Athletic Club Research Articles

Survey on the Basic Technical Skills of Fast Walking Athletes in Lahat Regency

This study aims to determine the essential technical skills of fast-walking athletes in Lahat Regency. This research uses quantitative descriptive research methods along with survey methods. The population for this study was all 13 speed-walking athletes who took part in training at the Regency Athletic Club. The sample in this research was 13 people, and the total sampling technique was used. Research data was collected using a fast-walking test. The data analysis technique used in processing research data is analyzed using descriptive statistical methods in the form of mean, mode, standard deviation, and coefficient of variance. The results showed that two athletes (15.38%) had the essential technical skills of fast-walking athletes in the outstanding category. Five athletes (38.46%) had the essential technical skills of fast-walking athletes in the excellent category, and 6 Athletes (46.15%) had the basic technical skills of fast-walking athletes in the poor category. It can be concluded that the basic technical skills of fast-walking athletes in Lahat Regency are still at a poor stage, so an analysis of the factors that influence the basic technical skills of fast-walking athletes is needed, and special training methods are also needed to improve the basic technical skills of fast walking athletes in Kabul. Lahat patent.

Effects of continuous, interval, and combined training methods on middle- and long-distance runners’ performance

Introduction: Running performance is largely influenced by training methods, including Continuous, Interval, and combined training methods. However, which training method that best improves the performance has not been identified. Aim: This study was to investigate how training methods continuous, interval, and combined training affect distance running performance. Methods: A total of thirty (n=30) athletes from the Ethiopia Hotel Athletics Club were selected as subjects. The studies included trained runners without previous injuries. Interventions lasted at least 12 weeks, with participants allocated to Interval, Continuous or combined training groups. The athletes' performance was assessed through cooper 12 min run test, wall squat test and multiple sprint test using pre- and posttest interventions. MANOVA was performed using SPSS to determine the mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIS) between continuous, interval (CIS), and combined training, and the effect sizes were calculated. Results: All training methods significantly improved VO2max, strength endurance, and speed. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the interval and combined training during the VO2max test (MD = 0.2, P > 0.1). There was no significant difference between continuous and interval training during the posttests VO2max test. During the wall squat test, there was no significant difference between the training methods (p > 0.1). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the continuous and combined, training groups or between the interval and combined training groups at the level of the multiple sprint test (p = 1, MD = 0.53). However, there was a significant difference between the continuous and interval training groups on the multiple sprint test (P = 0.024, MD = -1.75), with an effect size was 0.356.Conclusion: Interval and combined training are better strategies than continuous training for improving athlete performance. Key words: Athletics, continuous, interval, combined training methods, performance

THE INFLUENCE OF LOWER LIMBS MORPHOLOGY ON THE RESULT IN RACE WALKING

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of lower limbs morphology on the result in race walking. The sample of participants for this study was selected from the student population of Pirot's elementary school "Vuk Karadžić". The study included 15 male participants aged 13-14, who practiced race walking in the "Pirot" athletics club. The following variables were used to assess the morphological characteristics of the lower limbs: leg length, diameter of the knee joint, thigh circumference, calf circumference and thickness of the skinfold on the calf. On the other hand, the criterion variable was the 400 m race walking performance. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the influence of the morphology of the lower limbs on the result in race walking. The results of the study indicated that based on an observation of the modality as a whole, this study found no statistically significant influence of lower limbs morphology on the result in race walking. Nevertheless, by considering particular variables, it can be claimed that the diameter of the knee joint and the thickness of the skinfold on the calf have been shown to have a statistically significant influence on the result in 400 m race walking. Exploring the intricacies of lower limb structure in race walking can provide valuable insights for training and coaching. This understanding has the potential to improve coaching methods and enhance overall performance in this distinctive sport.

Prevalence of Poor Sleep Quality and its Association with Lifestyle Habits, Competition-Based Activities, and Psychological Distress in Japanese Student-Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives The present study clarified the prevalence of poor sleep quality and its relation to lifestyle habits, competitive-based activities, and psychological distress among Japanese student-athletes in the initial pandemic period (2020) and 1 year later (2021). Methods In the present study, student-athletes were defined as individuals belonging to university athletic clubs. The data of two cross-sectional surveys (2020: n = 961 and 2021: n = 711) were collected from student-athletes in 6 universities in Japan. First, the prevalence of poor sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index score > 5) was investigated. Relationships between poor sleep quality and lifestyle habits, competition-based activities, and psychological distress were then explored using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. Results The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 33.6% in 2020 and 36.6% in 2021. Poor sleep quality in 2020 was related to late bedtime, taking supplements before bed, part-time job (no late night), stressors of expectations and pressure from others, and psychological distress, whereas that in 2021 was related to early wake-up time, skipping breakfast, taking caffeinated drinks before bed, use of smartphone/cellphone after lights out, stressors of motivation loss, and psychological distress. Conclusions In both 2020 and 2021, one-third of student-athletes had poor sleep quality and psychological distress was its common risk factor. Lifestyle habits and competition stressors associated with poor sleep quality were pandemic-specific in 2020, but similar to the prepandemic period in 2021.

Coach Servant Leadership and Athlete Serving Behaviors: The Role of Intrinsic Motivation and Positive Affect

This study argues, based on macro theory, which integrates self-determination and broaden-and-build theories, that a coach’s servant leadership enhances athletes’ intrinsic motivation and positive affect, thus enhancing their serving behaviors toward their teammates. In Study 1, data were collected from 600 athletes belonging to university athletic clubs in Japan through an online survey. In Study 2, data were collected from a university with one of the largest sport faculties in Japan at two time points—with 311 university athletes at Time 1 and 269 athletes, 3 months later, at Time 2. The results revealed that intrinsic motivation and positive affect sequentially mediated the positive relationship between coach servant leadership and athlete serving behaviors. The findings contribute to the development of the servant-leadership literature by demonstrating a new pathway from servant leadership of coaches (leaders) to serving behaviors of athletes (followers) based on macro theory.

Gender/Sex in Studies of School Athletic Club Activities: A Critical Review*

Gender/Sex in Studies of School Athletic Club Activities: A Critical Review*

Injuries in athletic club players: growth and maturation as potential risk factors (PhD Academy Award)

Injuries in athletic club players: growth and maturation as potential risk factors (PhD Academy Award)

The Role of Plyometric Training in Improving Explosive Power in Sprinters: A Qualitative Analysis

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the role of plyometric training in enhancing explosive power among sprinters. Methods and Materials: This qualitative research employed semi-structured interviews to gather data from 17 sprinters aged 18 to 30 years, with at least three years of competitive experience. Participants were recruited from local athletic clubs and universities. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the impact of plyometric training. Thematic analysis was used to identify and analyze patterns within the data, providing detailed insights into the participants' experiences and perceptions. Findings: The study revealed significant physical improvements attributed to plyometric training, including enhanced muscle strength, increased speed, improved jumping ability, and reduced injury risk. Psychological benefits such as increased confidence, enhanced motivation, and improved mental resilience were also noted. Participants reported a better training experience with diverse and efficient routines, improved technique understanding, and strong peer support. Performance outcomes showed notable improvements in competition results, skill application, and recovery times. These findings align with existing literature, confirming the comprehensive benefits of plyometric training for sprinters. Conclusion: Plyometric training significantly enhances explosive power and overall performance in sprinters. The physical, psychological, and performance-related benefits make it a crucial component of athletic training programs. Despite limitations such as the small sample size and reliance on self-reported data, the study provides valuable insights into the multifaceted advantages of plyometric exercises.

Coaching Psychology in Athletic Bilbao: The Story From Its Beginnings

Athletic Bilbao, also known by its more correct name of Athletic Club, is a professional football club based in Bilbao, in the Basque Country of Spain. Since 1912, it has adhered to its policy of only allowing players from the Basque Country to play for them. This system is known as cantera, from the word for quarry, meaning treating players from the surrounding area as a valuable resource to be extracted and moulded. Despite the self-imposed limitation of this unwritten rule, Athletic Bilbao is one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from LaLiga, along with Real Madrid and Barcelona. Here, we look at how psychology was developed in the club toward developing home-grown players, which became known as La Mirada (“The Gaze” in Spanish). A key perspective of how La Mirada developed over time was to address coaches’ mindsets before those of the players, especially because coaches often felt that their learning was going to be an upward trajectory by relying on what had given them results in other clubs. This Practical Advance paper explores this distinctive journey of psychology with examples from what was themed the lights and shadows of coaches’ and players’ learning development in Athletic Bilbao.

Ahmadsarifudin KONDISI FISIK DAN TEKNIK ATLET GULAT DI KABUPATEN BLORA TAHUN 2021

In a wrestling match, good physical and technical conditions are needed to achieve maximum performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical condition and technique of wrestling athletes in Blora Regency. The research method uses descriptive quantitative. The instruments used are pretest, and documentation. The subjects of this study were all members of the wrestling athlete club in Blora Regency. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistical techniques. Data analysis by collecting data, reducing data, and presenting data, and drawing data conclusions. The results showed that of the 10 male athletes who were in the good category, 40% were sufficient, 20% less, 30% less, and 10% less. Meanwhile, of the 4 female athletes who are in the good category, 25%, 50% enough and 25% less. From the results of the physical condition test above, the highest score is 553, the average value is 498. As for the female athletes, the maximum score is 529 with an average value of 505. Meanwhile, the results of the technical skill test assessment test obtained the following data from a total of 10 male athletes. test participants who entered the good category 20%, 30% enough, 10% very good. Meanwhile, for female athletes, data were obtained that included 25%, 25% less, and 50% less. so it can be concluded that the physical condition and technique of the Blora wrestling athletes are in the "enough" category. Suggestions for coaches and supervisors for the PGSI Regency Blora Regency are to add more training programs to improve the physical and technical conditions of players and look for young athletes to achieve maximum performance.

Sport Nutrition Practice and Performance of Short Distance Runners: The Case of Oromia Athletics Clubs

The study was aimed to assess the impact of sport nutrition practice on performance of sprinters of Oromia selected athletics club. The athlete's diet affects his or her performance directly. Competitive athletes must eat a balanced diet containing all four food groups, and eating a variety of foods within each group is essential. However, no studies conducted on the impact of nutrition on Oromia short distance runners. A cross-sectional research design was employed. Out of eight (N=8) athletics clubs Oromia athletics club, five (n=5) of them were selected as target population namely; Adama, Nekemte, Asella, Dukam and Laga-Tafo Laga Dadhi athletics clubs. The clubs were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The total population of athletes in selected clubs was (N=175) and sampled athletes were 120 Adama (23), Nekemte, (24) Asella, Dukam (26) and Laga-Tafo-Laga Dadhi (24) athletics) were selected using a stratified sampling technique. While coaches (N=5) were selected using census sampling techniques. Data collection instrument such as questionnaire, document analysis, interviews and observation were used. Analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software. Frequency percentage and Simple regression was used quantitative data. Qualitative analysis was used to supplement the quantitative analysis. The result of this study shows that inadequate sprinters nutritional practice affects sprinters performance at p< 0.05. The finding of this study reveals that the majority of sprinters confirmed that sprinters did not get balanced sprinters diet due to this the sprinters performance was poor. As a recommendation, Oromia athletics club should plan for sport nutrition education and allocate enough budgets. Sprinters better extra meal apart from their clubs.

Motor competence of 10 years old children with different athletics practice years

The present study aimed to verify whether, in children of 10 years of age practicing athletics, a greater number of years of practice of this modality would correspond to higher values of motor competence (MC), as determined by the Motor Quotient (MQ) in the Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK). The cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in an athletics club in Portugal. Thirty-two children were evaluated, 15 female (10.4±0.25 years of age, 2.5±0.92 years of practice) and 17 male (10.4±0.22 years of age, 2.2±1.1 years of practice). Although no significant differences were found between children with one or two years of athletics practice and children with three or four, a moderate positive correlation was found between the time of practice (TP) and MC in girls (ρ=0.543, p=0.036). Mean MC results were considerably higher (both sexes) than the generality of studies often reveal. Finally, there were no significant differences on MC of boys and girls. The present results allow us to speculate that athletics may have helped to fill some gaps in motor coordination so often observed in girls, and the time of practice may have been especially beneficial for this group. It is suggested a longitudinal study to, more than confirm the detected association, verify what happens with boys’ and girls’ MC throughout the years of athletics practice. Keywords: athletics; children; practice time; motor competence; KTK test.

학생으로서 학생선수 학습권에 관한 소고(小考)

Elite sports education in Korea has structural contradictions. In other words, the process of elite sports is that professional exercise instructors provide intensive and systematic education for talented players. However, it is judged that since life sports are not active except for some sports in Korea, in many cases, talents are often discovered by starting elite sports education first. Furthermore, such elite sports education is directly linked to the college admission process for sport-specialty students, which means that the decision to quit athletics in the middle is to give up going to college, so student-athletes have no choice but to continue training and participating in competitions, even if they are not athletically gifted.
 As a result of a complete enumeration survey by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, it was investigated that school classes were not being conducted properly in the case of student-athletes. Although remedial classes are supposed to make up for missing classes through the e-school system, in addition to an issue about the fidelity of learning when taking e-school, more importantly, e-school classes cannot replace character education and socialization education as a member of the community to be acquired in school life. Just the initial idea of introducing the e-school system for student-athletes meant that the Ministry of Education itself acknowledged the deficiencies of regular classes due to the activities of school athletic clubs, but it did not prepare an alternative to character education and socialization education.
 Character education and socialization education, such as the acquisition of universal knowledge for independent living of each citizen, as well as the virtues required as members of a social community, can be said to be essential elements for survival as a human being. That is why the Constitution stipulates the compulsory education system as a responsibility of the state.
 The recent measure by the Ministry of Education to expand the number of days acknowledged as attendance for student-athletes is an act of neglecting the state's obligations for 6 years of elementary education and 3 years of secondary education, which are stipulated in the Constitution. If school education with a public nature is disrupted by private education in the structure of school sports, it means that the state has rather taken advantage of school sports power despite its duty and responsibility to regulate appropriately for the normalization of school education. It would be reasonable for the government to face up to the structural problems of elite sports education and present solutions.

A biographical analysis of Spanish athletics coaching pioneers (1939–1992)

ABSTRACT Athletics in Spain was a very minority practice until the 1950s, when athletics underwent a progressive development and institutionalisation that included the appearance, for the first time, of the role of the coach. Through the biographical study of five coaches of the first generation, this research aims to illuminate how the figure of the coach was built. Thus, the profession of coach arises first from the few existing athletic clubs, and later through the profession of physical education teacher. Starting in the 1960s, coaches had access to greater institutionalisation through the growth of the federation and the internationalisation of Spanish sport. The arrival of democracy also allowed them to enter the new regional institutions and take over new power positions in local politics. Finally, the organisation of the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992 meant the final athletics institutionalisation.

Relation between athletic club affiliation from school age and future serum free testosterone levels in Japan: A cross-sectional study.

Testosterone deficiency is often related to geriatric syndrome including erectile dysfunction, osteo-porosis, depression, cognitive impairment, cardiovascular diseases and frailty. Despite the existence of many studies on short-term exercise and serum testosterone levels, few research have focused on exercise habits from young age and testosterone values in middle-aged male. In this study, we investigated whether belonging to an athletic club from school age could predict serum-free testosterone (FT) levels. The subjects were 1609 middle-aged male outpatients aged 40 years or older (median: 61 years, interquartile range: 54-69) who visited our hospital. Participants had their FT values measured in the morning hours during the period from December 2007 to June 2009. A questionnaire survey on exercise habits was conducted at the same time as the measurements. The exercise habit questionnaire was created based on whether the patients belonged to an athletic club in (a) elementary school, (b) junior high school, (c) high school, (d) college, (e) adult life, and (f) at the time of the test. There was only one positive response to the questionnaire among 456 patients (28% of total), followed by zero for 358 patients (22% of total). The number of patients with low-testosterone levels (FT < 8.5 pg/mL) according to the Japanese diagnostic criteria for late-onset of hypogonadism was 839 (52.1%). In multivariate analysis, it was shown that with low-testosterone levels (FT < 8.5 pg/mL), age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.065, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.052-1.079; p < 0.001), hypertension (OR: 3.489, 95% CI: 2.728-4.462; p < 0.001), type-2 diabetes (OR: 3.035, 95% CI: 2.296-4.01; p < 0.001), and dyslipidemia (OR: 2.039, 95% CI: 1.558-2.668; p < 0.001) were risk factors, and more than two positive responses to the questionnaire (OR: 0.886, 95% CI: 0.802-0.980; p = 0.018) were also a significant independent factor. A sports club membership during school years may affect future testosterone levels.

The Performative Outreach of Tifocracy: Ultras Winners

In recent years, performance art has transcended the traditional confines of the theater and expanded into new realms, unleashing the potential of diverse acts and actors. Among them are the ultras, a group of laypeople whose untrained yet powerful voices ring out in unison, shaking the walls of fear and inspiring awe. Their performances, whether in support or protest of their teams, have captured the hearts and minds of academics and politicians alike, drawing attention to the complex dynamics that govern their actions. In this paper, we explore the world of Ultras Winners, one of the leading groups supporting Wydad Athletic Club, shedding light on the motivations, methods, and meaning behind their performances. Through interviews and focus groups, we give the ultras the floor, allowing them to speak for themselves and others without censoring or silencing their voices. We argue that ultras represent a unique form of popular expression that is more representative of the people than some political bodies and that studying their performances offers valuable insights into the workings of power and resistance in contemporary society. By painting a vivid picture of the whole paraphernalia surrounding ultras, we aim to offer a fresh perspective on a phenomenon that has long captivated and mystified us.

What Are the Load and Wellness of Young Second-Team Football Players When Transitioning to the First Team? A Comparison of 2 Consecutive Preseasons.

To compare the load and wellness of second-team academy football players during a first-team preseason with those of first-team players and those of their previous second-team preseason. Athletic Club's first- (n = 10) and second-team (n = 9) players were prospectively followed during the 2019-20 first- and second-team and 2020-21 first-team preseasons. Weekly external and internal loads and average wellness z-scores (fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, stress, and mood) were compared between preseasons and teams. While training together during the 2020-21 preseason, second-team players performed more decelerations <-3m/s2 per week than first-team players (moderate effect size). For first-team players, there were only small differences between preseasons in external load, but session rating of perceived exertion was higher (moderate) and stress (moderate) and mood (large) z-scores were worse in 2020-21. For second-team players, more total distance (large), accelerations >3m/s2 (large), and decelerations <-3m/s2 (very large) were performed; total loading (moderate) and session rating of perceived exertion (moderate) were higher; and fatigue (very large) and stress (moderate) z-scores were worse during the 2020-21 first-team preseason compared to their previous second-team preseason. Players transitioning from the second team faced higher external and internal loads, fatigue, and stress during the first-team preseason compared to the previous second-team preseason. Player development and monitoring plans appear necessary to manage the transition from the academy to the first team.

An injury burden heat map of all men’s and women’s teams of a professional football club over a decade

ABSTRACT The aim was to present a descriptive 10-season summary of injury data from all teams of a professional football club using a heat map approach. Injuries and exposure time were registered according to the FIFA consensus in all men’s and women’s teams from Athletic Club over 10 seasons. A team-by-injury table was created, showing the incidence, median severity, and burden in each cell. Cells were coloured based on the injury burden value using a green – yellow–red gradient (lowest to highest). The highest overall injury burden was found in the women’s 2nd and 1st teams and the men’s U(under)17 team (>200 days lost/1000 h). Muscle injury burden demonstrated an increasing pattern with age. Knee joint/ligament injuries, particularly anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, had the highest impact on women’s teams, followed by the men’s 2nd team. In comparison, ankle joint/ligament injuries had a relatively low injury burden in most teams. Growth-related injuries were the most impactful injuries in the men’s U15 and younger teams, and the women’s U14 team. In conclusion, epidemiological data on injuries can inform and guide injury management processes. New and improved visualization methods might be important assets when presenting injury data to key decision-makers.

Secular trends in physical fitness and performance of university track and field athletes

There are only few records of physical fitness data for athletes. This study aimed to explore the secular trends in physical fitness data of student athletes and the relationship of fitness parameters with the results of intercollegiate sports competitions. We used the physical fitness data of male students belonging to the Juntendo University Athletics Club from 1999 to 2019. The analysed parameters were height, weight, chest circumference, skinfold thickness, grip strength, vertical jump, sidestep, and sit and reach test. The ekiden results were examined in relation to data on medium- and long-distance activities with reference to the ranking. The study results suggested no difference in the skinfold thickness of the upper extremity across the events, except for throwing events. Grip strength declined gradually in sprints, hurdles, and jumping events, while it was high in throwing events. Vertical jump records declined over time in all events and remained at low levels in middle- and long-distance events. Sidestep improved among males in the general population, while it remained the same among all athletes. A relationship was found between grip strength and vertical jump, which are indices of muscle strength and power, and competitive results obtained in middle- and long-distance races.

중등 체육교사의 직업적 삶에 대한 넋두리

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the patterns and traces of secondary Physical Education teachers" tough lives by reflecting on the causes, factors, and reasons for their grumbles in their professional life or daily life. For this purpose, the investigator conducted a qualitative case study with five Physical Education teachers currently teaching at a middle or high school in Gyeonggi Province. The findings were as follows. First, the factors of secondary Physical Education teachers" grumbles in their professional life derived from their human relations with people they interacted with in school all the time including students, parents, colleagues, administrators, and staff in the administration office. They also experienced grumbles over heavy workloads, unfairness, civil affairs, and athletic club work. In addition, they also had grumbles over the limitations of the barriers in reality, the rigidity of the teaching profession, and social perceptions and reputations. And secondly, secondary Physical Education teachers had grumbles in their professional life to establish a living foundation for their professional life through emotional appeals such as protesting, reflecting, protecting, comforting, recovering, wishing, and finding hope.