under constraints provides a coach developer opportunities to identify and manipulate key individual, environmental and task constraints. This approach guides attention to relevant and alternative affordances (opportunities for action) when coaching, and promotes continuous self-regulation of coach learning, supported by an experienced mentor. Learning to coach through a CLA could result in an extensive appreciation of multiple sources of knowledge, resulting in a continuously deepening fit between the coach and their performance environment. An ecological perspective of a coach learning to adapt to the constraints of a performance environment offers an alternative to current formalised coach development practice.

Relationships among Sports Group Cohesion, Passion, and Mental Toughness in Chinese Team Sports Athletes.

Passion is an important motivational variable that profoundly affects athletes' cognition, emotion, and behavior. This study constructed a mediating model to explore the mechanism of cohesion toward passion and mental toughness of Chinese team sports athletes and to investigate the mediating effect of harmonious passion and obsessive passion on cohesion and mental toughness. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 326 Chinese active athletes (M = 19.63, SD = 6.51) aged 14-26 years (54% male, 46% female) from eight sports. Cohesion and its dimensions can positively predict athletes' mental toughness, and ATG-T is more important in advantage analysis. The direct and indirect paths show that cohesion affects mental toughness through the mediating effect of harmonious passion and obsessive passion. Mediating effect model has a good fit and explained 22.1% of the variance in mental toughness. The relationship between cohesion, passion, and mental toughness reflects the psychological dynamic process from environment to motivation to sports performance. The development of team sports athletes' mental toughness can be carried out from the following points. First, the team should define a sports goal and take the needs of members into account in goal-setting. Second, the sports team should build a team culture that is enterprising, inclusive, and cooperative and emphasizes members' recognition of them. Third, the team should attach importance to the passion of the members and make good use of the team atmosphere. To protect the psychological health and long-term development of athletes, team culture should pay more attention to the cultivation of athletes' harmonious passion. Improving cohesion is beneficial to athletes' mental toughness in team sports. To protect the psychological health and long-term development of athletes, team culture should pay more attention to the cultivation of athletes' harmonious passion.

Examining European Talent Development Environments: Athlete, Parent and Coach Perceptions

ABSTRACT Talent Development Environments (TDEs) aim to provide the appropriate conditions for youth athletes to realise their full sporting potential. How TDEs are designed and operated is therefore of great importance for the development of elite athletes. Stakeholders are vital in this process, yet their perspectives are poorly understood. This study assessed the quality of TDEs across 5 European countries, comparing athlete, parent and coach perceptions. A total of 571 athletes (Mean age = 15.2 ± 1.5 years), 759 parents and 134 coaches were recruited from TDEs across 27 sports. Participants completed the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire-5 or adapted versions. Overall, perceptions of European TDEs were positive. Coaches reported higher perceptions of TDE quality compared to athletes and parents, athletes reported marginally higher perceptions compared to parents. Across stakeholders, Long-Term Development was highest rated, followed by Communication. Support Network was lowest rated. Stakeholder perceptions varied most for the Holistic Quality Preparation subscale, highlighting perceived differences in TDE support for rounded athlete development. From an organisational perspective, identified strengths and weaknesses provide direction to coach and parent education. Practically, TDE leaders should consider how they can refine stakeholder coordination through integrating stakeholder perceptions as valuable feedback into their environment, especially for intangible factors.

"Physical Education is the Basic Foundation for Athlete Development"

"Physical Education is the Basic Foundation for Athlete Development"

Management of Tennis Athlete Coaching at Pelti Lampung Province

The purpose of this study was to determine the management of tennis athlete coaching at PELTI Lampung Province. This research is included in qualitative research. Sampling was done by purposive sampling to select research subjects. In this study, interviews, observations, and documentation were used to collect data. The interactive data analysis model was used in this study, which consisted of three parts: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the PELTI of Lampung Province has carried out and carried out the management of coaching tennis athletes well. A thorough preparation process has been carried out by PELTI Lampung Province before the field tennis sport developed in Lampung Province. Starting with the preparation of funding for sports, finding human resources, and preparing tools for training needs. Although the management of tennis athlete development is good, it still has to be developed in a better direction

Impact of Early Sport Specialization on Interscholastic Athletes and Programs

Early sport specialization (ESS) is a popular pathway for athletic development with implications for enhanced skill acquisition but also adverse mental and physical outcomes (LaPrade et al., 2016). As such, adolescent athletes may face a dilemma regarding whether to play multiple sports or immediately narrow the focus to one. Coaches are positioned to influence motivational climates and sport-specific skill development (Amorose & Anderson-Butcher, 2007), making it important to understand their perceptions of ESS. Interviews were conducted with thirteen coaches of girls’ volleyball and basketball teams to gain an understanding of ESS as it pertains to athletes and programs at the interscholastic level. Participants identified influences and impacts of ESS, specifically how it can affect participation and competitiveness of interscholastic sports.

Pembinaan Prestasi Atlet Pencak Silat Se-Kabupaten Rembang

In general, the development of achievement has not been in accordance with the results obtained, which are not as expected. The problem in this research is that the achievements of the pencak silat athletes in Rembang Regency have not been as expected because the training has not been clearly programmed and structured. The purpose of this study was to determine the achievement development of pencak silat athletes in Rembang Regency. This research method uses descriptive qualitative with methods of observation, interviews and documentation. The research sources consist of 1 chairman of the National Association, 1 chairman of IPSI, 3 college coaches and 15 athletes from 3 different colleges. This research was conducted in Rembang Regency, the data analysis technique used was data triangulation, data analysis, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions drawn. The results showed that (1) the stages of coaching: massing was carried out if the admission of new students to school was through the mass media, the nursery was carried out with a match test as a benchmark for the recruitment of athletes, the achievement strategy was implemented with special training, (2) there was a training program but it was not written down. , (3) the condition of the athletes is not appropriate, (4) the existing facilities still need updating and additions, (5) the research has not been running as it should, (6) the competition conducts try outs and try ins (7) the organization is managed by members of each college the chosen ones, (8) the existing funds at IPSI are obtained from sponsored KONI and college fees under the auspices of Ipsi, for colleges it comes from membership fees and schools that have pencak silat colleges under the auspices of IPSI. The conclusion of this research is that the development of pencak silat achievement in Rembang Regency does not work as expected or the system implemented has not given the desired results. Suggestions that can be given (1) for fighters in Rembang Regency to pay more attention to the pattern of coaching that has been running so that the objectives of the coaching are obtained maximally, (2) the pencak silat coach to always learn new things in order to add knowledge so that it can be applied to his athletes, (3) the Pencak silat college of Rembang Regency to add more existing facilities to facilitate the athlete coaching process.

Talent development environments within sports: a scoping review examining functional and dysfunctional environmental features

ABSTRACT Based on the work of Martindale, R. J., Collins, D., and Daubney, J. (2005, Talent development: A guide for practice and research within sport. Quest (Grand Rapids, Mich ), 57(4), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2005.10491862) and Henriksen, K., Stambulova, N., and Roessler, K. K. (2010a, Holistic approach to athletic talent development environments: A successful sailing milieu. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.10.005), researchers have increasingly focused on environmental features influencing talent development in sport from an integrated, holistic perspective. These contributions led to a quickly evolving body of literature and a proliferation of findings related to facilitative and debilitative environmental features. With a timely appraisal of this work warranted, this review aims to coalesce salient results from talent development environment research. For this purpose, a holistic perspective is employed on (a) the environmental level, by considering the sport and non-sport domain and by identifying functional and dysfunctional features, as well as on (b) the outcome level, by considering wellbeing and personal development, alongside athletic development, as important athlete-related outcomes. Following a systematic search, 44 articles were identified and findings summarised by conducting a directed content analysis (Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687). Several functional and dysfunctional features were derived from the literature and grouped into the following main categories within a preliminary conceptual framework: Preconditions of the Sport Environment, Organisational Culture, Integration of Efforts, and Holistic Quality Preparation. The framework’s contribution to a more systemic and holistic approach to talent development is discussed and critical future research directions are proposed.

How to coach: A review of theoretical approaches for the development of a novel coach education framework

Coaching behaviours often derive from sporting traditions, instinct and previous experiences. Practitioners tend to follow traditional, inherited methods rather than adopt new evidence-based approaches associated with athlete development. This article reviews literature relating to theoretical constructs of a novel coach education framework (CEF) developed by the Irish Rugby Football Union. The three constructs included are: self-determination theory (SDT), explicit learning theories (ELT) and implicit learning theories (ILT). A total of 82 publications met the inclusion criteria (SDT: n = 18, ELT: n = 28, ILT: n = 36). This review supports the efficacy of these constructs in isolation for promoting effective coaching practices and provides a justification for future implementation of the framework and its evaluation. This framework may have the potential to address a shortfall in current coach education formats, which have traditionally focused on What content should be used for athlete development as opposed to How practitioners can coach more effectively.