Athletes In Age Group Research Articles

Reference values for bone mass in young athletes: a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil

Reference values for bone mass in young athletes need to be used for screening purposes, and country/regional reference values should be used to improve precision of comparisons. The aim of the present study was to develop reference values for bone health variables in Brazilian young athletes. The bone mass content (BMC), bone mass density (BMD), and total body less head (TBLH) BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were measured in 702 young athletes (327 men and 375 women) aged 8.5–18.5 years, divided into 5 groups, according to their age: group 1 (8.5–10.5 years), group 2 (10.6–12.5 years), group 3 (12.6–14.5 years), group 4 (14.6–16.5 years), and group 5 (16.6–18.5 years). Comparisons between the sexes and ages were performed and age-sex-smoothed reference values were constructed. Male athletes presented high BMC and BMD than female athletes in age groups 3, 4, and 5 (p < 0.005) and high TBLH BMD than female athletes in age groups 4 and 5 (p < 0.005). Reference values, including the percentiles are presented for the bone health variables of each sex and age group. The age-, sex-, and ethnic-specific reference data for bone variables presented in this study enabled more precise reference data for young Brazilian athletes. These data may assist in monitoring changes during an athletes’ growth and different phases of athletic training.

Comparative analysis of psychophysiological features of taekwondo athletes of different age groups

Background and Study Aim. The importance of psychophysiological features in optimizing the functional state of athletes is beyond doubt. The aim of this study was a comparative analysis of the psychophysiological features of taekwondo athletes of different age groups.&#x0D; Material and Methods. The study involved 42 taekwondo athletes, skill level 2 Gup – 1 Dan. The participants were divided into groups of 14 people. Group 1 – (7.50±0.14) years, Group 2 – (10.07±0.22) years, Group 3 – (13.36±0.27) years. A special computer program for devices with the iOS operating system was used. The Apple iPad, 4th generation with a screen diagonal of 9.7 inches was used. The following tests were used: reaction choice (RC), reaction to a moving object (RMO) and size test (ST). The results of the groups were compared using the nonparametric Rosenbaum test (Q), and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was determined.&#x0D; Results. RMO test results in group 2 were significantly better than those in group 1 (Q=12, p&lt;0.01). A similar correlation was determined for RC (Q=14, p&lt;0.01) and ST (Q=15, p&lt;0.01). When analyzing the frequency of incorrect reactions in RMO, it was found that athletes in the 1st group lagged behind more often (Q=6, p&lt;0.05). A comparison of groups 2 and 3 confirmed that senior athletes had better results in RC (Q=11, p&lt;0.01). For all tests used, the best results of group 3 compared with group 1 was determined: for RMO Q=16, (p&lt;0.01), for RC Q=22, (p&lt;0.01), for ST Q=20, (p&lt;0.01). Senior athletes often had an anticipatory reaction in RMO, (Q=7, p&lt;0.05). Significant correlations (p&lt;0.05) were determined in group 1 between age and frequencies of anticipatory (r=-0.57) and lagging reactions (r=0.57), RMO and RC (r=0.63), RC and frequencies of anticipatory reactions (r=0.57) and lagging reactions (r=-0.57). In group 3, significant correlations were determined between age and RC (r=-0.59), RMO and RC (r=0.76), age and ST (r=-0.53), RMO and ST (r=0.65), RC and ST (r =0.79). &#x0D; Conclusions. A change in the speed of reaction to various stimuli of taekwondo athletes of different ages has been confirmed. An increase in age and training experience improves the reaction rate. This dependence is most pronounced when comparing junior and senior athletes. The determined correlations between all tests used also reflect the improvement in the psychophysiological state of the athletes with increasing age. The tests used are characterized by accessibility, specificity, informativeness and financial feasibility. The results obtained allow for recommending their use in monitoring the state of martial arts athletes.

AGREEMENT OF AUTOMATED LAMINAR FEMOROTIBIAL CARTILAGE TRANSVERSE RELAXATION TIME (T2) ANALYSIS WITH MANUAL EXPERT SEGMENTATION

Articular cartilage transverse relaxation time (T2) on MRI has been observed to reflect collagen integrity, orientation, and hydration, and to be associated with cartilage histological grading, mechanical properties, and early knee OA status. Previously, we reported high agreement of cartilage segmentations obtained from multi echo spin echo (MESE) MRI, using fully automated deep learning methods, in comparison with manual ones. As these results were based on 3T MRI (of the OAI), we here explored the agreement between fully automated segmentation of MESE cartilage at 1.5T. To analyze the agreement between automated, U-Net-based segmentation of femorotibial cartilage from MESE by convolutional neural networks vs. manual expert segmentation with quality control of the same images, and to compare laminar femorotibial cartilage T2 between both approaches. We studied 20 ACL-deficient patients with persistent dynamic knee instability (non-copers), 22 without instability (copers), 13 with surgical ACL reconstruction, and 16 healthy controls. Further patient characterizations are described in a parallel abstract at this conference. Sagittal MESE MRIs were acquired at 1.5T (Siemens Avanto; slice thickness/spacing 3/3.5mm, in-plane resolution 0.31mm, TR 1500ms, TE 9.7/19.4/29.1/38.8/48.5/58.2/67.9ms), at baseline (n=71) and 1 year later (n=55). Manual cartilage segmentation was done by experienced readers, with quality control by an expert (Fig. 1). The U-Net was trained using medial and lateral MRIs from the same scanner (training/ validation set n=50/9) obtained in volleyball athletes of different age groups, and in patients with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) surgery, segmented by the above readers. Training of the U-net was performed for both all 7 echos and only the 1st echo. Automated U-Net segmentation was then applied to the current study MRIs, without manual intervention or correction. Yet, automated post-processing was employed to correct obvious segmentation errors. The agreement between manual and automated U-Net-based segmentations was evaluated using the Dice Similarly Coefficient (DSC), and by evaluating systematic differences and correlations in cartilage T2 of the 50% superficial and 50% deep layer. When all echoes were used for training, the overall DSC was 0.89 for MT/LT, and 0.83 for cMF/cLF. When only the 1st echo was used,DSCs were 0.87/0.88 and 0.81/0.79. Automated analysis overestimated the segmented tissue volume significantly in most regions, with correlations ranging from 0.93-0.96 for all echoes, and from 0.87-0.94 for the 1st echo. Deep layer T2 across the joint was 45.7ms for manual analysis, 45.7ms with all echoes, and 46.1ms with the 1st echo model; superficial layer T2 was 52.1, 53.2 and 54.4ms. There were statistically significant (albeit small) differences of automated vs. manual analysis across most regions for the superficial layer, and for LT and cLF in the deep layer. The correlation of deep layer T2 across the plates ranged from 0.91-0.99 for all echoes model, and from 0.85-0.98 for the 1st echo model, and that of the superficial T2 from 0.86-0.97, and from 0.73-0.81. Fully automated (U-Net-based) laminar analysis of femorotibial cartilage T2 appears feasible at 1.5T, albeit the agreement for T2 at 3T, and that for cartilage thickness was previously reported to be higher. The agreement with manual analysis was greater when training a model with 7 echoes than with the 1st echo only, and it was greater for the deep than for the superficial layer. No significant change in T2 was observed over 1 year; thus, longer intervals may be required for longitudinal validation.

Comparison of dynamic balance between flat feet and normal athletes

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the dynamic balance between flat feet and normal athletes using Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Research Design: This was a Cross-sectional comparative study. Method: Total 58 athletes, 29 subjects with flat feet (assessed by Sit to Stand Navicular Drop Test) and 29 subjects with normal feet were selected. Both male and female athletes of age group 18-30 years were included. Sit to Stand Navicular Drop Test, Calcaneum Angle, the width of the foot, great toe extension range of motion and Stat Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) were the outcomes that were assessed in the study. Data analysis: Unpaired t-test using the Graph Pad Instat software system was used. Results: Significant mean differences in Sit to Stand Navicular Drop Test, Calcaneum Angle, the width of the foot, great toe extension range of motion, and SEBT were found in individuals with flat feet. The SEBT scores of normal arched feet (right leg: 75.50.2, left leg: 75.10.4) and flat feet (right: 78.12.3, left: 79.93.2) differed (p=0.001). The SEBT leg difference scores of subjects with flat feet (4.43.5) and normal arches (2.30.5) differed (p=0.001). Furthermore, the lateral excursion distance was the least in these individuals (p&lt;0.0001). Conclusion: In flat feet individuals' Dynamic Balance is compromised as compared to normal arched feet.

The results of the research and experimental verification of the occupational therapy program for athletes of older age groups (Masters) who specialize in Sambo wrestling with chronic injuries of the ankle joints

According to the results of the analysis of scientific and methodological, special and reference literature, the members of the research group established, that the issue of introducing effective techniques of kinesiological taping into the occupational therapy system of veteran athletes who specialize in martial arts to date, an insufficient number of scientific and methodical works have been devoted to it, which requires further scientific investigations and emphasizes the relevance and practical component of the chosen direction of research. The main goal of the study is the approbation of the occupational therapy program for athletes who specialize in sambo wrestling (veteran athletes of "Masters" in the age group of 45-49 years) with the use of kinesiological taping at the stage of recovery after inflammation of chronic injuries of the ankle joints. In the process of research and analytical work, the following methods were used: abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction (deduction), modeling, mathematical and statistical (correlation analysis, factor analysis), etc. As a result of an empirical study, the members of the scientific research group tested the program of occupational therapy for sambo wrestling veterans in the age group of 45-49 years, with an accented use of kinesiological taping tools at the stage of recovery after inflammation of chronic injuries of the ankle joints. Summarizing the results obtained at the end of the pedagogical experiment are established, that the occupational therapy program we proposed contributed to the accelerated recovery of veteran sambo wrestlers’ athletes with injuries (chronic inflammations) feet, as well as ankle joints. This, in turn, ensured the optimization of their educational and training load, as well as contributed to the increase in the indicators of competitive activity. Analyzing the indicators of the competitive activity of the participants of the pedagogical experiment, it is reasonable to state that, that the introduction of modern methods (techniques) of kinesiological taping into the system of occupational therapy of veteran sambo wrestlers (45-49 years old) ensured: improvement of blood circulation and lymph flow; reduction (stopping) of pain; stimulation of muscle hypotonus (relaxation of hypertonic muscles); protection of muscles from overload; reduction of inflammatory processes and protection and stabilization of ankle joints, etc. Prospects for further research in the chosen field of scientific research include the selection and testing of modern technical training tools with computer technologies that ensure the formation of the readiness of veteran sambo wrestlers for competitive activities.

The Influence of Environmental Conditions on Pacing in Age Group Marathoners Competing in the "New York City Marathon".

Background: The two aspects of the influence of environmental conditions on marathon running performance and pacing during a marathon have been separately and widely investigated. The influence of environmental conditions on the pacing of age group marathoners has, however, not been considered yet. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between environmental conditions (i.e., temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, and cloud cover), gender and pacing of age group marathoners in the “New York City Marathon”. Methodology: Between 1999 and 2019, a total of 830,255 finishes (526,500 males and 303,755 females) were recorded. Time-adjusted averages of weather conditions for temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, and sunshine duration during the race were correlated with running speed in 5 km-intervals for age group runners in 10 years-intervals. Results: The running speed decreased with increasing temperatures in athletes of age groups 20–59 with a pronounced negative effect for men aged 30–64 years and women aged 40–64 years. Higher levels of humidity were associated with faster running speeds for both sexes. Sunshine duration and barometric pressure showed no association with running speed. Conclusion: In summary, temperature and humidity affect pacing in age group marathoners differently. Specifically, increasing temperature slowed down runners of both sexes aged between 20 and 59 years, whereas increasing humidity slowed down runners of <20 and >80 years old.

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMATION OF READINESS OF SAMBO WRESTLERS OF THE MASTERS CATEGORY FOR COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY

According to the results of a number of theoretical and empirical studies on the outlined issues, members of the research group found, that the question of determining the essential characteristics and structure of the formation of the readiness of athletes of the "Masters" category, who specialize in the fight against Sambo for competitive activities in the system of their long-term training – insufficient number of scientific and methodical works is devoted. This requires further research and is currently an important area of scientific research. The main purpose of the study is to determine the nature and structure of the formation of readiness of Sambo wrestlers of the "Masters" category for competitive activities in the system of their long-term training. During the theoretical research the following methods were used: axiomatic, idealizations, historical and logical, convergence from the concrete, formalization, etc. In addition, the experience of many years of training of fighters of different age groups (weight categories) was used. As a result of theoretical research, the members of the research group determined the essential characteristics of "readiness of Sambo wrestlers of the" Masters "category for competitive activities" – personal education which is formed by purposeful pedagogical influence (taking into account modern achievements in the field of physical education of various groups of the population, Olympic and professional sports, etc.) for the formation of Sambo wrestlers of older age groups (Masters) readiness to raise the prestige of Ukrainian sports in the international arena, conducting competitive activities in various extreme conditions (climatic and geographical features, psychological impact on the minds of fans, political motives, well-being, exacerbation of chronic diseases, injuries, etc.) and provides a combination of knowledge about the content characteristics of training and competitive activities, as well as the requirements of these activities to the level of established professional competencies (technical preparedness, tactical preparedness, psychological readiness, knowledge of the basics of pharmacology, general physical readiness, special physical readiness, etc.) with the opportunities and needs formed and realized by him in the process of development. The results of the theoretical study are implemented in the system of long-term training of athletes of older age groups (Masters) who specialize in Sambo. Prospects for further research in the chosen field of scientific research include the development of an experimental program of long-term training of Sambo wrestlers in the "Masters" category, taking into account modern advances in science, technology, medicine and more.

The aspects of sex, age and nationality in winter swimming performance.

Winter swimming is a new sport discipline. Very little is known, however, about the sex differences, origin, participation and performance of the world's best winter swimmers. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate sex differences in performance and age. Furthermore, it should be determined which country has the fastest swimmers, the highest numbers of participants and the most successful age group athletes in winter swimming. A total of 6,477 results from the 25 m events of the IWSA (International Winter Swimming Association) World Cups from 2016-2020 was collected from the official website of IWSA. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM) with a gamma probability distribution and identity link function. The 25 m events were carried out in head-up breaststroke style, freestyle and butterfly. The nationalities were grouped into six groups, the five nationalities with the highest number of participants in the 25 m competitions and one group with the other nationalities. The mean time of 25 m races by sex and country of the total sample was compared. For the top 10 comparisons, the best ten athletes from the six groups were selected. The mean time of each top 10 groups was compared by sex and nationality. Men were faster than women for all categories. Swimmers in age group 15-29 years were the fastest, where females were the fastest in age group 15-19 years and males in age group 20-29 years. Women from both Russia and Estonia and men from both Russia and China were the fastest. Both Russian and Chinese males were the fastest in all water categories in the top 10 section in the 25 m events. In summary, males were faster than females in the IWSA World Cups between 2016 and 2020. The age group of 15-29 years old athletes was the most successful while females had their age of peak performance earlier than males. Russian and Estonian males and Russian females were the overall fastest in the 25 m events in all water categories. Future studies should investigate the optimal anthropometric characteristics of male and female winter swimming sprint athletes and whether there are distinct areas in Russia, Estonia and China, where many international winter swimming athletes originate.

Study on the concentration of attention in children playing football

The game of football is generally characterised by the joy of playing, creativity, spontaneity and consumption of physical and mental energy, involving the total commitment of athletes. The profile of the future footballer requires a high level of development of intellectual skills and mental qualities such as creativity, anticipation and concentration. We are witnessing impressive progress in technology, which can also be seen more and more in football, from performance measuring instruments to training devices that enhance the player’s skills. Thus, in the near future, due to the very fast flow of data, the difference will be largely made by the individual’s ability to focus attention and be creative. For this reason, the present study aims to identify the ability to focus attention in children aged 8-10 years, members of two football teams, by highlighting two indicators, namely their speed of information processing and the accuracy of their responses. To this end, we used the Piéron test, which measures the development level of focused attention. The investigated sample consists of 40 children playing football. The research took place in two private children’s football clubs in Romania. The training programme proposed by us for the development of on-field attention can be implemented in the training of athletes of different age groups.

STUDY ON THE CONCENTRATION OF ATTENTION IN CHILDREN PLAYING FOOTBALL

Abstract. The game of football is generally characterised by the joy of playing, creativity, spontaneity and consumption of physical and mental energy, involving the total commitment of athletes. The profile of the future footballer requires a high level of development of intellectual skills and mental qualities such as creativity, anticipation and concentration. We are witnessing impressive progress in technology, which can also be seen more and more in football, from performance measuring instruments to training devices that enhance the player’s skills. Thus, in the near future, due to the very fast flow of data, the difference will be largely made by the individual’s ability to focus attention and be creative. For this reason, the present study aims to identify the ability to focus attention in children aged 8-10 years, members of two football teams, by highlighting two indicators, namely their speed of information processing and the accuracy of their responses. To this end, we used the Piéron test, which measures the development level of focused attention. The investigated sample consists of 40 children playing football. The research took place in two private children’s football clubs in Romania. The training programme proposed by us for the development of on-field attention can be implemented in the training of athletes of different age groups.

Distributed Simulation System for Athletes' Mental Health in the Internet of Things Environment.

Psychological troubles in training competitions mainly include worry about mistakes, long-term lack of improvement in sports performance, and lack of confidence in competitions. The main troubles in daily study and life are future career development and life planning, injury and illness, insomnia, and poor emotional control. Athletes are interested in psychological skills training, hobby training, interpersonal communication and other coaching content to improve sports performance. Athletes tend to prefer one-to-one psychological counseling and group counseling activities; there are differences in the psychological distress, coping styles and expected psychological counseling content of athletes in different age groups and events. This paper firstly introduces the important role of psychological quality education in modern competitive sports. The influencing factors of athletes' psychological quality were analyzed. At the same time, combined with relevant practical experience, it starts from various perspectives and aspects such as improving the scientific literacy of coaches and building a harmonious atmosphere for training and competition. This paper puts forward some effective strategies to strengthen athletes' psychological quality education and improve sports performance. In addition, it expounds the author's understanding of this, hoping to contribute to the practice of athletes' psychological quality education.

Rationale and methods for using immunoprophylaxis in the preparatory period for Masters swimmers

The article presents the experience and clinical and immunological substantiation of using immunoprophylaxis in the preparatory period for swimmers of the "Masters" group. The accumulated clinical experience of using recombinant interleukin-2 in athletes of various age groups and levels of training indicates the validity and expediency of including recombinant interleukin-2 in training programs in order to normalize immunological parameters and improve the adaptive potential.

The Sex Difference in 6-h Ultra-Marathon Running-The Worldwide Trends from 1982 to 2020.

Background and Objectives: The 6-h ultra-marathon is the shortest time-limited ultra-marathon race, but little has been investigated regarding this race format. Previously, only the age of peak performance in the context of longer time-limited ultra-marathons was determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trends in 6-h ultra-marathon races from 1982 to 2020 for female and male ultra-runners, the participation and performance by countries, the age of peak performance, and the differences in performance regarding countries. Materials and Methods: The sample included 23,203 female ultra-runners, aged 18–83 years, and 87,264 male ultra-runners, aged 18–85 years, who were finishers in a 6-h ultra-marathon held between 1982 and 2020. The age of peak performance was tested using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Bonferroni Correction. The difference in performance by countries was verified using a linear regression model with the fastest runners from Russia in women, and Tunisia in men, used as reference. Results: Over the years, the men-to-women ratio decreased. The mean age was 43.20 ± 9.30 years for female and 46.09 ± 10.17 years for male runners. Athletes in younger age groups were faster than athletes in older age groups. Most female and male participants originated from Germany. Women from Russia (10.01 ± 1.28 km/h) and men from Tunisia (12.16 ± 1.46 km/h) were the fastest. Conclusions: In summary, in 6-h ultra-marathons held between 1982 and 2020, the participation for both women and men increased, while the men-to-women ratio decreased. The mean age was higher in men compared to women. Most female and male runners originated from Germany, but the fastest women were from Russia, and the fastest men from Tunisia. Future studies need to investigate whether Russian women and Tunisian men are also the best in other distance-limited ultra-marathon races, such as 12-h and 24-h.

Flexibility, Position, and Strength of the Shoulder Complex in Pediatric and Adult Amateur Tennis Athletes.

Understanding the musculoskeletal adaptations in the shoulder complex of varying ages of tennis athletes may suggest preventive protocols and conditioning and rehabilitation programs to this population. This study aimed to generate a bilateral descriptive profile of shoulder flexibility, scapular and clavicular position, and muscle strength in pediatric and adult amateur tennis athletes. The outcome measures were compared between groups and sides. The number and percentage of athletes "at risk" according to cutoff values for shoulder range of motion (ROM) were also analyzed. Cross-sectional study. 36 pediatric and 28 adult amateur tennis athletes were tested. Outcome measures were ROM of shoulder flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation, posterior capsule tightness, pectoralis minor index (PMI), scapular upward rotation, clavicular elevation, and strength of the external rotators, serratus anterior, and lower trapezius of the dominant/nondominant sides. Pediatric athletes had greater dominant side external rotation (P = .01) and total ROM (P = .04), increased Low Flexion test (P = .01), and decreased PMI (P = .01) compared with the adults. Bilaterally, the pediatric athletes had greater dominant side external rotation ROM (P < .01) and decreased PMI (P = .002) as compared with their nondominant side, whereas the adults displayed lower values on posterior capsule tightness (P = .01) and decreased PMI (P = .02) on their dominant side compared with their nondominant side. For the remaining outcomes, no interaction effects were observed. The cutoff values for shoulder ROM showed that several athletes were "at risk" of shoulder problems. Upper extremity adaptations at the shoulder are present in both pediatric and adult tennis athletes. These data can assist clinicians in better understanding the biomechanical adaptations in the shoulder of amateur tennis athletes in different age groups.

COMEN CUP COMPETITION POINTS ANALYSIS OF ARIANA FIGURE IN ARTISTIC SWIMMING

The aim of this study is to examine the athlete performance of Ariana, one of the obligatory figures in artistic swimming COMEN competitions, in terms of year and age. It is important to analyze the competition results of the athletes according to years, age groups, individual development and countries. For the figure performance points of the athletes, the official COMEN Mediterranean Artistic Swimming Cup competition results were checked. Within the scope of the research, the competitions held in 2014 – 2019 were examined. The performances of the same athletes competing in different years and the countries with regular participation are listed for evaluation. Ariana point averages of these countries were calculated according to general and years. One Way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests were used for statistical analysis. There was a significant difference between the groups when comparing the Ariana artistic swimming figure by years (p&lt;0.01). As a result of comparing the years with each other, it was found that there was a difference between 2017 and other years (p&lt;0.01). The results of the competition were compared by dividing them into 13, 14 and 15 age groups. There was a significant difference between these age groups (p&lt;0.01). Ariana point averages and total mean and standard deviation values of 9 countries that participated continuously in 2014-2019 were determined. When the Ariana figure points of the same athletes were divided into 13-14, 14-15 and 13-15 age groups, it was understood that there were significant differences between the groups (p&lt;0.01). As the age of the athletes increases, the increase in Ariana figure points shows a significant difference. This situation is also present in the points of the same athletes in different age groups. The points of Bulgaria, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey, which participated continuously in the years covering the research, are decisive for the competition ranking and the estimation of the Ariana figure points. The average point according to the year of the competition and the average point of the countries that regularly participate have been made suitable for planning for the development of athletes. With the study we prepared, it was possible to make figure point plans in determining the performance development goals of artistic swimmers.&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0820/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

РЕАБИЛИТАЦИЯ СПОРТСМЕНОВ ПОСЛЕ ТРАВМЫ ПЛЕЧА: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ И УДОВЛЕТВОРЕННОСТИ РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ

The main task in the rehabilitation of athletes with traumatic injuries of the humerus and surrounding soft tissues is effective and painless recovery at all stages of treatment. For the highest quality recovery of athletes, it is necessary to consider the structural and functional changes in the shoulder joint in order to draw up an individual treatment plan. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures in athletes of different age groups with traumatic injuries of the humerus and soft tissues, considering their mental state. With the help of methods for assessing personal response to illness - "Syndrome of psychosensory-anatomical-functional maladjustment" (SPSAFD), the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures was assessed in 273 athletes with a diagnosis of shoulder girdle and shoulder injuries (S40-S49) S46.0 Injury of the rotator cuff tendon; T92.5 Consequences of injuries to the tendons and muscles of the upper limb) and prevention of damage to the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint (ICD-10), it was found that before the rehabilitation treatment, athletes had a state of maladjustment against the background of the disease. Also, there was a positive dynamic in the personal response to the disease after a complex of rehabilitation measures for 3 months, recommended by the attending physician of physical therapy and sports medicine.

Increased Participation and Decreased Performance in Recreational Master Athletes in "Berlin Marathon" 1974-2019.

The aspect of participation and performance trends in marathon running has been investigated mainly in marathons held in the United States of America (e.g., “New York City Marathon,” “Boston Marathon”), but not for the fastest course in the world, the “Berlin Marathon” held in Berlin, Germany. This study aimed to examine trends in participation and performance in the “Berlin Marathon” on all its previous 46 editions from 1974 to 2019, the largest dataset ever studied in this event with 696,225 finishers (after data cleaning). Athletes in all age groups increased their participation, except for male athletes aged 20–49 years and athletes of both sexes above 79 years of age. This overall increase in participation was more pronounced in women, but still, there are more men than women participating in “Berlin Marathon” nowadays. All age group athletes decreased their performance across years overall, whereas the top ten recreational athletes improved their performance over the years. Our findings improved the knowledge about the evolution of male and female marathoners across calendar years, especially for the fastest marathon race in the world, the “Berlin Marathon.”

Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Recovery From High-Intensity and Endurance Exercise: A Brief Review.

This brief review examines current research to indicate possible differences in recovery processes between male and female athletes of different age groups. The paper focuses on postexercise recovery following sprint and endurance tests and tries to identify determinants that modulate possible differences in recovery between male and female subjects of different age groups. The literature analysis indicates age- and sex-dependent differences in short- and long-term recovery. Short-term recovery differs among children, adults, and masters. Children have shorter lactate half-life and a faster cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to adults. Additionally, children and masters require shorter recovery periods during interval bouts than trained adults. Trained women show a slower cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to trained men. Long-term recovery is strongly determined by the extent of muscle damage. Trained adults tend to have more extensive muscle damage compared to masters and children. The influence of age and sex on the recovery process varies among the different functional systems and depends on the time of the recovery processes. Irrespective of age and sex, the performance capacity of the individual determines the recovery process after high-intensity and endurance exercise.

The analysis of health condition of individuals aged 40 years and older and going in for sports

The attitude to high physical loads on organism in the middle and older age groups is ambiguous, from optimistic to completely pessimistic, associated with possibility of development pathological processes because of high physical activity. The purpose of the study is to evaluate health status of people aged 40 years and older involved in sports. The health data was obtained through interviewing athletes aged 40 years and older competing in track and field events at distances of 10 kilometers or more. In total, 1800 questionnaires were distributed, and 1649 completed questionnaires were returned. The analysis of health status was implemented on the basis of self-rated health and objective characteristics (medical care appealability, acute diseases incidence, chronic diseases availability, fact of medication intake). The very high level of health self-rate was established in individuals involved in sports, that persisted along age increasing. No gender differences were revealed (4.00-4.07 for males and 3.89-4.08 for females). According to survey results, less than half of male respondents consulted physician during a year. The level of appealability was stable in all age groups surveyed. The average rate of acute diseases per year in athletes of older age groups did not exceed 1.16 diseases per year and was slightly higher in females. With age, the indicator tended to decrease in males and to increase in females. The prevalence rate of chronic diseases was low in both males and females and with age it tended to increase in males and remained almost stable in females. The rate of regular medication intake was lower than rate of chronic diseases, this difference was especially significant in females. According to respondents, sport activities, despite heavy loads and age, contribute to organism health enhancement. This opinion was specific for more than 90% of athletes, regardless of their gender. In the oldest age group (60 years and older) 94.3% of respondents expressed reported that their health improved after starting running. However, sufficient number of athletes are concerned about potential risk of training that is the reason to organize system of medical monitoring of athletes, especially in older age groups.

Exercise Intensity during Olympic-Distance Triathlon in Well-Trained Age-Group Athletes: An Observational Study

The aim of this study was to examine the exercise intensity during the swimming, cycling, and running legs of nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlons in well-trained, age-group triathletes. Seventeen male triathletes completed incremental swimming, cycling, and running tests to exhaustion. Heart rate (HR) and workload corresponding to aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, maximal workloads, and maximal HR (HRmax) in each exercise mode were analyzed. HR and workload were monitored throughout the race. The intensity distributions in three HR zones for each discipline and five workload zones in cycling and running were quantified. The subjects were then assigned to a fast or slow group based on the total race time (range, 2 h 07 min–2 h 41 min). The mean percentages of HRmax in the swimming, cycling, and running legs were 89.8% ± 3.7%, 91.1% ± 4.4%, and 90.7% ± 5.1%, respectively, for all participants. The mean percentage of HRmax and intensity distributions during the swimming and cycling legs were similar between groups. In the running leg, the faster group spent relatively more time above HR at anaerobic threshold (AnT) and between workload at AnT and maximal workload. In conclusion, well-trained male triathletes performed at very high intensity throughout a nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlon race, and sustaining higher intensity during running might play a role in the success of these athletes.