Athens Research Articles

European Join Action on Dementia: Dementia Friendly Communities in Greece (DFC), the project "Aeneas"

The Health Care system has a vital role in improving services and support people with dementia, but it cannot prevent fear and lack of understanding of dementia. Lack of awareness and poor understanding in communities has a major impact on the experience of people with dementia and their caregivers. "Dementia Friendly Communities" is a program of EU as part of the Act on Dementia Joint Action, in order to advance common recommendations for the development of better services for people with dementia, which will improve their quality of life. Ιt has been proposed that within a "Dementia friendly Community, people with dementia will not be marginalized and will be respected by their fellow citizens. The citizens, the public organizations and private sector enterprises cooperate in order to eliminate the obstacles which exclude dementia patients and their caregivers from participating in the life of their community". The Dementia Friendly Communities involve four fields: the environment (places), the citizens (people), the networks and the resources. Based on this model, pilot actions have been developed in Greece (Municipalities of Athens, Byron and Vrilissia), Bulgaria and UK and it is expected to provide important guidelines for the development of Dementia Friendly Communities in EU. In Greece the goal of the Join Action on Dementia was to promote the development of strong alliances within the local communities (municipalities) and the networking of organizations (State, Municipalities, NGOs, enterprises etc) with dementia patients and their caregivers and to educate more people in the municipalities in order to fight stigma and understand dementia.

Fugitive stones: the temple of Athena Nike, Athens in nineteenth-century photographs

What happens when early cameras are turned to 5th century BCE monuments and sculptures on the Acropolis of Athens? In what ways might the fragile surface of a daguerreotype, a salted paper print or an albumen print be said to have ‘captured’ a pentelic marble fragment? These questions were thrown into bold relief following the public announcement of the daguerreotype in 1839 when travellers to Greece in search of sites of archaeological interest began to take cameras with them. With rapid developments in photographic technology, photographs joined landmark texts and a body of drawings, paintings, engravings, plaster casts to alter established relationships with antiquities. Highly emotive material objects, photographs spoke a new language of loss and fragmentation; through the relative ease of their reproducibility photographs newly facilitated memory and forms of aesthetic resurrection. My essay charts nineteenth-century photographs of fragments of relief sculptures of Nikai from the exterior face of the parapet of the Ionic Temple of Athena Nike. Excavation and rebuilding of the Temple during 1835 and 1836 drew the eye of many travellers to the Acropolis. Resurrection of the classical temple shortly preceded the new technology of photography and, in representing a monument described by Wheler and Spon among others, photographs rehabilitated ‘lost’ stones. Exploring, alongside travel narratives, newly fugitive representations of winged and apterous Nikai, I consider what Walter Benjamin termed the collector’s relationship to ‘the scene, the stage’ of the ‘fate’ of a material object.

Interactive Visualization of Data on the Impact of Violent Games on the Behavior of Children and Adolescents: Action Research

Introduction: The purpose of the present study is to graphically and comprehensively illustrate the data on the impact of violent video games on the behavior of children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: This visualization system was designed based on the Schneider principle using the results of a clinical study carried out by psychologists at the Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States that included 242 children aged 8 to 12 years in three groups. All groups played different versions of the Minecraft game, then using data recorded in an Excel file on the Figshare site, four variables were depicted. The variables including finding the gun, length of time the gun was held, the number of trigger pulls, as well as demographic or control characteristics of age and gender of the children were evaluated. Results: Visualization was designed in the Processing software environment and it was easy to compare the three groups using the color, shape, and coordinate channels. Accordingly, it appeared that violent behaviors in children who experienced gun play were greater than those played the sword; both of them showed more violent behaviors compared to the group who played the non-violent version. Violent behaviors were also more prevalent in male children in all three groups. In other words, girls in the 8-12 age group in all three groups were less likely to exhibit post-game aggression. Conclusion: In this study, data on the impact of violent video games on the behavior of children and adolescents were graphically and comprehensibly visualized based on the Schneider Principle and revealed that violent behaviors in children who experienced violent video games were higher than those in the control group. Violent behaviors were also more prevalent in male children in all three groups.

The Role of Archaeology in Forming Greek National Identity and its Embodiment in European identity

The murder of Johann Joachim Winckelmann, for many the ‘founder of archaeology’, in 1768 in a Trieste inn, did not mean the end for his work, which could be said to have been the key to understanding ancient Greece, which Europe was re-discovering at the time. In the late Enlightenment, Neoclassicism, followed by Romanticism, elevated classical, Hellenistic and Roman antiquity, and archaeological research, to the centre of academic quests, while the inclusion of archaeological sites in the era’s Grand Tours fed into a belief in the ‘Regeneration’/‘Wiedergeburt’ of Greece. The Modern Greek Enlightenment flourished during this same period, the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with a concomitant classicizing turn. Ancient Greek texts were republished by Greek scholars, especially in the European centres of the Greek diaspora. An admiration for antiquity was intertwined into the Neohellenic national identity, and the first rulers of the free Greek State undertook to take care of the nation’s archaeological monuments. In 1837, under ‘Bavarian rule’, the first Greek University and the ‘Archaeological Society of Greece in Athens’ were set up. Archaeologists flocked to Greece and those parts of the ancient Greek world that were still part of the Ottoman Empire. The showcasing of classical monuments, at the expense of the Byzantine past, would remain the rule until the latter half of the nineteenth century. Modern Greek national identity was primarily underpinned by admiration for antiquity, which was viewed as a source of modern Hellenism, and for ‘enlightened, savant, good-governed Europe’. Today, the ‘new archaeology’ is striving to call these foundations into question.

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Characteristics of Self-Assessment in Children Prone to Aggression in School

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the level of self-esteem and aggression in Greek adolescents and examine whether the two constructs are related. A further purpose is to explore the role of family structure in adolescents’ self-esteem and engagement in aggression and the impact of gender in aggressive behaviours. For the above scope, literature review is conducted on the topic of aggressiveness in school, as well as on the relation between self-esteem and aggression and regarding the instruments for measuring self-esteem and aggression in students. Empirically, a questionnaire survey takes place, in a sample of 124 high-school students living in Athens, in the capital of Greece. According to the results, Greek adolescents have satisfactory levels of self-esteem and present low levels of aggression. Adolescent boys are found to engage more in physical aggression, while girls are found to be engaged more in verbal aggression. Self-esteem and aggression are significantly and positively correlated. The present paper contributes to the literature of aggression and self-esteem and suggests focusing on adolescents’ selfesteem, as a means of addressing aggression in schools.

Preoperative anxiety of patients with orthopedic surgery and its influencing factors

Objective To explore the preoperative anxiety of patients with orthopedic surgery and its influencing factors. Methods From February to July 2019, this study selected 252 orthopedic patients with surgery at a ClassⅢ Grade A hospital in Shanxi Province by convenience sampling to carry out cross-sectional study. The investigation was implemented with the general information questionnaire, State Anxiety Scale (SAI) , Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) , Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ; and the influencing factors of preoperative anxiety of patients were analyzed. Results Among 252 patients with orthopedic surgery, the scores of SAI and SAS were (44.72±6.99) and (40.61±5.69) respectively higher than national norms (P<0.05) . Correlation analysis showed that the scores of AIS and VAS had positive correlations with the scores of SAI and SAS (r=0.745, 0.666, 0.469, 0.491; P<0.05) . Multiple stepwise linear regression showed that the main influencing factors of state-anxiety included the sleep, pain, history of surgery, different occupations, education degree, disease types and disease cognition with statistical differences (P<0.05) ; the main influencing factors of self-assessment anxiety included the sleep, disease cognition, pain, history of surgery, different genders, ages and types of medical insurance. Conclusions Patients with orthopedic surgery have the high level of preoperative anxiety. Medical staff should pay attention to psychological intervention for preoperative anxiety of patients with orthopedic surgery, especially for those without history of surgery, with lack of disease cognition and poor sleep so as to reduce preoperative anxiety and pain, and improve patients' sleep. Key words: Anxiety; Sleep; Pain; Orthopedics; Preoperative period; Influencing factors

Josiah Ober, Naomi J. Norman, and Mark C. Carnes. The Threshold of Democracy: Athens in 403 BCE.

Josiah Ober, Naomi J. Norman, and Mark C. Carnes. The Threshold of Democracy: Athens in 403 BCE.

From Rue Cujas in Paris to the Boulevard Syngrou in Athens

From Rue Cujas in Paris to the Boulevard Syngrou in Athens

The Effectiveness of the Tools of the Council of Europe Against Democratic Backsliding: What Lessons Can be Learned from the “Greek Case”?

The “Greek Case” which led to the de facto suspension of Greece in 1969 was a very particular part of the history of the Council of Europe in the protection of human rights and democracy. This contribution, based on a keynote given at a pertinent conference in Athens, will ask whether the spirit and political will to confront major human rights violations existing at that time can still be found in the Council of Europe of today. It will investigate the impact on the work of the Council of Europe at the time and draw some conclusions on lessons learned for today. In this context it will highlight the role of personalities acting on behalf of the Council of Europe at the time. It will also analyse the impact of its enlarged membership on the upholding of its values today. The institutions and tools at the disposal of the Council of Europe as the democratic conscience of Europe against democratic backsliding then and today will be compared with a view to the question of their effectiveness. In this context the examples of the Russian Federation and of Turkey regarding the challenges from anti-liberal forces and authoritarianism for democracy and human rights will be addressed as will be the use of the state of emergency. Which factors influence the “socialization” of member states to become guardians of common European values? Is the Council of Europe able to meet its accountability towards the citizens of Europe? This will lead to some conclusions on the legacy of the “Greek Case” for a proper response to the challenges of democratic backsliding and a shrinking space for human rights and the rule of law in the Council of Europe today as well as some recommendations for the future. Fundstelle: Benedek, , The Effectiveness of the Tools of the Council of Europe Against Democratic Backsliding: What Lessons Can be Learned from the “Greek Case”?, ALJ 2020, 1-21 ( http://alj.uni-graz.at/index.php/alj/article/view/152 ).

De héroes a antihéroes: los espartanos en la historiografía europea de la primera mitad del siglo XIX

espanolHasta finales del siglo XVIII los espartanos fueron el principal modelo y referente de la Antiguedad griega en la tradicion y el pensamiento occidental, encarnando los valores de coraje, patriotismo, servicio a la comunidad, estabilidad constitucional y austeridad frente a una Atenas cuya democracia era percibida como oclocracia y su riqueza como corrupcion. En el presente articulo mostraremos como la incipiente historiografia cientifica de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, particularmente en Gran Bretana, desmonto el paradigma espartano al poner el foco sobre su excluyente regimen oligarquico, su militarismo y su esterilidad cultural y economica, al tiempo que lo reemplazaba por el paradigma ateniense, basado en su regimen democratico, su imponente legado cultural y el benefico liderazgo de un imperio naval, una imagen que guarda un sospechoso parecido con el liberal e industrioso imperio britanico contemporaneo EnglishUntil the end of the 18th century the Spartans were the main model and referent of Greek Antiquity in western tradition and thought, embodying the values of courage, patriotism, community service, constitutional stability and austerity against an Athens whose democracy was perceived as ochlocracy and its wealth like corruption. In this paper we will show how the incipient scientific historiography of the first half of the 19th century, notably in Great Britain, dismantled the Spartan paradigm by focusing on its exclusive oligarchic regime, its militarism and its cultural and economic sterility, while replaced by the Athenian paradigm, based on its democratic regime, its imposing cultural legacy and the beneficial leadership of a naval empire, an image that holds a suspicious resemblance to the liberal and industrious contemporary British empire

Plato’s Trial of Athens, by Mark A. Ralkowski

Plato’s Trial of Athens, by Mark A. Ralkowski

Athens and Rome Contrasted: The Present Challenge of Managing Two Manners of Classicism

Athens and Rome Contrasted: The Present Challenge of Managing Two Manners of Classicism

Sanniti e Campani nel Papiro di Annibale : nota testuale su P.Hamb. 129, 106-137

In the bogus Hannibal’s letter to the Athenians (PHamb 129, 106-137) there is an incongruous allusion to a rebellion of Capua, repressed by Hannibal thanks to the Samnites, whereas as a matter of fact the Capuans held fast till the end to their alliance with Hannibal. This difficulty disappears if we bring up for discussion again Merkelbach’s emendation of line 115. Confronted with the evident copyist’s error, who wrote twice the same word ἐπανατeιναμένοις, Merkelbach emended the second occurrence as ἐ , with reference to μάστιγα (whip), and interpreted the first one as ‘rebelled’, with reference to Καμπανοῖς. On the contrary, since the verb ἐπανατeίνω could signify also ‘to brandish’ with reference to a whip, I propose to expunge ἐπανατeιν[α]μένοις (line 114) as copyist’s error and restitute as the sound text ἐπανατ[e]ιναμένο[υς] (line 115), with reference to μάστιγα. In conclusion, this is the text I propose: 112. Σαυνί-113. τας μάστιγα δο υ λ ί [ας] Κα μ-114. πανοῖς {ἐπαν ατeιν[α]μένοις}115. ἐπανατ[e]ιναμένο[ υς ἠν]άγκα-116. σα ἐμῆι πόλeι δeύ τ[ eρ]α λέγeιν«The Samnites, (once) brandished (by the Romans) as a whip of slavery against the Campanians, have been forced by me to submit to my city».

УИЛЬЯМ МИТФОРД ОБ ИСТОКАХ ПРОТИВОСТОЯНИЯ АФИН И СПАРТЫ

УИЛЬЯМ МИТФОРД ОБ ИСТОКАХ ПРОТИВОСТОЯНИЯ АФИН И СПАРТЫ

Strategic road network formulation: developing an alternative methodology towards sustainable mobility

Hierarchy of urban transport networks is a fundamental component of the traffic organization in cities. Until recently, conventional hierarchy approach has provided almost absolute priority to car movement, resulting in dysfunctional urban systems with low level of modal integration, unattractive and inaccessible public spaces as well as serious environmental issues. The need for a new hierarchy formulation which promotes sustainable means of transport is now more imperative than ever.The aim of this paper is to create a methodological process for formulating the strategic road network of a large metropolitan city. This method divides primary roads into 6 categories based on their network position, their connectivity, their urban characteristics, the existence of trunk bus lines or metropolitan cycling routes as well as their current classification. The study area of the research is the metropolitan area of Athens in Greece. The implementation of the proposed method can benefit Athens in many ways, such as promotion of sustainable means of transport, enhancement of urban vitality, environmental protection, unification of the urban fabric, accessibility improvement etc.The methodological framework described, constitutes a street-oriented planning tool that gives priority to public transport, walking and cycling. It can be applied to other study areas as well, acting as a roadmap for strategic road network formulation.

Sleep and Motion Disorders of Physicians and Nurses Working in Hospitals Facing the Pandemic of COVID 19.

Introduction:Several research studies have started to investigate the health conditions of medical doctors and nurses in order to find a relationship if any between their work environment, their usually heavy duties and the result of these two parametric on patients’ healthAim:The present research study is an effort to investigate the relationship between the physical activity and sleep disorders among health care professionals, particularly among medical doctors and nurses.Methods:Participants of the study were asked to fill a questionnaire which was a mixture of other internationally accredited questionnaires regarding physical activity level as well as sleeping functions. Data were collected among 204 physicians and nurses. The statistical analysis revealed a correlation between physical activity and some aspects of sleep disorders.Results:A total number of 204 questionnaires have been distributed to medical doctors and nurses working in public hospitals in Athens Greece from the middle of February until the middle of April 2020. The hospitals were assigned by the health authorities to the fight of the pandemic of COVID 19. The majority of the participants were women 71,3% and 28,7% were men. From a total of 204 half of them were medical doctors and half of them were nurses. 43% were married, 49% were single and 8% were divorced and there were no widows. Regarding the participant nurses, 43% had a university degree and 38,4% had a technological education degree. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there are positive correlations between the level of physical activity during the daily work and the free time of the participants with parameters that are related to sleep disorders.Conclusion:The sample of the study was not a large one but nevertheless a stressful situation such as is the epidemic of COVID19 can provide useful information in order to better understand the relationship between physical activity and sleeping disorders in such working conditions.

Measurement of the234U(n,f) cross section in the energy range between 14.8 and 17.8 MeV using Micromegas detectors

The234U(n,f) reaction cross section was measured for three neutron energies 14.8, 16.5 and 17.8 MeV, relative to the238U(n,f) reference reaction. The in-beam measurements were carried out by using a set-up based on Micromegas detectors, while the quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams were produced by means of the3H(d,n)4He reaction at the 5.5MV Tandem T11/25 Accelerator Laboratory of the National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" in Athens (Greece). Additionaly,α-spectroscopy measurements were performed in order to determine the active mass of the samples and the corresponding impurities. In order to estimate the fission-fragment detection efficiency, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out using the GEF and FLUKA codes. Furthermore, simulations were also performed by coupling the NeuSDesc and MCNP5 codes for the determination of the neutron energy distribution in all the irradiated samples and the results were used in order to correct for the contribution of low energy parasitic neutrons in the fission yield. The final cross section data are presented, along with the methodology adopted for the treatment of the parasitic neutrons.

Saharan Dust Events Over the Northern Mediterranean: 4 Years of Measurements Over 4 Earlinet Stations

Four years (2014-2017) of observations of depolarization Raman Lidar systems of four EARLINET (European Aerosol research Lidar Network) stations [from West to East: Granada (Spain), Potenza (Italy), Athens (Greece) and Limassol (Cyprus)] were collected and used to a statistical analysis of Saharan dust events over Mediterranean basin. In this study, emphasis is given to the consistency of the particle linear depolarization ratio (δp532), the extinction-to-backscatter ratio mentioned as Lidar Ratio (LR532) and the Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT532) within the observed Saharan dust layers, corresponding to the visible range (532 nm). Geometrical properties and clusters of aerosol mixtures are also presented. Our clustering was based on previous classification by airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) observations and was further supported by backward trajectory analysis. We found mean δp532 values of 0.24±0.05, 0.26±0.06, 0.28±0.05 and 0.28±0.04, mean LR532 values of 52±8 sr, 51±9 sr, 52±9 sr and 49±6 sr, mean AOT532 values of 0.40±0.31, 0.11±0.07, 0.12±0.10 and 0.32±0.17 and mean layer thicknesses of 3392±1458 m, 2150±1082 m, 1872±816 m and 1716±567 m for Granada, Potenza, Athens and Limassol respectively. This work could assist in bridging the existing gaps related to the extensive and intensive dust aerosol properties over the Mediterranean and enriching the bibliography about mixed aerosol layers from different sources (e.g. dust and biomass burning (BB) aerosols, dust and urban/ industrial aerosols).

Slovak Experience After 10 Years from the Introduction of the Euro as Globalization Factor

One of Slovakia’s globalization tendencies is the successful introduction of the Eurocurrency. It has been 10 years since the introduction of the euro in Slovakia. It is a sufficient time for us to continuously assess the real situation and attitudes of the citizens in this area. There are several publicly available studies, research findings conducted by Eurobarometer, Fincenter or the National bank, which focus on advantages and disadvantages of the euro currency. The most frequently mentioned advantages are price stability, transaction cost decrease in foreign trade and tourism, Slovak export increase and the removal of exchange rate risk. On the other side, Slovakia has lost its independent monetary policy and the member country is also expected to participate in the euro area rescue mechanism. Similarly the research team of the Faculty of Economics of J. Selye University was invited by Hungarian Pallas Athene Domus Educationis Foundation to participate in the research project named ten years of euro – Slovak experience. Based on this project initiative, the aim of the paper is to find out the experience regarding the euro among citizens, also with an emphasis on cross-border activity. In order to achieve the research objectives we applied primary data collection to obtain information about the researched issue. An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among the respondents. Data collection among the residents was realized with a help of an agent, but also an online questionnaire was provided for the respondents in 2018. Statistic indicators were used to verify our assumptions.