Athletes Of Various Sports Research Articles

Correlations between one-repetition maximum weights of different back squat depths

BACKGROUND: Although squat depth determines the weight that can be lifted while squatting, it is unclear whether the one-repetition maximum (1RM) at one squat depth can be used to estimate the 1RM at another squat depth. OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlations between 1RM weights at different back squat (BSQ) depths in frequently trained male collegiate athletes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 26 male collegiate athletes. Body composition, lower extremity length, and 1RM of BSQ were measured. 1RM of BSQ was measured at three positions (quarter, half and parallel positions), defined as 45 degrees of knee flexion (quarter, Q-SQ), 90 degrees of knee flexion (half, H-SQ), and femur parallel to the ground (parallel, P-SQ), respectively. All testing was conducted by a certified strength and conditioning specialist. Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman’s rank correlation were used to examine the correlation between 1RM at each squat depth. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between 1RM in the H-SQ and P-SQ positions (p< 0.001, r= 0.725, R2= 0.526, y= 1.0728x+ 24.641), but no significant correlation between 1RM of Q-SQ and P-SQ, and 1RM of Q-SQ and H-SQ. There were significant correlations between the 1RM/BW of Q-SQ and height (p= 0.001, r= 0.594), and with the length of the lower extremities (p= 0.002, r= 0.586). CONCLUSIONS: Mutual estimation of the 1RM of H-SQ or P-SQ from the 1RM of the other squat position is possible. Estimation of the 1RM of Q-SQ from the 1RM of H-SQ or P-SQ is, however, difficult, and must be measured separately. Future studies should be conducted with larger sample sizes, in athletes of various sports, and in females.

IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF PHYSICAL THERAPY IN ATHLETES WITH INJURIES OF THE KNEE JOINT CONNECTIVE APPARATUS

Description and results of the action developed programs of kinesiotherapy with a combination of kinesiotape to restore impaired locomotor functions of the knee joint and the possibility of continuation playing sports after arthroscopic operations for damage to the ligamentous apparatus.
 Injuries of the musculoskeletal system (MS) are quite common, especially in athletes. According to statistics, up to 50-70% of all ORA injuries occur in the knee joint. Most often, this type of injury is received by athletes, representatives of complex coordination sports and martial arts. Among injuries to the knee joint, injuries to the ligaments, which later cause post-traumatic instability, take second place after damage to the menisci.
 35 patients with injuries of the ligamentous apparatus of the CS (12 women and 23 men) who underwent arthroscopic surgery took part in our study. The patients were active athletes in various sports, in particular game sports. Patients were divided into two groups (the main group and the comparison group) depending on the kind of restorative treatment program. The main group included 23 people whose average age was (24.3±3.0) years. Patients of this group received a rehabilitation program in the conditions of an educational and scientific center Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy of PNU named after Vasyl Stefanyk. The comparison group (CP) consisted of 12 people, the average age of which was (23.8±3.1) years, who underwent rehabilitation in the polyclinic department of the 1st city polyclinic.
 The individual program of physical therapy for OG patients included kinesiotherapy and massage muscles of the lower limb, physiotherapeutic procedures and the use of kinesiotape. Kinesiotherapy included therapeutic gymnastics of independent classes, massage for the prevention of contracture of the CS and atrophy of the thigh muscles. Various types of massage were used - classic manual massage with passive movements in the joints, self-massage and hydro massage. Physiotherapy procedures were aimed at reducing swelling and pain, preventing the development of the inflammatory process. Patients were prescribed electrophoresis of painkillers, UV irradiation, and UHF or laser therapy, applications of ozokerite or paraffin. These procedures contribute to the stimulation of lymph and blood circulation, trophic processes in the joints, increasing the amplitude of movements and restoring the strength of the muscles of the limb.
 In order to objectify the results of the restorative treatment, the functional ability of the lower limb was assessed using the Lovett muscle test (six-point assessment of muscle strength), the amplitude of movements in the knee joint (goniometry) and the visual analog pain scale (VAS) on the 14th day, 1.5 months, 3 and 5 months after the operation. This part of the study showed the advantages of the developed rehabilitation program using elements of kinesiotaping, as only a few patients with functional disorders were found in OG while in the comparison group their number was up to 20%. Improvement of joint function and normalization of muscle strength and goniometry indicators occurred earlier in OG patients by 2 weeks, compared to patients who underwent restorative treatment according to the traditional method of the city polyclinic.
 A special place in the assessment of results is given to determining the quality of life using the SF-36 questionnaire. The dynamics of quality of life indicators showed a gradual and likely improvement of all components of quality of life at the entire stage of post-hospital rehabilitation. We proved that the proposed rehabilitation program is more effective compared to the traditional methods of restorative treatment of a medical institution and allows achieving better results in restoring the functions of the knee joint in the shortest possible time after the injury and can be recommended for wide use.

Somatotypological characteristics of athletes of various sports

Objective: currently, many researchers are evaluating the morphological parameters of athletes in order to determine the morphofunctional status, which is only a small part of a comprehensive survey devoted, for example, to assessing nutrition or sports achievements. However, the primary task of sports morphology remains the search for “preferred” or “reference” somatotypes characteristic of a particular sport, since the key to sports success is not only the most effective fitness and endurance, but also the morphological status characteristic of a particular sport (anthropometric indicators, body composition and somatotypological profile).Purpose of the study: to summarize the data available to date, based on the results of original studies related to sports somatotypology.Materials and methods: to solve the tasks set, an analysis of the scientific and methodological literature devoted to the somatotypological characteristics of athletes of various groups and sports was used. 29 literature sources were analyzed, the data of literary (15) and own (14) studies on the problem of sports somatotypology were summarized.Results: the summary tables contain the somatotypological characteristics of athletes according to the time periods of work on determining the somatotypological profile of athletes. Table 1 presents the results of examinations by Mrtirosov Eduard Georgievich, a leading specialist in the field of functional and sports morphology, whose research dates back to the 1980s — 2000s. Table 2 contains a few results of studies conducted over the past 10 years, in which, as in the studies of Martirosov E.G., emphasis was placed on an integrated approach to assessing the physical development of athletes. Table 3 shows the result of studies carried out as part of the work of the Laboratory of Sports Anthropology and Nutrition (since January 2022 — the Laboratory of Anthroponutriology and Sports Nutrition) of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology" from 2018 to 2021, affecting some groups of sports, with the aim of determining the dynamics of the components of the somatotype of athletes depending on gender, age, sport, weight category, as well as playing roles.

Signs of low energy availability in elite male volleyball athletes but no association with risk of bone stress injury and patellar tendinopathy

ABSTRACT Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) syndrome is associated with undesirable health and performance outcomes. The aetiology of RED-S syndrome is low energy availability (LEA). LEA has been reported in male athletes in various sports, but there is little information in team sports. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess the point-prevalence of surrogate markers of LEA in elite male volleyball players and examine the association between low and normal total-testosterone (TES) on endocrine markers, resting metabolic rate, bone mineral density (BMD), and history of injury/illness. Using a cross-sectional design, 22 elite male volleyball players underwent anthropometric, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) and resting metabolic rate testing, bloodwork, dietary analysis, the three-factor eating questionnaire–R18, injury/illness questionnaire and Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment – patellar tendon questionnaire. The primary finding of this investigation was that 36% of athletes had ≥2 surrogate markers of LEA. Although fasted insulin was lower and cortisol was higher in players with low-total TES, low BMD, low RMR and various other endocrine markers linked to LEA were not observed. More research is required to define surrogate markers of LEA in male athletes. HIGHLIGHTS Thirty-six percent of volleyball players had ≥2 surrogate markers of LEA. The Cunningham, 1991 predictive RMR equation and/or the cut-off point (<0.9) may be unsuitable for detecting energy conservation associated with LEA in large male athletes. There was no association between total-TES and risk of bone stress injury, illness and patellar tendinopathy.

MODERN METHODS OF FITNESSTRAINING FOR IMPROVING THEPHYSICAL FITNESS OF QUALIFIEDATHLETES IN SPORTS AEROBICS

Recently, in the training methodology of qualified athletes in various sports, more and more attention is paid to the organization of the training process to attract innovative methods of physical training, functional and conditioned training technologies borrowed from wellness fitness training have begun to be widely used. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the feasibility of using innovative fitness training methods to improve the special physical fitness of qualified athletes in sports aerobics. Materials and methods. The study involved 24 athletes of the Ukrainian national team aged 18-26 years. Qualification of athletes: 5-Masters of sports of international class, the rest – Masters of sports of Ukraine. Indicators of physical fitness of the study participants were recorded. Results. Indicators of physical fitness of female athletes under the influence of modern methods of physical training are determined: TRX, HIIT, Functional Step, Tabata, 6DSliding, MAX. It is confirmed that the selected methods meet the main requirements for competitive activities in sports aerobics. The effectiveness of using innovative fitness training techniques in the construction of the training process for physical training of qualified athletes is proved. In a cross-sectional experiment, their influence and effectiveness were tested, and the main hypothesis of the study was confirmed. Conclusion. Both experimental blocks of innovative fitness training techniques have fully confirmed their effectiveness. The expediency of their use in the program of physical training of qualified athletes in sports aerobics during the preparatory periods of the annual training cycle has been experimentally proved.

Application of alacrity as a means to improve athlete’s agility

Agility and speed are two important factors that determine the performance of athletes in various sports. Currently, agility and speed measurements still rely on the use of a stopwatch and human response speed. Although this method has been used in various sports settings for many years. There are several underlying problems, including low levels of accuracy and consistency, the potential for trainer or assessor fatigue, timeconsuming data processing, and the need for proper agility measurement tools. By considering the problems from this background, this study aims to present the development of a touchless sensor-based agility and speed measurement tool that can help improve accuracy, consistency, and efficiency in measuring athlete agility and speed, namely “The Alacrity”. With this tool, athletes are expected to be able to plan appropriate training programs to improve their performance and process data manually because the results are presented in a special Windows application and can be viewed in real-time.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTORIC ACTIVITY AND FOCUS OF ATTENTION OF STUDENT ATHLETES WITH DIFFERENT INVOLVEMENT IN COMPUTER GAMES.

The aim: To investigate the prevalence of computer games among student athletes and the impact of computer game addiction on their lifestyle and cognitive functions. Materials and methods: 125 students (age 17 to 26) took part in the study. Students were divided into groups: e-sportsmen (12 people), who have played for an average of 4,592 hours; athletes of various sports (31 people), who are fond of computer games; athletes (82 people), who do not play computer games. A lifestyle questionnaire and attention research methods based on Landolt rings (E. Landolt) were used. Results: We did not set the task of finding reliable differences between groups, but to find out general tendencies. Athletes, who indicated, that they are fond of computer games, show a lower level of weekly motoric activity compared to athletes, who are not fond of computer games. Cyber-sportsmen demonstrated insufficient physical activity in order to maintain physical fitness and a healthy lifestyle, 17% of cyber-sportsmen did not have any physical activity, that lasted for half an hour or more at any time of the week. Cyber-athletes showed a general tendency towards worsening of indicators of quality of life (sleep duration, insomnia, headaches), deterioration of attention, if compared to the athletes of other sports. Conclusions: Studies have shown that students, who combine computer games with a sufficient amount of motoric activity, have a tendency to better con-centration of attention. Studies of the necessary parameters of motoric activity and the alternation of mental, physical activity and rest for e-athletes should be prospective.

Inequalities in the Evaluation of Male Versus Female Athletes in Sports Medicine Research: A Systematic Review

Background: Female sports participation continues to rise; however, inequalities between male and female athletes still exist in many areas and may extend into medical research. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) compare the number of published studies evaluating male versus female athletes in various sports and (2) identify which co-ed sports currently underrepresent female athletes in the sports medicine literature. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All nonreview research studies published from 2017 to 2021 in 6 top sports medicine journals were considered for inclusion. Sports medicine studies were included that isolated athletes, reported study outcomes specific to male and/or female patients, provided study outcomes for specific sports, and evaluated ≤3 different sports. The total number of studies reporting on male and/or female athletes were compared for all sports, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Comparisons of study design, level of sports participation, outcomes assessed, and study quality were also made according to participant sex. Results: Overall, 669 studies were included the systematic review. Most studies isolated male athletes (70.7%), while 8.8% isolated female athletes and 20.5% included male and female athletes. Female athletes were more frequently studied in softball and volleyball, while male athletes were more commonly researched in baseball, soccer, American football, basketball, rugby, hockey, and Australian football. Notably, male athletes were largely favored in baseball/softball (91% vs 5%; OR = 18.2), rugby (72% vs 5%; OR = 14.4), soccer (65% vs 15%; OR = 4.3), and basketball (58% vs 18%; OR = 3.2). Conclusion: Sports medicine research has favored the evaluation of male athletes in most sports, including the majority of co-ed sports. Potential reasons for this inequality of research evaluation include availability of public data and database data, financial and promotional incentives, a high percentage of male sports medicine clinicians and researchers, and sex biases in sport. While the causes of these differences are multifaceted, researchers should consider both sexes for study inclusion whenever possible, and journals should support a more balanced representation of research publications regarding male and female athletes.

Implementation of the concept of healthy food in restaurants

Food refers to the most important factors of the environment, which directly affect the human body throughout life. Proper nutrition is an important part of a balanced diet. The regime provides regular meals at certain hours at certain intervals, as well as the distribution of the daily diet by energy value during the day. Adherence to the diet ensures the rhythmic functioning of the digestive system, normal digestion and proper metabolism. The food ration should be composed so that its energy value covers the body's energy expenditure. The organization of a balanced diet is one of the most important factors in maintaining good health and improving efficiency. The diet should be composed so that its energy value covers the body's energy expenditure.&#x0D; Promising in this regard is the introduction of the concept of healthy eating in the daily diet of athletes in various sports. After all, the trends of modern healthy eating show a growing interest among athletes in various sports.&#x0D; The aim of research is to introduce the concept of healthy eating in sports and recreation and restaurants.&#x0D; The following research methods were used in the work: observation analysis (diet), organoleptic evaluation, statistical data processing, consumer evaluation of finished restaurant products according to DSTU.&#x0D; To fulfill our tasks of theoretical generalizations and experimental research, scientifically substantiated the introduction of the concept of healthy eating in the diets, as well as balanced the ingredient composition of the diet by developing and adding chopped semi-finished products using beef and raw materials.&#x0D; In our work let’s offer an innovative model for the use of meatballs for health purposes in the diets of athletes with playing sports

The Role of Ancient Sports and Zurkhaneh in Ethical Promoting and Religious Virtues

ABSTRACT The roots of ‘ancient sport’, or Zurkhaneh, as its name implies, go back to ancient Iran and the rituals of Mithraism, in which believers pray and learn morality and humanity in cave-shape temples built in connection with running water. After the advent of Islam and the fall of the ancient religions, temples gave way to Zurkhanehs, and athletes who, while learning moral teachings, cultivated physical strength to resist external enemy forces and internal oppression, grown in those Zurkhanehs. With a tendency to Sufism, Shi`ism and following the first Imam of the Shiites, athletes became heroes and knights, many of whom today, after hundreds of years, are still the cultural myths of the people of Iran. The ancient sports such as wrestling are a symbol of human and moral virtues, the promotion of which can lead to the growth and development of the moral beauty and chivalry culture among all athletes in various sports and lead to institutionalize characteristics of heroism and magnanimity in society. Ancient sports exercising tools, art and architecture of Zurkhaneh, poems, rituals and personalities form the nature of Zurkhaneh and ancient sports have a great impact on the formation of heroic identity and the way to perform the sport movements with the special instruments of Zurkhaneh, which is accompanied by epic and religious poems. In fact, Zurkhaneh instruments, the type of poems that are recited and the existence of epic and religious patterns complement each other. This process increases the effect of Zurkhaneh on the formation of athletic and heroic identity among sportsmen. As such, it will be suggested that Zurkhareh offers an ethical ideal from which globalized Western sport can learn.

Factors Determining the Choice of Healthy Diet by Kazakh Athletes of Various Sports

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 40-60% of human health depends on a lifestyle in which 25-30% is devoted to a rational diet. Therefore, by meeting physiological needs in accordance with a rational diet, athletes can adapt more quickly to the applied physical load and achieve better sport results. The aim of the study was to describe and compare the factors that determine the healthy diet of athletes of various sports. The study, which aimed to assess the factors determining healthy diet, involved 157 students of physical educa- tion and sports studies from the University of Almaty. Respondents were divided into 3 groups - sports games (volleyball, football, basketball, tennis) (n=85), endurance sports (long distance running, skiing, road cycling, triathlon (n=22), and combat sports (wrestling, judo, karate, boxing) (n=50). The questionnaire by Steptoe et al. (1995) was employed to establish the opinion of the investigated subjects on the factors that determine healthy and rational dietary choices of student athletes. Our research has shown that among the factors that determine the healthy diet of athletes of various sports, the main ones are health, the character of the chosen sport, and the athlete’s body composition. Factors such as current trends, the popularity of the food consumed, and the influence of family and friends are less important. The athletes we studied noted their efforts to eat and live healthy, most of them were satisfied with their health and their body mass. A greater variety in respondents’ responses was observed when assessing the composition of food supplements, the impact of discount special offers on product selection. The responses received on adherence to the diet indicate that the athletes studied do not always observe the correct diet

Distal fibula fractures in professional athletes: carbon plate fixation and accelerated rehabilitation protocol can improve return to play

Objective. The purpose of this preliminary study is to investigate whether the use of a carbon plate fixation system for distal fibula fracture, applied to an intensive rehabilitation protocol, is a good method to accelerate the return to play of professional athletes. Methods. This is a longitudinal case series with 6 months of total follow-up. Athletes of various sports, each with a minimum Tegner’s activity score of 7, who underwent fibular ORIF with carbon fiber plates in our institute for Weber B fracture were considered. The primary outcomes were: return to play (RTP) at the previous level, radiological union, and the complication rate (nonunion, hardware failure, and infection). Secondary outcomes were the AOFAS score, VAS on everyday activities and VAS after sport tested at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Results. Considering primary outcomes, the mean RTP measured was 75.64 days ± 10.96; for the union rate 3 patients satisfied union criteria at 1 month follow-up, 7 at 2 months, and 4 at 3 months. No complication occurred during follow-up. Conclusions. The improved elastic compatibility of the carbon plate, with respect to the bone, allows for an “extended” safety zone to accelerate the patient’s rehabilitation and return to a pre-injury athletic level.

КОНТРОЛЬ ЧАСТОТЫ СЕРДЕЧНЫХ СОКРАЩЕНИЙ У ПРЫГУНОВ ЧЕРЕЗ НАРТЫ

The article presents a study on the control and dynamics of heart rate in athletes involved in sled jumping. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that athletes of various levels were controlled. Many researchers study the physiological processes of athletes in various sports, but the reaction of an athlete’s body to jumping over sleds still remains unexplored. The purpose of the study: control and dynamics of heart rate in athletes of different qualifications. Materials and methods. The study was carried out using a Polar FT80 heart rate monitor. The study involved athletes of various skill levels from dischargers to the master of sports of the Russian Federation. Results. Indicators of the dynamics of heart rate of athletes of different skill levels have significant differences and features. The average heart rate in athletes of the masters of sports of the Russian Federation and candidates for the master of sports increased sharply until the fortieth jump over the sled, then stabilized. A significant increase in heart rate from the moment the jumps began and at the end of the first 20 sledges was observed in athletes under the numbers of the dischargers. Conclusion. The indicators of heart rate in the process of performing sled jumps in athletes of different sports qualifications were revealed. The heart rate range is determined in the value of 170-190 beats / min, at which it is possible to overcome the largest number of sleds.

The Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on Strength and Resistance Training Performance: A Systematic Review

High carbohydrate intakes are commonly recommended for athletes of various sports, including strength trainees, to optimize performance. However, the effect of carbohydrate intake on strength training performance has not been systematically analyzed. A systematic literature search was conducted for trials that manipulated carbohydrate intake, including supplements, and measured strength, resistance training or power either acutely or after a diet and strength training program. Studies were categorized as either (1) acute supplementation, (2) exercise-induced glycogen depletion with subsequent carbohydrate manipulation, (3) short-term (2–7 days) carbohydrate manipulation or (4) changes in performance after longer-term diet manipulation and strength training. Forty-nine studies were included: 19 acute, six glycogen depletion, seven short-term and 17 long-term studies. Participants were strength trainees or athletes (39 studies), recreationally active (six studies) or untrained (four studies). Acutely, higher carbohydrate intake did not improve performance in 13 studies and enhanced performance in six studies, primarily in those with fasted control groups and workouts with over 10 sets per muscle group. One study found that a carbohydrate meal improved performance compared to water but not in comparison to a sensory-matched placebo breakfast. There was no evidence of a dose-response effect. After glycogen depletion, carbohydrate supplementation improved performance in three studies compared to placebo, in particular during bi-daily workouts, but not in research with isocaloric controls. None of the seven short-term studies found beneficial effects of carbohydrate manipulation. Longer-term changes in performance were not influenced by carbohydrate intake in 15 studies; one study favored the higher- and one the lower-carbohydrate condition. Carbohydrate intake per se is unlikely to strength training performance in a fed state in workouts consisting of up to 10 sets per muscle group. Performance during higher volumes may benefit from carbohydrates, but more studies with isocaloric control groups, sensory-matched placebos and locally measured glycogen depletion are needed.

High Number of Medical Conditions Detected in Elite Athlete Periodic Health Evaluations, But Only Mild Consequences.

To evaluate the number of medical conditions detected by periodic health evaluations (PHEs) in elite athletes, and their consequences for management and medical clearance. Retrospective design. Elite athletes of various sports in a high-performance program in The Netherlands, in the period between 2009 and 2020. The PHEs consisted of a questionnaire, general and musculoskeletal physical examination, laboratory blood test, electrocardiogram, pulmonary function testing, and (cardiopulmonary) exercise test. We extracted and analyzed the medical conditions that led to advice, clinical follow-up, further diagnostic investigation or treatment, and the medical clearance status of the athlete (clearance, temporarily no clearance, or permanently no clearance). We included 721 PHEs of 451 elite athletes. We found 1389 medical conditions that led to advice (n = 923, 66%), clinical follow-up (n = 124, 9%), further diagnostic investigation (n = 190, 14%), treatment (n = 132, 10%), or sports restriction (n = 20, 1%). Only 20 cases (3%) led to temporarily no medical clearance. After further investigation or treatment, no permanent sports restriction was imposed on any of the athletes. We found a high number of medical conditions detected with a PHE in elite athletes. However, the vast majority of detected conditions were mild, with consequences limited to preventive advice and follow-up. The yield of PHE to detect (potentially) severe pathological conditions seems low. Clinical relevance of PHE in elite athletes and potential future health benefits remain unclear.

Психофизиологические характеристики времени реакции высококвалифицированных спортсменов с ограниченными возможностями здоровья

The aim of the research is to study the psychophysiological features of reaction time in Paralympic athletes of various sports. Athletes of the Russian national teams in curling, wheelchair curling, Musculoskeletal disorders taekwondo, orienteering (deaf sports), football (deaf sports) were determined indicators of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions, as well as their sensory and motor components. The results of the study revealed the best indicators of visual motor reactions in athletes with disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which practically do not differ from healthy ones. The worst response values are observed in athletes with impaired sensory sphere, that is, those involved in sports in the category “sports of the deaf”. The best (smallest) values of the motor component of the reaction time, even in comparison with healthy athletes, were found in athletes involved in orienteering (deaf sports), which can be considered as a compensatory mechanism formed in response to impaired sensory functions. The data obtained can be used to assess the psychological and psychophysiological readiness in the programs of scientific and methodical support for athletes with disabilities.

Features of coping behavior in injured athletes

Coping behavior plays a significant role in the recovery of an injured athlete. Identifying the features of coping behavior can make an invaluable contribution to the development of such a problem as the psychological rehabilitation of an athlete. The objective of this study was to examine the features of coping behavior of injured athletes. The study sample consisted of 279 professional athletes of various sports, who, for the purposes of the study, filled out the following questionnaires: a balanced scale of life satisfaction (basic needs) and a scale of emotional state of E.Diener and a COPE questionnaire designed to measure situational coping strategies and dispositional styles. Depending on the gender, the classification of the sport, the number and severity of injuries, the athlete gravitates towards different coping strategies. We have found a link between the general well-being of the injured athlete and coping strategies such as positive reformulation, emotional focus, and humor. Based on the results of the one-way analysis of variance, we partially confirmed our hypothesis that there are differences in the coping strategies used by athletes representing different categories: gender, sport classification, number of injuries, and severity of injury. The performed correlation partly confirmed our assumption that there is a relationship between the general well-being of the injured athlete and the coping strategies used. Despite the fact that the correlation coefficients showed low values, we believe that this is due to the heterogeneity of our sample.

Level of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Weight Status among Adolescent Female Gymnasts: A Cross-Sectional Study

Adolescent female gymnasts are a vulnerable population in terms of their diet, as their nutritional needs are higher due to their growth and high daily training demands. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a well-known dietary pattern that is associated with a greater nutritional adequacy and a lower prevalence of overweight. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the degree of adherence to the MD among adolescent female athletes who participated in all disciplines of gymnastics in Greece, as well as to explore the potential correlations between MD adherence, body weight, and body mass index (BMI). A total of 269 female gymnasts (between 11–18 years old) completed the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) and reported their weight and height. Approximately 10% of the participants were underweight and a mere 5.6% were classified as overweight. A high adherence to the MD was reported by 34.9% of the sample and this was correlated with a healthier BMI. Moreover, specific eating habits, such as eating nuts 2–3 times per week and eating fast-food less than once-weekly, were also associated with BMI. Athletes, parents, and coaches of gymnastics should be informed and educated regarding balanced nutrition habits. Future studies could evaluate adherence to MD, as well as the factors that influence the eating behaviors of adolescent female and male athletes in various sports.

ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОЕ ИЗЛУЧЕНИЕ В РЕАБИЛИТОЛОГИИ (краткий обзор публикаций ученых медицинского института ТулГУ за 10 лет)

. The brief review provides information about the publications of scientists of the Tula Scientific School in the field of the development of rehabilitation and restorative electro-magnetic technologies in the interests of clinical medicine. Low-intensity laser radiation, laserophoresis, extreme high-frequency, ultrahigh-frequency, electrolaser exposure - electrolaser myostimulation - provided significant clinical effect in various diseases, in improving athletic performance in athletes of various sports.

Assessment of Adaptation Processes in the Integrated Functional Diagnostic Monitoring of Highly Qualified Athletes in Various Types of Sports

Aim: To identify the universal parameters of the functional state of athletes in various sports, which lets more fully evaluate the effectiveness of training loads. Methodology: Examining 103 highly qualified athletes aged 13-29, spiroergometry, Wingate test, electrocardiography, echocardiography, densitometry and biochemical parameters. Experimental conditions: All the participants had a preliminary medical examination and were found healthy. Participants: Athletes aged 13-29. Basic measurements: Hemoglobin level, spiroergometric test parameters, maximum and peak power in the Wingate test (30 sec), bone mineral density, stroke and minute blood volumes, heart rate. Result: a High prognostic correlation of hemoglobin parameters and anaerobic performance and the prevalence of the hypokinetic type of blood circulation in the subjects were revealed. Conclusions: The results obtained can be considered as new markers in assessing the adaptation processes in the body of athletes and can be used to monitor the health status of athletes and optimize the training process.