Atherogenic Coefficient Research Articles

Effect of "edible clay" (takere) suspension on serum lipid profiles and atherogenic indices of normal Wistar rats.

This study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of an aqueous suspension of a commonly available preparation of edible clay (“takere”) on serum lipid profiles and atherogenic indices of normal Wistar rats. Ninety‐five adult Wistar rats of average weight of 100 g were assigned into seven groups. Group 1 (Baseline) was immediately sacrificed at the commencement of study; Group 2 (Control) daily received distilled water, orally; and Groups 3 to 7 received via the same route (per body weight), 125 mg/kg (T125), 250 mg/kg (T250), 500 mg/kg (T500), 1,000 mg/kg (T1000), and 2,000 mg/kg (T2000) of the takere suspension, respectively, for 28 days. In week 1, the treatments significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the levels of serum triglyceride (by T250, T1000, and T2000), VLDL cholesterol (by T250, T1000, and T2000), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP; by T250) and significantly (p < 0.05) raised the levels of serum HDL (T250), LDL (T250 and T2000), non‐HDL (T2000) cholesterols, atherogenic coefficient (AC; T2000), cardiac risk ratio (CRR; T2000), and Castelli's risk index II (CRI‐II; T2000) of the rats. In week 2, the treatments significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the levels of serum triglyceride (T2000), HDL (T125, T500, T1000, and T2000), VLDL (T2000) cholesterols and significantly (p < 0.05) raised levels of serum LDL (T125, T1000, and T2000), non‐HDL (T125, T1000, and T2000) cholesterols, AC (T125, T500, and T1000), CRR (T125, T500, and T1000), CRI‐II (T125 and T1000), AIP (T125, T500, and T1000) of the rats. In week 4, the treatments significantly (p < 0.05) raised the levels of serum total (T500 and T2000), HDL (T2000), non‐HDL (T500 and T1000) cholesterols, AC (T500), CRR (T500), and CRI‐II (T500). This result indicates that the consumption of takere suspension may have adverse effects on serum lipid profiles and atherogenic indices of Wistar rats, at least at the doses administered in this study.

Independent and Additive Effects of Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E on Cardiometabolic Outcomes and Visceral Adiposity in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive age women. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of CoQ10 and/or vitamin E on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with PCOS. This randomized clinical trial was carried out among 86 women with PCOS. Patients were assigned to take CoQ10, vitamin E, CoQ10 plus vitamin E or placebo for 8weeks. Fasting blood samples were obtained at the beginning and end of the study. A significant decrease in serum triglycerides (TG) (p<0.001) was found following the administration of CoQ10 and/or vitamin E supplements compared with the placebo group. Supplementation with CoQ10 and vitamin E failed to affect total cholesterol levels. However, co-administration of CoQ10 and vitamin E resulted in a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol levels (9.92 [15.11, 4.74]). Additionally, only the combination of supplements was able to significantly reduce low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (‒9.63 [‒15.34, ‒3.92]), increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (2.33 [0.51, 4.16), reduce atherogenic coefficient (AC) (‒0.29 [‒0.43, ‒0.16], p=0.03) and decrease visceral adiposity index (VAI) values. Co-Q10 and vitamin E (alone or in combination) had significant effects on non-HDL-C (p=0.004), atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) (p= <0.001) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) (p<0.001) and SBP (p=0.005). However, the reduction in DBP was statistically significant only for patients who received combined supplementations (p=0.04). In conclusion, CoQ10, vitamin E (alone or in combination) had beneficial effects on cardiometabolic outcomes among women with PCOS.

Hyptis verticillata attenuates dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and hepato-renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

AimsChronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the production of free radicals which results in oxidative stress and related disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, compromised hepatic and renal functions. Hyptis verticillata reportedly demonstrated glucose lowering activity in previous studies. The present study therefore evaluated the effect of H. verticillata on hyperglycaemia-induced dyslipidaemia, hepatorenal distortions, oxidative stress, as well as calculated indices of cardiovascular function. MethodsWistar rats employed for this study consisted of normoglycaemic and diabetic rats in nine experimental groups. The normoglycaemic and diabetic rats were either treated with metformin (500 mg/kg b.w.), quercetin (10 mg/kg b.w.), or ethanol extract of H. verticillata leaf (250 mg/kg b.w. and 500 mg/kg b.w.) administered orally for 28 days. Key findingsResults revealed that H. verticillata significantly lowered blood glucose level, attenuated dyslipidaemia, decreased atherogenic coefficient, atherogenic and coronary risk indices, and increased cardioprotective index in diabetic rats. Also, H. verticillata significantly decreased serum urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and unconjugated bilirubin levels, relative to untreated diabetic rats. Further, H. verticillata increased serum superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities and glutathione level, and decreased malondialdehyde level in diabetic rats in a manner similar to metformin and quercetin. Histopathological investigation of the liver and kidney revealed restored hepatocytes and amelioration of congested interstitial blood vessel of the Bowman's space of the kidneys upon intervention with H. verticillata. SignificanceH. verticillata in addition to its anti-hyperglycaemic activity ameliorates oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, atherogenicity and hepatorenal lesions in DM.

Hypocholesterolaemic action of Lactobacillus plantarum VJC38 in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet

This study was conducted to evaluate hypocholesterolaemic activity of probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum VJC38 and VJI21 in Wistar albino rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. The experimental animals were divided into five groups (n = 6) viz., normal diet control group (NDC), hypercholesterolaemic diet (HD) control group (HDC), HD supplemented with 3 × 108 CFU/ml of L. plantarum VJC38 group (HD-C38), HD supplemented with 3 × 108 CFU/ml of L. plantarum VJI21 group (HD-I21), and HD supplemented with 3 × 108 CFU/ml of L. rhamnosus GG group (HD-GG) as positive control. Animals were administered bacterial culture by oral gavage once daily for 45 days. After trial, animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Serum total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, glucose, glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and glutamyl oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) levels were determined. Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were estimated using the Friedewald’s equation. Liver and fecal lipid contents and fecal cholic acids were measured. Serum T-CHO levels were significantly decreased by 15.6 and 17.4% in the HD-GG and HD-C38 groups, respectively, but not in the HD-I21 group compared with HDC group (P < 0.05). HD-GG and HD-C38 groups showed 26.3 and 27.2% reduction in serum LDL cholesterol, respectively when compared with HDC group (P < 0.05). Serum LDL cholesterol levels in HD-I21 group were not significantly different from HDC group. Serum TG levels in the HD-GG and HD-C38 were decreased by 14.2 and 22.8%, respectively compared with HDC group (P < 0.05). Liver T-CHO and TG levels in the HD-GG, HD-C38, and HD-I21 were reduced significantly compared with the HDC group (P < 0.05). Atherogenic coefficient values of HD-GG, HD-C38, and HD-21 were significantly decreased compared with HDC group (P < 0.05). Serum GPT levels in the HD-GG, HD-C38, and HD-I21 were decreased by 20.6, 10.9, and 20.6%, respectively, vs. the HDC group. Serum GOT levels were not significantly different among the groups. Serum glucose levels were significantly low in HD-GG, HD-C38, and HD-I21 compared with HDC group (P < 0.05). Fecal cholesterol and cholic acid levels were significantly higher in the HD-C38 and HD-GG groups than other groups (P < 0.05). This study suggests that L. plantarum VJC38 exhibits hypocholesterolaemic effect through hydrolysis of conjugated bile acids in the small intestine and excretion of cholesterol in feces. Lactobacillus plantarum VJC38 could be used as a potential cholesterol-lowering probiotic after validation of the hypocholesterolaemic activity in placebo-controlled human clinical trials.

Reactivity features of cytokines and vasculoendothelial growth factor in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and metabolic syndrome

The purpose of the research is to determine the correlation between cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-10), vasculoendothelial growth factor, biochemical and anthropometric parameters in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and metabolic syndrome. We examined 77 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia divided into 2 groups: with metabolic syndrome and without metabolic syndrome. In addition to neuroimaging, anthropometric and biochemical research we determined serum concentrations of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and vasculoendothelial growth factor. It was found that patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and metabolic syndrome had significantly higher concentrations of interleukin-6, vasculoendothelial growth factor, indicators of weight, body mass index, waist circumference, glucose concentration, triglycerides, very low density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins was lower compared with the group without metabolic syndrome. During the comparing process of the biomarkers concentrations depending on gender, it was found that in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and metabolic syndrome, the concentration of interleukin-6 was significantly higher in women than in men. Examination of all patients with chronic cerebral ischemia showed a direct correlation between the concentrations of interleukin-6 and glucose, the concentrations of interleukin-6 and weight, the concentrations of interleukin-6 and the waist circumference and between the concentration of vasculoendothelial growth factor and the waist circumference, in the group with metabolic syndrome - between the concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, and in the group without metabolic syndrome - between the waist circumference and the atherogenic coefficient, between the concentrations of low density lipoproteins and β-lipoproteids, between the concentrations of low density lipoproteins and very low density lipoproteins. Thereby, metabolic syndrome is an additional complicating factor that comprehensively affects the reactivity of cytokines and vasculoendothelial growth factor in the pathogenesis of chronic cerebral ischemia.

Lipid profile, atherogenic indices, and their relationship with epicardial fat thickness and carotid intima-media thickness in celiac disease.

OBJECTIVE:In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis by measuring epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT), evaluate low-level inflammation with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and evaluate whether there is a relationship among lipid profile, atherogenic indices, and hsCRP with these subclinical atherosclerosis markers in patients with celiac disease (CD).METHODS:After exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied, 31 patients with CD (24 female, mean age: 39.4±12.3 years) and 32 healthy controls (21 female, mean age: 39.5±4.4 years), totally 63 cases, were recruited. Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated with EFT by transthoracic echocardiography and cIMT by ultrasonography. Inflammatory markers including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hsCRP, and lipid profile were recorded. Also, atherogenic indices were calculated: Castelli risk index I and II (TG/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c, respectively), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP; logarithm TG/HDL-c), non-HDL-c (TG-HDL-c), and atherogenic coefficient (AC; non-HDL-c/HDL-c).RESULTS:EFT was significantly higher in the CD group (0.49±0.10 vs. 0.49±0.09; p-value: 0.02). Although cIMT was higher in the patient group, it did not reach statistical significance (0.51±0.08, 0.47±0.08; p-value: 0.10). HDL cholesterol level was found to be significantly lower (42.0±8.8 vs. 50.0±13.7; p-value: 0.01), and the plasma atherogenic index was found to be significantly higher in the patient group (0.98±0.50 vs. 0.62±0.64; p-value: 0.02). hsCRP (3.51±3.18 vs. 1.92±1.40; p-value: 0.02) and ESR (17.2±12.8 with 9.7±3.1; p-value: 0.01) were found to be significantly higher in the CD group. Although there was a significant positive correlation between EFT and hsCRP (r: 0.453; p-value: 0.01), there was a significant negative correlation between cIMT and HDL-cholesterol (−0.339; p-value: 0.05), and a significant positive correlation with the other components of the atherogenic index was found.CONCLUSION:The risk of atherosclerosis has been increased in patients with CD. Chronic inflammation may be responsible for this increase along with atherogenic indices.

DYSLIPIDEMIA AS RISK FACTOR OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is one of the most common co-morbidities observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A better understanding of mechanisms of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is needed to improve clinical outcomes. The aim: to evaluate the plasma levels of lipid parameters, atherogenic indices, systemic inflammatory markers and to assess their relationship with the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Materials and methods: A total of 72 subjects diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 41 healthy controls, the same gender and age categories, with ≥ 10 pack years smoking history, were followed-up of about 5.8 years. Blood tests with determination of lipid profiles, atherogenic indices and systemic inflammatory markers were conducted in remaining patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria of the study. Results: Triglyceride, atherogenic index of plasma, cardiogenic risk ratio and atherogenic coefficient values were significantly higher, but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol- significantly lower in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than in controls. Lipid profiles were similar in lower-risk (stage A and B) and higher-risk (stage C and D) patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The analysis showed that atherogenic indices and serum high sensitive C-reactive protein were inversely correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, especially in higher-risk patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (r = - 0.61 p < 0.05; r = - 0.57 p < 0.05; r = - 0.54 p < 0.05 and r = - 0.49 p < 0.05 respectively). Conclusions: Atherogenic indices and serum high sensitive C-reactive protein can be considered as useful biochemical markers to predict an early stage of atherosclerosis especially in higher-risk patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Co-administration of conjugated linoleic acid and rosiglitazone increases atherogenic co-efficient and alters isoprenaline-induced vasodilatation in rats fed high fat diet.

The cis(c)-9, trans(t)-11 (c9,t11) and t10,c12 isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have been reported as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and beneficial in lipidemia and glycemia. However, it is unclear whether CLA isomers enhance or antagonize effects of conventional drugs targeting PPAR. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and treated without or with CLA, rosiglitazone or both for 4 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance and surrogate markers of insulin resistance were not significantly different for all treatments compared to untreated normal diet (ND) or HFD group, except lipoprotein levels. The combination of CLA and rosiglitazone had suppressed levels of low and high density lipoproteins (46 % and 25 %, respectively), compared to HFD-alone. Conversely, the atherogenic co-efficient of the animals received HFD or HFD+rosiglitazone+CLA was 2-folds higher than ND, HFD+rosiglitazone or HFD+CLA. Isolated aortic rings from the combined CLA and rosiglitazone treated animals were less sensitive to isoprenaline-induced relaxation among endothelium-denuded aortas with a decreased efficacy and potency (R(max)=53+/-4.7 %; pEC50=6+/-0.2) compared to endothelium-intact aortas (R(max)=100+/-9.9 %; pEC50=7+/-0.2). Our findings illustrate that the combination of CLA and rosiglitazone precede the atherogenic state with impaired endothelium-independent vasodilatation before the onset of HFD-induced insulin resistance.

Efficacy and Safety of Bicyclol Treatment for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Results of a Cohort Study

Aim. This study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of Bicyclol administration in patients suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) («ZIGUN» research) by monitoring laboratory data and non-invasive methods of diagnosis of liver fibrosis and steatosis.Materials and methods. The study included 93 patients with NAFLD with the average age of 44 (38–49) years, having the stage of liver fibrosis and steatosis greater than the 1st according to FibroScan (FibroScan 502 TOUCH with CAP software). Patients were randomized into 2 groups: 1) the main group comprised 67 patients receiving 75 mg/day of Bicyclol for 24 weeks in combination with aerobic exercise and Mediterranean diet; 2) the comparison group (26 patients) prescribed of only aerobic exercise and Mediterranean diet for 24 weeks.Results. During Bicyclol treatment, a decrease in the following indicators was observed: ALT, AST, GGT, CRP by 30 % or more, glycated hemoglobin (–10 %) and HOMA-index (–24 %), cholesterol (–12 %), LDL (–19 %), triglycerides (–31 %), atherogenic coefficient (–22 %). A decrease to the1st stage of fibrosis was observed in 30 patients (44 %), steatosis regression to the 1st stage was noted in 57 patients (85 %). Liver steatosis of the 4th stage was not revealed after treatment with Bicyclol. The number of patients with indolent steatosis (less than 2nd stage) increased 2 times (p &lt; 0.001). No significant changes were found in the group without drug therapy.Conclusions. Bicyclol therapy in NAFLD is accompanied by positive dynamics of inflammation activity markers, insulin resistance and lipid spectrum, which suggests a positive dynamics of the stages of liver fibrosis and steatosis.

Relationship between Atherogenic Indices and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study from Central India

Prediabetes is the precursor stage of diabetes mellitus and is also considered to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Atherogenic indices have been used for assessment of risk for cardiovascular disease development. To date, there is no data on evaluating the relationship between atherogenic indices (cardiac risk ratio (CRR), atherogenic coefficient (AC), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in prediabetes. Hence, we aimed to determine atherogenic indices (CRR, AC, and AIP) and CIMT in prediabetic subjects and then sought to evaluate the relationship between them. A total of 400 human subjects were included in the present study, out of which 200 were prediabetic subjects and 200 were normal healthy control subjects. For each subject, CRR, AC, and AIP were calculated from routine lipid parameters and carotid intima-media thickness was measured as well. Atherogenic indices, that is, CRR, AC, and AIP, were significantly increased in prediabetic subjects as compared to the controls (5.87 ± 0.87 vs. 4.23 ± 0.50, p < 0.001; 4.87 ± 0.87 vs. 3.23 ± 0.50, p < 0.001; and 0.29 ± 0.07 vs. 0.09 ± 0.09, p < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, a significant and positive correlation was observed between CIMT and AIP (r = 0.529, p < 0.01), CRR (r = 0.495, p < 0.01), and AC (r = 0.495, p < 0.01). Prediabetic subjects present abnormalities in atherogenic indices and CIMT, which indicate a greater propensity of prediabetes for the development of cardiovascular disease. Hence, atherogenic indices can be used in addition to routine lipid parameters for the better assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in prediabetic subjects.

Activity of serum paraoxonase 1, lipid profile and atherogenic indexes in diabetic induced rats treated with alpha lipoic acid

Background: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme attached to high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) which has antioxidant and anti-atherogenic activities. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the effects of alpha lipoic acid on PON1 activity, lipid profile and atherogenic index as well as correlation between PON1 activities and HDL-C in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male rats were distributed in three experimental groups in this study. Control (group I), diabetic (group II) and diabetic animals treated with alpha lipoic acid (group III) group. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats in groups II and III by a single dose of alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg; subcutaneous) and then treatment was performed with administration of alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in group III for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected from animals to measure the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), HDL-C, PON1 activity and correlation the between HDL-C and atherogenic index by PON1. Results: Statistical analysis showed that alpha lipoic acid significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the increase of TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL, atherogenic index, atherogenic coefficient (AC), and cardiac risk ratio (CRR) when compared to diabetic rats in group II. HDL-C level was increased by alpha lipoic acid. The activity of PON1 was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in diabetic rats and treatment with alpha lipoic acid increased the PON1 activity. Moreover, the activity of PON1 correlated positively with HDL-C and negatively with AC, CRP 1 and CRP2. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the administration of alpha lipoic acid can improve PON1 activity, lipid metabolism, atherogenic index and is able to reduce the risk of coronary artery diseases and atherosclerosis in diabetic rats.

Atherogenic coefficient and atherogenic index in Doxorubicin–induced cardiotoxicity: impact of date palm extract

Antitumor therapy usually destructs the physiological homeostasis and affects various organs during cancer treatment process. Doxorubicin (Dox) as a 40-year-old anthracycline antibiotic is a potent antineoplastic agent extensively used in the treatment of several malignancies. Nevertheless, its clinical application carries the risk of serious non-target tissues toxicities, in particular cardiomyopathy, which manifests as life-threatening congestive heart failure. Consequently, there is a much great interest to search for natural compounds with cardioprotective properties to decrease this cardiotoxic effect without decreasing its anticancer effect. In this context, the present study undertaken to investigate whether date palm fruit extract could offer protection against Dox-induced cardiomyopathy. Forty female albino rats used in this study and classified into four groups including control, date palm fruit extract, Dox, and treated groups. The results revealed that Dox administration showed changes in electrocardiography (ECG) pattern, increasing in troponin-I level and atherogenic indices with marked histopathological alterations. Meanwhile, pretreatment with date palm fruit extract attenuated myocardial toxicity induced by Dox. The current data have demonstrated that date palm fruit extract has cardioprotective effects against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. These effects may be related to its high contents of flavonoids and its anti-atherogenic effects.

Significance of plasma total cholesterol-VLDL cholesterol ratio (TC/VLDLC) in Type-2 diabetes mellitus

Dyslipidemia is a significant predisposing factor of diabetes mellitus induced cardio vascular complications in Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. Triacylglycerols and Cholesterol along with phospholipids forms the basic components of tissue lipids and alterations either in their formation or in their composition leads to dyslipidemia. VLDL transports most of the endogenous triacylglyerols. This study was undertaken to assess the significance of plasma total cholesterol- VLDLC ratio (TC/VLDLC) in assessing dyslipidemic status of T2DM subjects as well as to compare the utility of this ratio with known cardio vascular disease markers like Atherogenic Coefficient and Atherogenic Index of Plasma. T-2DM subjects in the age group of 35-65 years attending Medicine OPD, Subbaiah Medical College Hospital and Research center, Shivamogga for routine check-up were randomly selected. A fasting heparinised blood sample was collected from normal control subjects as well as T-2DM subjects. The samples were centrifuged, separated plasma employed for estimation of Total Cholesterol, Triacylglycerol, HDL-Cholesterol and fasting glucose levels. VLDL Cholesterol, Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and TC/VLDLC ratio calculated. A significant raise(p<0.001) is observed in levels of fasting glucose, TC,TAG, VLDLC, AC, and AIP in T2DM subjects as compared to normal control subjects where as a significant fall is seen in the calculated values of TC/VLDLC ratio. Hence it can be concluded that along with AC and AIP the TC/VLDLC ratio is a valuable additional marker of diabetes induced dyslipidemia suggesting its clinical utility in assessing and prevention of dyslipidemia induced cardio vascular complications in T2DM subjects.

Preclinical Lipid Profile Studies of a Classical Ayurvedic Preparation, Siddha Makardhwaja (SMD), after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Siddha Makardhwaja (SMD) is a classical Ayurvedic formulation markedly used as a traditional medicine in the rural population for various purposes, such as a stimulant, tonic, and rejuvenator. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of conventionally prepared SMD on different lipid-profi le parameters in experimental animals, for providing scientifi c database for its logical use in clinical practice. Acute toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LD50 of the drug. To fi nd out the effect of chronic administration of SMD on serum lipid profi le, it was administered chronically to the male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 40 mg/kg for 28 days. During the lipid profi le study, we found out the following: There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.042) decrease in the triglyceride content of the serum of the male rat [21.71% decrease]. There is a [21.65%] increase in the LDL level of the serum of the male rat; the increase, though not signifi - cant, was prominent (p = 5 0.122). There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.042) decrease in the VLDL level of the serum of the male rat [21.71% decrease]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p 5 0.016) decrease in the HDL level of the serum of the male rat [20.36% decrease]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.041) increase in the Cardiac Risk Ratio [(CRR) 5 Total cholesterol/HDL ratio] of the male rat [23.45% increase]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p 5 0.026) increase in the Castelli’s Risk Index II [(CRI II 5 LDL/HDL ratio] of the male rat [51.50% increase]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.041) increase in the Atherogenic Coeffi cient (AC) of the male rat [40.39% increase].

Relationship of serum alkaline phosphatase with atherogenic indices in apparently healthy men, Makurdi, Nigeria

Background and Aim: Atherosclerotic calcification marked by elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is linked to serum lipids. However, a normal lipid profile picture does not rule out ALP-associated pathogenesis. In a bid to better characterize the atherogenic potential of the routinely measured serum lipids, our study determined a relationship between ALP and atherogenic indices. Methods: Serum ALP, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin [ALB], lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-c], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-c], very LDL-c [VLDL-c], triglycerides [TGs], non-HDL-c [nHDL-c], remnant-cholesterol [remnant-c]), and atherogenic indices (Castelli's risk index [CAS-1 and CAS-2], atherogenic coefficient [AC], TG/HDL-c, atherogenic index of plasma [AIP]) were determined in 80 apparently healthy men aged 20–55 years. In addition, anthropometry, waist circumference, body mass index, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were determined. Results: According to ALP tertiles, a significant association ( P P P Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that the atherogenic indices would be better markers than serum lipids in population studies of vascular calcification.

Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum Graecum) on lipid profile and sexual hormones in induced hyperlipidemic rats

Hyperlipidemia has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to the prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases which considered as the primary causes of death.As hypolipidemic drugs are expensive and of harmful sideffects so, medicinal plant products have been used as an alternative to current management of hyperlipidemia and obesity to some extent as fenugreek leaves and seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) which were used during Hippocrates and ancient Egyptian times and also, its hypocholesterolemic effect was reported in rats. So, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum Graceum) seed powder on hyperlipidemia,atherogenic indices and sexual hormons in induced hyperlipidemic rats.Forty adult male albino rats were used in which they were divided into four groups as : Group I(control group) received basal diet ,GroupII (fenugreek group) received basal diet mixed with 5 % fenugreek seed powder (95 ration diet + 5 gm fenugreek seed powder),GroupIII(hyperlipidemic group) received basal diet, with induction of hyperlipidemia via intraperitoneal injection of triton at adose of (250 mg/kg),GroupIV received basal diet + 5 % fenugreek seed powder after induction of hyperlipidemia via intraperitoneal injection of triton by the same previous method.After 8 weeks, Blood samples were collected (after overnight fasting) , for biochemical analysis and statistical analysis. Result: Triton caused significant increase in serum level of Totalcholesterol(TC) ,Triglycerides(TG), LowDenisityLipoprotein(LDL-c) , very low density lipoprotein (vLDL) ingroup 3(hyperlipidemic group) , with significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c).Meanwhile,serum level of TC.,TG.,LDL-c.vLDL-c were significantly decreased in hyperlipidemic group after treating with fenugreek seed powder in group 4 (Hypolipidemic effect) with increasing serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) with significant improvement in Atherogenic Index as:Cardiac Risk Factors (CRR), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) and Atherogenic Indices (AI). Also, sexual hormons were improved with fenugreek administration especially group 2 (fenugreek group) compared to group1 (controlgroup). Conclusion: Fenugreek has hypolipidemic effect when added to diet by 5% with improving atherogenic index and sexual hormons.

Lipid profile and atherogenic indices and their association with platelet indices in familial Mediterranean fever

The aim of this study was to investigate lipid profiles and atherogenic indices and their association with platelet indices in Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) patients. A total of 63 FMF patients and 51 healthy individuals were included in this retrospective study. Inflammatory marker values (erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], C-reactive protein [CRP] and fibrinogen), platelet indices (mean platelet volume, plateletcrit value, platelet large cell ratio, and platelet distribution width), lipid profiles (levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were recorded. Atherogenic indices (atherogenic index of plasma [AIP], atherogenic coefficient [AC], Castelli's risk indices I and II [CRI I and II]) were calculated using lipid parameters. In FMF patients, while AIP, AC, and CRI I and II values were significantly higher than in the healthy control group, the HDL cholesterol level was significantly lower (all p<0.05). However, no significant difference was determined in terms of the other studied parameters (all p>0.05). In male FMF patients, whereas AIP, AC, and CRI I and II values were significantly higher than in female FMF patients, the platelet count, ESR, and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly lower (all p<0.05). The level of CRP was negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r=-0.275; p=0.032) and total cholesterol level (r=-0.313; p=0.014) in FMF patients. HDL cholesterol level was negatively correlated with disease duration (r=-0.269; p=0.049). The use of atherogenic indices may be recommended to identify patients with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in FMF, especially in male patients.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ПРИ ГИПЕРПРОЛАКТИНЕМИИ ОПУХОЛЕВОГО И НЕОПУХОЛЕВОГО ГЕНЕЗА

Objective: SOME ASPECTS OF METABOLIC CHANGES IN HYPERPROLACTINEMIA OF TUMOUR AND NON-TUMOUR GENESIS Methods: It has been established that in patients with hyperprolactinemia, especially with pituitary prolactinoma, there is a predisposition to the development of the osteopenic syndrome. Refinement of the study of bone tissue remodelling processes revealed the predominance of resorption processes over bone formation processes, which, as a result, leads to disruption of bone tissue microarchitectonics. The most common variant of dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome is the lipid triad: hypertriglyceridemia, a low level of high-density lipoproteins and an increase in the level of low-density lipoproteins. Results: A decrease in bone density according to densitometry and changes in calcium-phosphorus metabolism were detected in 47 (36.4%) patients (40 with pituitary adenoma and 7 without adenoma). Changes in the content of ionized Ca in serum were observed in 14 (29.9%) patients of the main group. A direct correlation was found between the level of prolactin and the C-terminal telopeptide (r=0.5284; p 0.05) and the inverse relationship between prolactin and osteocalcin (r=-0.4015; p 0.05). The degree of increase in the activity of ALAT and ASAT correlated with an increased level of prolactin (r=0.758; p 0.05). The correlation between the atherogenic coefficient and the level of prolactin revealed a positive pattern (r=0.822; p 0.05). Ultrasound revealed fatty hepatosis in 52 (40%) people, of whom 45 (34.6%) had different degrees of obesity. A study of liver biopsy specimens in 9 showed that in most cases (n=7) there was a minimal or moderate degree of fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. Conclusion: It has been established that in patients with hyperprolactinemia, especially with pituitary prolactinoma, there is a predisposition to the development of the osteopenic syndrome. Refinement of the study of bone tissue remodelling processes revealed the predominance of resorption processes over bone formation processes, which, as a result, leads to disruption of bone tissue microarchitectonics. The most common variant of dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome is the lipid triad: hypertriglyceridemia, a low level of high-density lipoproteins and an increase in the level of low-density lipoproteins. Keywords: Hyperprolactinemia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance. Do

The Use of Atherogenic Index of Plasma in Assessing the Potential Cardiovascular Risk among ABO Blood Groups in Sickle Cell Disease Patients

Studies have associated ABO blood groups with cardiovascular risk events in the general population and no significant association has yet been reported in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. This study uses the atherogenic indices to evaluate the potential cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk of ABO blood groups in SCD patients. Lipoprotein concentrations were assayed in 200 SCD patients and 100 control subjects with normal haemoglobin using the enzymatic colorimetric method. The atherogenic indices were calculated and compared among the various blood groups to show which of the blood group has elevated atherogenic risk of CVD. The means total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were highest in blood group A and lowest in blood group O while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was lowest in blood group A and highest in blood group O. All the atherogenic indices were highest in blood group A and lowest in blood group O. The mean levels of lipoprotein variables and atherogenic indices were not significantly different between the blood group B and AB. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), cardiac risk ratio (CRR) and atherogenic coefficient (AC) correlated positively (r=0.348,p=0.005; r=0.236, p=0.05; r=0.238,p=0.05) respectively with blood group A. Similarly AIP, CRR and AC correlated positively (r=0.316, p=0.05; r=0.311, p=0.05; r=0.310, p=0.05) with blood group B. On the other hand, AIP and AC failed to correlate with blood group AB but CRR correlated (r=0.321, p=0.05) with blood group AB. All the atherogenic indices did not correlate significantly with blood group O. Atherogenic indices were higher in non-O blood groups than blood group O. Patients with non-O blood groups may require detail evaluations and closer monitoring than those with blood group O with respect to CVD risk.

Comparing the effects of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup on lipid metabolism and the risk of cardiovascular disease in male rats.

The objective of this study was to compare, in an animal model, the effect of different sugar types (sucrose vs. high-fructose corn syrup 55%) consumed as 10% by weight of the diet (11.6% of daily caloric intake) on the amount of food consumed, body weight, fatty tissue deposits, concentrations of selected lipids, and atherogenic indices of blood plasma. Material and method. The experiment was carried out on 30 5-month-old Wistar male rats, fed three differ- ent diets, containing, amongst other foods, (1) ground unrefined cereal grains, (2) sucrose, (3) high-fructose corn syrup. Results. Weight gains in animals on sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup diets were higher than those con- suming basic feed, but the effect was not associated with perivisceral fat accumulation. It has been found that all the atherogenic indices (Castelli&rsquo;s Risk Index I, Castelli&rsquo;s Risk Index II, Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Atherogenic Coefficient) were statistically significantly higher in animals on a high-fructose corn syrup diet compared to both the control group and those on a sucrose diet. Conclusion. The effect of the 55% high-fructose corn syrup on the tested parameters of lipid metabolism was not equivalent to that of sucrose. Using HFCS-55 instead of sucrose has an adverse effect on blood lipid parameters, while weight gains and peri-organ fat deposits are comparable. Moreover, the obtained results confirm that tested animals were susceptible to the adverse effects of sugars added to their diet, even in small amounts. This emphasises the need to precisely control the amount of added sugars in. nd. The objective of this study was to compare, in an animal model, the effect of different sugar types (sucrose vs. high-fructose corn syrup 55%) consumed as 10% by weight of the diet (11.6% of daily caloric intake) on the amount of food consumed, body weight, fatty tissue deposits, concentrations of selected lipids, and atherogenic indices of blood plasma. Material and method. The experiment was carried out on 30 5-month-old Wistar male rats, fed three differ- ent diets, containing, amongst other foods, (1) ground unrefined cereal grains, (2) sucrose, (3) high-fructose corn syrup. Weight gains in animals on sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup diets were higher than those con- suming basic feed, but the effect was not associated with perivisceral fat accumulation. It has been found that all the atherogenic indices (Castelli&rsquo;s Risk Index I, Castelli&rsquo;s Risk Index II, Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Atherogenic Coefficient) were statistically significantly higher in animals on a high-fructose corn syrup diet compared to both the control group and those on a sucrose diet. The effect of the 55% high-fructose corn syrup on the tested parameters of lipid metabolism was not equivalent to that of sucrose. Using HFCS-55 instead of sucrose has an adverse effect on blood lipid parameters, while weight gains and peri-organ fat deposits are comparable. Moreover, the obtained results confirm that tested animals were susceptible to the adverse effects of sugars added to their diet, even in small amounts. This emphasises the need to precisely control the amount of added sugars in the diet.