Asynchronous Serial Communication Research Articles

Develop an RS-485 Protocol for Arduino Boards Applied To Networked Real Time Control Systems

The Arduino microprocessor boards such as Mega 2560, UNO R3, Leonardo, Micro, and Nano are simple and low-cost tools for real-time measurement and control applications. These Arduino boards cannot be used in distributed systems because they lack the networking capabilities to transfer data across units. In this study, an RS-485 protocol for Arduino boards that operate in Master-Slave networks was developed. Network operations could be carried out independently on the main thread program, and devices in the network could react quickly to information received. This was made possible by the asynchronous serial communication feature and a high-speed timer provided in Arduino boards. The networks designed in this study were applied to an electric vehicle model with all-wheel drive and all-wheel steering capabilities for supermaneuverability as well as a saltwater intrusion early warning system installed in a river entry. The results showed that highly reliable and stable network operations could be achieved, thus extending the usage of popular Arduino boards for networked real-time applications.

Design and Implementation of Verilog Based High Speed Low Power UART

The most crucial component of serial communication is a microcircuit called a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART). Receive-transmitter asynchronous technology is known as UART, and it is widely used for device-to-device communication protocols. Using asynchronous serial communication at a speed that can be adjusted. A hardware communication technique called UART Asynchronous conditions occur when the output of the transmitting device and the receiving end are not in sync with a clock. In UART, receiving a signal is known as RxD, and transmitting a signal is known as TxD. In comparison to the existing conventional UART design, we were able to reduce delay by 29% and power usage by 33% using our approach. The effectiveness of the novel UART design is noticed with the reduction in delay and power consumption. Synthesis and simulation are done in Xilinx ISE and Modelsim and Verilog HDL is used to implement a unique UART design.

UART communication protocol frame format explanation and application

Universal Asynchronous Transceiver (UART) is a Universal Serial Data Bus, hardware communication protocol using asynchronous serial communication in a configurable manner rate. In most embedded systems, microcontrollers and computers, UART plays an important communication role as a hardware communication protocol between devices to ensure the efficient transmission of communication data. The understanding and use of the UART protocol is crucial in our design process. In order to better understand. basic principle this protocol and realize the use of URAT, this paper introduces serial communication, UART frame format explanation, the working principle of UART, simulation of simple UART3. Depending on the source clock, also known as the Baud Clock, each heterogeneous device in a complete system may be able to create a distinct baud rate and connect with other devices over a UART interface. The fundamental tenet of the UART protocol stipulates that for proper communication, the transmitter and receiver must be set at the same baud rate. It also introduces several advanced designs and applications of UART with baud rate, namely UART with automatic frequency generator and frequency divider and Determination of UART Receiver Baud Rate Tolerance.

Analysis of the baud rate of the UART to affects the data

This article explores the impact of different baud rates on Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) asynchronous serial communication. It discusses the frame format and calculation method of baud rate error, as well as the main reasons for error, such as clock error, sampling error, line noise, data bit error, and software delay. To ensure reliable communication, it is essential to test and debug the actual baud rate and adjust it accordingly. The study found that higher expected baud rates resulted in higher baud rate errors, affecting transmission distance, speed, reliability, and system complexity. The appropriate baud rate should be selected based on specific application scenarios and requirements. Higher baud rates are needed for high-speed transmissions, while lower baud rates are required for long transmission distances or high reliability requirements. However, further research is needed to determine the impact of unallocated baud rates on data. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the development of UART.

Simulation of a point-to-point wireless communication with XBEE technology for monitoring environmental variables

This article describes the simulation of a unidirectional point-to-point radio frequency (RF) Wireless communication between two electronic circuits with XBEE technology, using the electronic design software PROTEUS V8.8. In the same worksheet in the ISIS graphical interface, the two electronic circuits were implemented, one was called the transmitter circuit and the other the receiver circuit. A Microchip® PIC16F877A microcontroller and an XBEE module are the main devices of each of the electronic circuits, to establish wireless communication by RF. The PIC microcontroller of the transmitter circuit was used as a DAQ data acquisition device, to measure the temperature of two analog sensors, the LM35 and the TMP36, and three digital sensors DS1621. The temperature data was sent from the transmitter circuit to the receiver circuit in character strings, using asynchronous serial communication. A programming algorithm was implemented for the PIC microcontroller of the receiver circuit, to receive and identify the temperature data. The development of this simulation is the basis to implement a wireless sensor network (WSN) with XBEE technology in the future.

Active-Matrix Pixelated-LED Control System for Automotive Headlamps

This paper presents a driving circuitry system for high-resolution, pixelated-LED automotive headlamps. The system consists of an array of pixel drivers, and a row/column driver suitable for an active-matrix array configuration with the individual dimming control capabilities on each pixelated-LED. An asynchronous serial communication protocol is introduced to minimize the number of data transmission interface signals between the row/column driver and pixel drivers. The proposed pixel driver is designed to drive each pixelated-LED with constant current and pulse width modulation (PWM). It contains a memory cell for dimming data, and a sample-and-hold driver stage to minimize the static power consumption of the pixel driver. The proposed system has been fabricated by using a 0.18-μm CMOS process. The test chip includes a 2 × 16 pixel array with an embedded row/column driver. The functional operation has been verified with an 8 × 16 LED array system prototype.

Design of UAV Flight Control System

In order to improve the control performance of UAV. For a small UAV, the hardware design scheme of UAV flight control computer with STM32 as the processing core is proposed and implemented. The overall scheme design, specific hardware selection and interface design of the system are given in detail. STM32, as the main controller, expands the parallel A/D, D/A, asynchronous serial communication interface and memory around, enriches the system hardware interface resources, and selects the peripheral expansion circuit with complex programmable logic controller (CPID) to realize interrupt control. This flight control computer has the characteristics of small volume and strong autonomous navigation ability.

Design of Ground Test System for Chang'E-4 Lander Load Electric Control Box

The ground comprehensive test of spacecraft electronic equipment is an important part in the development of spacecraft. It plays an important role in equipment function verification and performance evaluation. The ground test system of the ChangE-4 lander load electric control box adopts modular, reusable design and CPU+FPGA single-machine integrated architecture. It can provide power supply test, 1553B communication bus simulation test, indirect command test, asynchronous serial communication test, real-time data processing and other functions in one integrated system, is suitable for spacecraft electronic equipment single machine debugging, configuration test and environmental simulation test and other types of test requirements. The test of each interface, function and performance of the load electric control box indicates that the system meets the test requirements of stand-alone debugging, status confirmation and troubleshooting of the spaceborne equipment, which strongly supports the successful on-orbit operation of the ChangE-4 lander load electric control box.

Design and Innovation of Asynchronous Serial Communication Interface Conversion System of Field Bus

Since the traditional asynchronous serial communication interface conversion system has a series of problems in data reliability, CPU utilization and so on, this paper, starting from the design idea of fieldbus, uses CAN, PROFIBUS-DP, power conversion module, core control module and other software programs to study the conversion process, so as to innovate the conversion system and realize the reliability of data, which greatly improves the utilization rate of CPU.

Event-Driven Tactile Sensing System Including 100 CMOS-MEMS Integrated 3-Axis Force Sensors Based on Asynchronous Serial Bus Communication

This paper describes an event-driven tactile sensing system including 100 CMOS-MEMS integrated 3-axis force sensors of 2.7 mm square footprint for providing robot tactile sensation. The system has the following features: (1) the event-driven function of the CMOS LSI integrated in the sensor can reduce the number of stimulated sensors, (2) the stimulated sensors send data packets on a shared differential bus line of 90 cm by asynchronous serial communication, and (3) the data collision avoidance and adaptation functions of the sensor enable multiple sensors to be stimulated simultaneously. According to the event-driven function, the sensor sends data packets only when the digital sensing value is over a set threshold. The collision avoidance function detects data collisions, stops sending data, and avoids further collisions. The adaptation function varies the time interval between data packets and reduces the bus occupation by a specific sensor. These functions make the sensor autonomous to some extent that can judge whether and when to send data packets. The sensor in the system can operate at a data sending rate of 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 4 Mbps, or 8 Mbps by configurations. When 100 sensors with the same function settings are stimulated, almost the same amount of data packets are received from each sensor. As the data rate changing from 1 Mbps to 8 Mbps, the average sampling frequency of the 100 sensors is about 36.87 Hz, 73.00 Hz, 142.99 Hz, and 274.28 Hz with the data packet format of 244 bits.

Effects of Framing Errors on the Performance of Molecular Communications With Memory

In conventional digital communication systems, synchronous transmission is achieved by embedding the clocking information into the data signal. However, the implementation of this technique in molecular communication systems, which rely on the diffusion of molecules as information carriers, becomes very complex due to the randomness of the diffusion process. Hence, in this paper we consider the molecular communication between two nanoscale devices with no exchange of any clock signal. To initiate the communication, the transmitter sends a special molecular symbol called beacon in order to trigger the detection process in the receiver. Therefore, this beacon symbol is equivalent to the start bit used for framing in asynchronous serial communication systems. We assume that both transmitter and receiver clocks are perfect, but not synchronized. Accordingly, the analysis focuses on the effects of framing errors on the performance of the molecular channel, measured via the symbol error probability. These errors are inherent to the random nature of the beacon arrival instant, which tends to degrade the alignment between the transmitter and receiver frames. We also assume a molecular channel with any level of inter-symbol interference and the use of different types of molecules to encode information symbols. We validate the derived SEP expression by means of extensive simulation experiments, and finally we develop a design scheme for the beacon symbol that satisfactorily mitigates the effects of framing errors.

An Asynchronous Serial Communication Learning Media: Usability Evaluation

The availability of a good acceptable learning media is a vital part of the learning process. This paper presents a usability evaluation of the asynchronous serial communication module, which can exhibit the level of acceptance of Data Communication‘s students. The survey was performed based on ten simple statements of the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire. The research‘s findings have been analyzed in three different approaches, i.e., visual “five-pointed star” shape assessment, Bangor et al. model verification, and curved grading scale justification. The analysis showed that the serial communication module is in the acceptable category.

Design and Development of an Asynchronous Serial Communication Learning Media to Visualize the Bit Data

There were some limitations in the old version of serial communication learning media. The old module only showed some of data bits instead of full format data bits. There was no a signal graph display on that module as well. By utilizing the graphics LCD on our proposed module, the serial data information could be presented completely. This paper presents the design and development of an asynchronous serial communication module which can be used as a learning media in Data Communication course. To evaluate the serial module, four scenarios of the functional-based test has been performed, i.e. 1) performing basic functions test, 2) receiving data test, 3) sending data test, and 4) visualizing data test. The results showed that the serial communication module could performed all its intended functions correctly.

Real Time Fishpond Monitoring to Optimize a Nursery Freshwater with Distribution Database

The aim of my research is to optimize a nursery freshwater by fishpond monitoring that can be displayed on desktopbase so the behavior of fish with fishpond condition can be observed how suitable fish against fishpond where anursery is affected by the place , the media and the condition. The data were drawn on monitoring is temperatureand humidity by more than one sensor taken using one microprocessor. Using temperature sensor to get datacondition in fishpond, data from fishpond is processed by microcontroller as an input and sent to desktop to displaythen distributed on database for data record in real time asynchronous serial communication between PC andmicrocontroller. Getting ideal condition is the goal of this device, because real time data communication ifsomething wrong or not suitable on media, the fishpond condition can be handled directly by fitting the volume offish or the condition of water. 28-300C is ideal temperature condition for seedling that influence the appetite of thefish. By using realtime database distribution methodology, The influence of fish quantity and nursery media can beobserved and fish behavioral can be recorded every season.

Electrical Design and Evaluation of Asynchronous Serial Bus Communication Network of 48 Sensor Platform LSIs with Single-Ended I/O for Integrated MEMS-LSI Sensors.

For installing many sensors in a limited space with a limited computing resource, the digitization of the sensor output at the site of sensation has advantages such as a small amount of wiring, low signal interference and high scalability. For this purpose, we have developed a dedicated Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) Large-Scale Integration (LSI) (referred to as “sensor platform LSI”) for bus-networked Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS)-LSI integrated sensors. In this LSI, collision avoidance, adaptation and event-driven functions are simply implemented to relieve data collision and congestion in asynchronous serial bus communication. In this study, we developed a network system with 48 sensor platform LSIs based on Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in a backbone bus topology with the bus length being 2.4 m. We evaluated the serial communication performance when 48 LSIs operated simultaneously with the adaptation function. The number of data packets received from each LSI was almost identical, and the average sampling frequency of 384 capacitance channels (eight for each LSI) was 73.66 Hz.

An FPGA Implementation of On Chip UART Testing with BIST Techniques

A Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) is usually implemented for asynchronous serial communication, mostly used for short distance communications. It allows full duplex serial communication link and is used in data communication and control system. Nowadays there is a requirement for on chip testing to overcome the product failures. This paper targets the introduction of Built-in self test (BIST) for UART to overcome the above two constraints of testability and data integrity. The 8-bit UART with BIST module is coded in Verilog HDL and synthesized and simulated using Xilinx XST and implemented on SPARTAN 3E FPGA. Results indicate that this model eliminates the need for expensive testers and thereby it can reduce the development time and cost.

Triggering Different Brain States Using Asynchronous Serial Communication to the Rat Amygdala.

Inputting information to the brain through direct electrical microstimulation must consider how underlying neural networks encode information. One unexplored possibility is that a single electrode delivering temporally coded stimuli, mimicking an asynchronous serial communication port to the brain, can trigger the emergence of different brain states. This work used a discriminative fear-conditioning paradigm in rodents in which 2 temporally coded microstimulation patterns were targeted at the amygdaloid complex. Each stimulus was a binary-coded "word" made up of 10 ms bins, with 1's representing a single pulse stimulus: A-1001111001 and B-1110000111. During 3 consecutive retention tests (i.e., day-word: 1-B; 2-A, and 3-B), only binary-coded words previously paired with a foot-electroshock elicited proper aversive behavior. To determine the neural substrates recruited by the different stimulation patterns, c-Fos expression was evaluated 90 min after the last retention test. Animals conditioned to word-B, after stimulation with word-B, demonstrated increased hypothalamic c-Fos staining. Animals conditioned to word-A, however, showed increased prefrontal c-Fos labeling. In addition, prefrontal-cortex and hypothalamic c-Fos staining for, respectively, word-B- and word-A-conditioned animals, was not different than that of an unpaired control group. Our results suggest that, depending on the valence acquired from previous learning, temporally coded microstimulation activates distinct neural networks and associated behavior.

Research on Serial Communication in the Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Vertical Transportation System

The serial communication design based on DSP in the permanent magnet linear synchronous motor vertical transportation system is presented in this paper. The control system structure and fundamental are introduced briefly at first. Then, the realization of serial communication between the TMS320VC5402 and PC by asynchronous serial communications chip TL16C550C is introduced in detail. Finally, the design of system hardware interface circuit and software programs are presented. The features of this system include simple programming , good reliability and real-time capability.

Multiple Serial Communication Design Based on ADSP-BF561

This paper introduces asynchronous serial design and communication implementation by TI Co.,Ltd TL16C554 based on dual core processorADSP-BF561 and uClinux. This paper has accomplished multiple serial accessing using share interrupt scheme which has already been used in a wireless sense network.

A Digital Control for Swinging Arc Narrow Gap MAG Welding System

This paper presents a digital control system for swinging arc narrow gap MAG welding based on double single-chip microcomputers. The control system utilizes a single-chip microcomputer to set and display welding process parameters, and then uses another single-chip microcomputer to realize the control functions that are necessary for the swing arc process, in which the two single-chip microcomputers can exchange data through asynchronous serial communication circuit. Experimental results show that the control system works stably and reliably with strong anti-interference capabilities, and can completely satisfy the requirements of swinging arc narrow gap welding process.