Athletic Club Research Articles

The Black Fives

135 Exhibition Review The Black Fives. New-York Historical Society. Claude Johnson, Curator. On view now through July 20, 2014. Reviewed by Debra Jackson, Independent Scholar Basketball fans who follow the game and its players can appreciate the fascination and allure of the multi-billion dollar industry, even its more offensive permutations. Although recently the sports community was stunned by the revelation of unsavory remarks made by Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling—and the subsequent censures imposed on Sterling by the National Basketball Association (NBA)—one can nevertheless detect a palpable taste for scandal fed by the exuberant media coverage of the sport and its personalities. Perhaps it is no surprise that racism surfaced in an organization that long claimed to have moved beyond its history . But the sports industry could hardly remain immune to society’s ills. This is just one of the reasons why this gem of an exhibition at the NewYork Historical Society, The Black Fives, is so provocative. The exhibition recounts the story of triumph over adversity, and recovers from an undeserved obscurity the exceptional individuals who created and promoted the all-black ball clubs; it tells the story of the exceptional athletes who overcame the reality of Jim Crow segregation in public sports, and who made the game what it is today. The Black Fives, developed by guest curator Claude Johnson, is well worth the investment of time needed to absorb the wealth of material included in each thoughtful display. The majority of the documents and artifacts come from Johnson’s personal collection and include photographs, souvenir programs, newspapers, vintage team uniforms, and several sound recordings. Collectively these items reveal how thoroughly basketball—and the business of promoting the game—was incorporated into the fabric of 136 ■ NEW YORK HISTORY black life during the era of The Black Fives (1904 to 1950). Once defined as a healthful activity that might diminish the morbid effects of residential overcrowding in urban communities, basketball grew in popularity during the first decade of the twentieth century. Black literary clubs, neighborhoods , churches, schools, and newspapers all formed basketball teams; early ball venues included church basements, ballrooms, and armories, demonstrating that the sport became an integral part of the African-American urban public sphere. Installed in the Historical Society’s intimate, second-floor gallery, the exhibition entrance greets visitors as they make their way up the stairs from the first floor. The gallery’s entrance is flanked by visual displays that prepare the visitor to step into the world of the early twentieth century; on the left projectors cast life-size images of some of the great hoopsters of the period, including Charles “Tarzan” Cooper of the New York Rens (1939) in team uniform, onto a large screen. On the right side of the entrance is an interactive display featuring a brief video which provides historical context for the exhibition. These installations prepare visitors for the first display of artifacts: flannel trunks, shoes, leather knee pads, and a life-size photographic image of Cumberland Posey, Jr.–one of the most gifted players of his time. This clever arrangement, illustrating what well-outfitted basketball players wore in the 1920s, captivates visitors and draws them into the world of the Black Fives. The gallery’s oblong shape is designed to suggest a diminutive basketball court, and the displays are organized chronologically around six themes: Early Basketball, Amateur Ideals, SemiPro Opportunities, Professionalism, Depression Era, and Racial Integration. The section devoted to the early period explores basketball’s origins. Invented at a Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Springfield, Massachusetts by James Naismith in 1891, the game quickly took hold and spread around the world. In the African American community, the organized participation of basketball began in 1904, when public school teacher Edwin Bancroft Henderson, known as the “Grandfather of Black Basketball,” incorporated the game into his gym classes in the Washington, D.C. public school system. The first black athletic club was also founded in 1904 in Harlem, as the Alpha Physical Culture Club. Other early clubs in New York City included the St. Christopher Club (the athletic branch of New York’s St. Philip’s Protestant Episcopal Church) and the Smart...

高校運動部活動における生徒の内発的動機づけ

The present study examines the effects of students’ perceptions of the student-coach relationship and their coaches’ feedback on students’ intrinsic motivation in high school athletic clubs. We administered questionnaires on 1,071 high school students (604 males, 467 females) belonging to school athletic clubs. The questionnaire probed the studentsʼ perceptions of the student-coach relationship, their coachsʼ feedback, and the studentsʼ intrinsic motivation. Analysis consisted of the following. First, items concerning the student-coach relationship were used to score closeness/trust; based on these scores, students were divided into groups of high and low levels of closeness/trust with their coaches. Next, analysis of factors in items regarding coaches’ feedback confirmed the following three factors: praise/encouragement, reproach, and absence of feedback.We also performed respective multiple regression analyses of the effects of coaches’ feedback on students’ intrinsic motivation for both groups.In the high closeness/trust group, praise/encouragement and reproach were shown to be positively correlated with intrinsic motivation, while in the low closeness/trust group, a positive correlation was shown only with praise/encouragement. Furthermore, we conducted path analysis to examine how the effects of coaches’ feedback on students’ intrinsic motivation are mediated by the student-coach relationship. This analysis showed that coaches’ feedback affects closeness/trust, which in turn affects intrinsic motivation.

The Rise of American High School Sports and the Search for Control, 1880–1930 by Robert Prouter (review)

Reviewed by: The Rise of American High School Sports and the Search for Control, 1880–1930 by Robert Prouter Jason Reid The Rise of American High School Sports and the Search for Control, 1880–1930. By Robert Prouter. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2013. [Erratum] Robert Prouter’s new book offers scholars a much-needed organizational history of high school athletics in the United States during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Prouter’s basic narrative is cut into three distinct eras. The first era, which encompasses the years 1880 to 1900, addresses the impromptu, student-run athletic programs that first emerged in the elite private schools of the Northeast. Prouter contends that although administrators at these schools approved these types of activities, officiating, facilities, and sponsorship were often provided by adult authorities outside the schools—most notably universities and private athletic clubs. Prouter then discusses the rise of athletic programs in public high schools between 1900 and 1920, paying special attention to how educators began to assume greater control over interscholastic sports due to fears of rowdyism, allegations of fraud, and a general belief that too great an emphasis on athletics was devaluing the overall educational experience. This was the era in which high school athletics were re-organized at the school level, the league level, and the state level. Universities and private athletics clubs still played a significant role in interscholastic sports during this period, but their influence was slowly being eroded as World War I neared. The final section of the book examines the emergence of high school athletics as a truly national phenomenon between 1920 and 1930. Prouter claims that the control and governance of interscholastic sports during the years leading up to the Great Depression were taken over by the National Federation of State High School Athletics Association, which effectively ended sponsorship from universities and private athletic clubs. [End Page 238] Prouter does an excellent job explaining how the organization of high school athletics was transformed between 1880 and 1930, while also discussing the extent to which class, race, and gender greatly affected this process. Nonetheless, Prouter’s work is problematic in at least two respects. For starters, his analysis dwells much too heavily on the Northeast and the Midwest, with particular emphasis on New York, Boston, and Chicago. This wouldn’t have been too much of a problem had Prouter positioned his research as a regional or sectional study rather than a national study, but without providing more analysis of athletic programs in, say, the Deep South or the Southwest, Prouter, in effect, leaves himself open to criticism. Similarly, Prouter’s perspective is muddied by the fact that students, the very people who were subjected to greater institutional control during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, do not have much of a voice in his work. Educators, media representatives, and business leaders are given their due, but one would be hard-pressed to understand how students responded to many of the sweeping changes that were enacted. Despite these concerns, Prouter’s book represents an excellent contribution to the study of high school athletics, offering intriguing arguments that will be of interest to a wide academic audience. Jason Reid Ryerson University, Canada Copyright © 2014 Mid-America American Studies Association

Postural Stability and Subsequent Sports Injuries during Indoor Season of Athletes.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to analyze stabilometry in athletes during an indoor season in order to determine whether injured athletes show different stabilometric values before injury than non-injured athletes in two different training periods (volume and pre-competition periods). [Subjects] The subjects were 51 athletes from Unicaja athletic club who trained regularly. [Methods] At the end of the preseason and volume periods, athletes were subjected to bipodal and monopodal stabilometry. In addition, all injuries happening in the periods after performing stabilometry (volume and pre-competition periods) were tracked. [Results] Variance analysis of bipodal stabilometric measurements taken at the end of the preseason period showed that athletes with higher values for the center-of-pressure spread variables suffered injuries during the volume period. The right-leg monopodal stabilometric measurements taken at the end of the volume period showed that athletes with higher values in the center-of-pressure position variables suffered injuries during the pre-competition period. [Conclusion] Athletes showing the worst values for center-of-pressure spread variables are more prone to sports injuries in the subsequent training period. In monopodal measurements, athletes with poorer mediolateral stability were more prone to injuries in the subsequent training period.

The Mechanism for Acceptability of Corporal Punishment in an Athletic Club

The Mechanism for Acceptability of Corporal Punishment in an Athletic Club

Prevalence and incidence rate of injuries in runners at a local athletic club in Cape Town

People across the world are running on a daily basis to improvetheir health status. However, running can predispose an individual to injuryto the back and lower limb. Baseline data on prevalence, incidence rate ofinjury and aetiological factors associated with running injuries are neededby physiotherapists to develop and implement effective prevention programmesto allow optimal performance in runners. Thus, the purpose of this study wasto determine the prevalence and incidence of injuries in runners at a localathletic club.Methods: A prospective, non-experimental cohort study was conductedover a 16 week period. A sample of 50 runners completed a self-administeredquestionnaire and an injury report form recording injuries sustained during the 16 week study period. Injury prevalence andcumulative incidence was calculated as a proportion rate along with 95% confidence interval.Results: The prevalence rate of injuries was 32%. The incidence rate of injuries was 0.67 per 1000km run (95% CI: 0.41- 1.08).The most common anatomical sites for new injuries were the calf (20%) and the knee (18%).Conclusions: The study found a moderate prevalence and incidence rate of injury in runners, thus the need for physiotherapyledinjury surveillance and prevention programmes have been highlighted.

America's ‘Mysterious “Training Tables”’: British Reactions and Amateur Hypocrisy

In 1895, athletes representing London Athletic Club were whitewashed by those of the New York Athletic Club. British reactions focused on the American commitment to coaching and the provision of funds to subsidize athletes, epitomized by the use of the ‘training table’ in clubs and colleges whereby selected men were provided with quality food in separate dining facilities. Later that year, the Amateur Athletic Union resolved that training tables should be abolished, but with little success. Critical comments appeared again in Britain in 1896 which suggested that British administrators insisted upon ‘purity’ while the ‘mysterious “training tables”’ in America enabled athletes to train and live in luxury at a club's expense. Following the 1900 Amateur Athletic Association Championships one reporter challenged the notion that American victories were due to physical or psychological superiority. They were the result of a scientific system of supervised practice and the institution of the training table, a key factor because it implied the abolition of the British distinction between amateurs and professionals. This paper explores these debates, drawing attention to some of the hypocrisy involved and to the gulf between the rhetoric and the application of amateurism in the field of performance sport.

Considering how athletic identity assists adjustment to spinal cord injury: a qualitative study

ObjectivesTo establish how sport, and access to an athletic identity, has been used when adjusting to a spinal cord injury. DesignQualitative study using semi-structured interviews. SettingPrivate athletic club. ParticipantsEight (six males and two females) athletes from a wheelchair badminton club participated in the study. The individuals had finished rehabilitation, and were aged between 20 and 50 years. Main outcome measuresA single semi-structured interview was undertaken with each participant. ResultsFollowing the thematic analysis, two final themes were presented: (1) adjustment and paradox of chronic illness; and (2) the role and value of an athletic identity. ConclusionsBadminton provided participants with an opportunity to continue and develop a positive athletic identity. Identity may be used as a factor that can promote recovery, and is considered as a way to encourage and maintain positive long-term adjustment to disability.

Quality of working life in the sub Iraqi sports federations of Basketball

The research aims to: - 1. constructing a measure of the quality of working life in the sub Iraqi sports federations of basketball from the perspective of administrative, training and refereeing staffs. 2. Identify the level of the dimensions of the quality of working life in the sub Iraqi sports federations of basketball from the perspective of administrative, training and refereeing staffs. Descriptive approach with survey style was used. Both construction and application samples included (102.48) members, of the administrative, training and refereeing staffs, representing (18) a sub-union basketball in all governorates of Iraq. For the data has been building a measure of the quality of working life and after the availability of its application. Conditions in which scientific, statistical data have been addressed through the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and simple correlation (t-Test) and Quitman equation and alpha Cornbrash coefficient. The researchers concluded The fallowing : 1. Achieving a scale for work life quality in sub-Iraqi athletic unions of basketball after fulfilling scientific conditions. 2.Administrative, training and arbitrational staffs in sub-Iraqi athletic unions of basketball live in positive levels of quality of work life and most dimensions are from ( medium- To high ) . 3.In fervor of allowances, in centimes and bonuses which is produced from sub- Iraqi athletic unions of basketball workers arbitrary . They recommended a number of recommendations including: 1. Adopting the scale prepared by the researcher in measuring work life quality in sport clubs, youth forums, central and sub-Iraqi athletic clubs in the remaining games after adapting it according to their work requirements. 2. The administrations of the sub-Iraqi athletic unions of basketball should improve that they were responsible for ensuring the different aspects of work life quality and continually it for the whole staffs working within as it has positive remarks varies between environmental, organizational, personal . 3. The necessity for designing a system for allowances, incentives and bonuses based on objective foundations followed by determined of time to receipts these fees to this system which can meet the material and the immaterial needs of the referees whom work in sub-Iraqi athletic unions of basketball.

The relationships between teachers' leadership of discipline and captains’ leadership regulating athletic club members’ adjustment to clubs and solidarity of clubs

The relationships between teachers' leadership of discipline and captains’ leadership regulating athletic club members’ adjustment to clubs and solidarity of clubs

Nikkei Baseball: Japanese American Players from Immigration and Internment to the Major Leagues by Samuel O. Regalado (review)

Reviewed by: Nikkei Baseball: Japanese American Players from Immigration and Internment to the Major Leagues by Samuel O. Regalado Robert A. Moss Samuel O. Regalado. Nikkei Baseball: Japanese American Players from Immigration and Internment to the Major Leagues. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013. 208pp. Paper, $25. In Nikkei Baseball, Samuel Regalado, professor of history at California State University–Stanislaus, offers a cultural and social history of Japanese immigration and acclimatization in the United States, as refracted through the prism of Japanese American (or Nikkei) baseball. His chronology stretches from the Meiji restoration in Japan in 1870 to the imported Japanese major-league players and their Nikkei counterparts of the late twentieth century and early 2000s. In between, we get a bird’s-eye view of Nikkei baseball as it developed in the cities and towns of the western United States: Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Stockton, Sacramento, Portland, and Fresno. Nikkei Baseball is highly detailed; its relatively short text is buttressed by 44 pages of notes, sources, bibliography, and index. It ably charts the growth of Japanese American baseball from the first all-amateur Nikkei team in San Francisco in 1903, through the development of regional Nikkei tournaments, which recapitulated the growth of baseball in nineteenth-century America, to the formation of Nikkei leagues in the 1920s. Regalado posits that during the Meiji restoration in Japan, the feudal Samurai code of bushido melded with Western ideas of competitiveness and modernity, so as to reorder Japanese society while preserving Japanese traditions and identity. Baseball, introduced to Japan in 1872 by Horace Wilson, an educational reformer hired by the government, came to be viewed as an accompaniment of patriotism, industrial productivity, team play, and modernization. In 1878, Hiroshi Hiraoka, an engineer who had observed baseball in the United States, organized the first team in Japan, the Shimbashi Athletic Club. By 1890, Japanese universities were fielding nines, and in 1905 the Waseda University team toured the US, playing college teams in Washington, Oregon, and California. When the Issei (first generation) Japanese immigrants came to America, [End Page 151] they brought baseball with them, and the generational aspect of baseball connected them with their children, the Nisei. To the Issei, the game “nourished traditional virtues of loyalty, honor, and courage” (52). In turn, the Nisei developed leagues and tournaments. By 1926, the Southern California Japanese Baseball League had formed, centered around the large Nikkei community of Los Angeles. In the Fresno area, Kenichi Zenimura organized a league of ten teams. Games were also played with Mexican American, Negro league, and Pacific Coast League teams. Trumpeted by the Japanese American press, sports—especially baseball—were seen as a bridge to assimilation and an escape from discrimination. In the absence of permitted advance in other spheres, baseball provided an outlet. The LA Nippons barnstormed Japan in 1931, compiling a record of 20–5, and the Tokyo Giants visited Los Angeles to play the Nippons in 1935 and 1936. The Nikkei experience mirrored similar pathways followed by other immigrant groups, for example, Jews and Italians. Regalado also devotes considerable attention to the emergence of talented Japanese teams in Hawaii. By 1920, an all Japanese American baseball league was in operation there, and the first Nikkei major leaguers came from Hawaii. Nevertheless, Nikkei baseball remained a mostly segregated game through 1941, when Pearl Harbor ended an era. The “bridge” to assimilation had failed; the Nikkei were considered a nation apart. In February 1942, President Roosevelt signed the relocation order affecting all Japanese Americans on the west coast, moving them first into evacuation centers and then into relocation camps, “places where nobody had lived before and no one has lived since” (102). In these dire circumstances, all sports, especially “barbed-wire baseball,” provided a virtual escape. Despite a shortage of equipment, and rude diamonds scraped from unforgiving surroundings, evacuee teams were in action by mid-1943. “To the evacuees, sport was not an ‘innocuous aspect of life;’ it was an essential component to their mental and emotional survival in the camps” (105). At the Jerome camp in southeastern Arkansas, population 8,500, games drew 2,000-4,000 spectators. By 1944, the War Relocation Authority had authorized intercamp...

Ecological factors influencing HIV sexual risk and resilience among young people in rural Kenya: implications for prevention

Most new HIV infections in Kenya occur among young people. The purpose of this study was to understand ecological factors that influence HIV-related sexual risk and resilience among young people in rural Kenya and to elicit their ideas for HIV prevention interventions. Nine focus groups (N = 199) were conducted with both female (55%) and male (45%) participants (ages 14-24 years) living in rural communities in Kenya. Findings were organized into thematic areas related to the following systems of influence: (i) intrapersonal (substance use, HIV knowledge), (ii) interpersonal (peer pressure, lack of parent-child communication, interpersonal sexual violence), (iii) institutional/community (pornography, transactional sex, 'idleness', lack of role models) and (iv) socio-cultural/policy (Kikuyu culture, Western influence, religious beliefs, HIV-related stigma and gendered sexual scripts). Results regarding the types of HIV prevention programs that participants believed should be developed for young people in rural Kenya revealed seven primary themes, including (i) HIV prevention community/group workshops, (ii) condom distribution, (iii) job skills trainings, (iv) athletic and social clubs, (v) HIV-related stigma reduction campaigns, (vi) community-wide demonstrations and (vii) other HIV/AIDS activities led by young people. Implications for the development of culturally and developmentally appropriate HIV prevention interventions for young people in rural Kenya are discussed.

Bilbao Catch-22: passions and double binds in soccer madness

Through a specific example, this article argues that at the heart of soccer fandom, there are Catch-22 double binds that prevent fans from abandoning their team despite potential physical or psychological violence. The ethnographic locus of my discussion is the Basque Athletic Club of Bilbao in the Spanish Liga. The club's identity rests on two pillars: during its 100 plus years, (1) it has never descended to the second division and (2) it has played with local Basque players only. The localist, ethnicized philosophy of recruitment, I argue, is not only a source of enjoyment, but also of suffering and anxiety: in 2006/2007, the Club was one game away from descending to the second division. This article explores how Athletic fans engaged psychological violence imposed by the double binds of their club's identity. It concludes that its Catch-22s reveal a most important dimension of soccer fandom.

Effect of a Low Energy Food Combining Versus Caloric Restriction Diet on Change in Body Weight among Overweight and Obese Indonesian Adults

Author(s): M.P. McCarthy, T. Cullen, M. Lasarev, J. Barry, D. Stadler; Food and Nutrition Serv, Oregon Hlth. & Sci. Univ., Portland, OR, Multnomah Athletic Club, Portland, OR, Dept of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Hlth. & Sci. Univ., Portland, OR, Div of Urology and Abdominal Organ Transplantation, Oregon Hlth. & Sci. Univ., Portland, OR, Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, Oregon Hlth. & Sci. Univ., Portland, OR

The Enduring Legacy of the Detroit Athletic Club: Driving the Motor City by Ken Voyles and Mary Rodrique (review)

The Enduring Legacy of the Detroit Athletic Club: Driving the Motor City by Ken Voyles and Mary Rodrique (review)

<b>運動部活動及び学校生活場面における心理的スキルと </b><b>生徒の競技能力及び精神的回復力との関係 </b>

<b>運動部活動及び学校生活場面における心理的スキルと </b><b>生徒の競技能力及び精神的回復力との関係 </b>

Injuries in elite athletes in the Olympic period from 2008 to 2012

Research related to injuries of elite athletes is very demanding in comparison to research on injuries in team sports, and therefore, there are a lot fewer resources and data on injuries in track and field sports than in other sports. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The research included 78 athletes who were the members of junior and senior national track and field team of Serbia (34 women and 44 men), aged 15 to 32 years. The research was conducted in the official training camp for the national selection in Bar (Montenegro) by using a non-standardized survey research technique, an anonymous questionnaire. Out of the total number, 59 athletes reported incidence of injury and 19 athletes were without injury over the four-year cycle. The majority of injuries were reported on the lower extremities, i.e. in 90.8% (n=158), the upper leg and the hamstring muscle having been injured in 99 cases (56.9%) and 61 cases (35.05%), respectively. The most common type of injuries were strains (n=74; 42.5%), followed by partial ruptures (n=30, 16.3%) and distortion (n=25; 14.4%). The most frequent diagnosis was hamstring strain (n=37; 21.3%). Inadequate procedures related to the extent and intensity of training, without prevention of injury, often lead to injuries in athletes. It is necessary to carry out continuous educational training, especially for coaches, whose effects should be reflected in the introduction of new knowledge and scientific achievements in the field of biomechanics, training technology, prevention and cure in the field of sports medicine. It is also very important to achieve adequate and constant cooperation between sports physicians and athletic clubs.

Role of Seniors and Coach on Acquisition of Life Skills by Juniors in Athletic Clubs

Role of Seniors and Coach on Acquisition of Life Skills by Juniors in Athletic Clubs

Differences between the students and athletes-juniors in certain motor capabilities

Motor skills are an essential segment of the anthropological premises of man and are often the subject of scientific research. Due to their complex structure is very often in studies of this segment have a different approach in defining a model that will serve as the basis for the selection and definition of manifest variables. Usually there is a phenomenological approach, but not rare studies that are based on a functional model of motor skills. This paper analyzes the area of motor skills of the population of students and athletes, youth ages with the aim of determining the difference in the space of the mechanism of central regulation. The study included 90 students who were involved in various sports teams and 90 athletes from four athletic club. Measured is 12 manifest variables from the space motor mechanism of central regulation. In analyzing the data, using t-test and canonical discriminant analysis were obtained statistically significant results (p<0.01) that explain the differences among the respondents. The seven variables pupils have achieved a better result, and the four variables, the difference is statistically significant. The only variable MISP, MSPA, MSPOO, MFLA synergistic regulation of space and tone and variable room MKOP of structuring movements are not recorded statistically significant differences. Athletes have been better in tests of flexibility, MDPK, MSRAS which are very important in racing and high jump events.

Relationship between Experiences in a High School Athletic Club and Resilience

Relationship between Experiences in a High School Athletic Club and Resilience