Asymmetry Research Articles

Evaluation of different oncoplastic procedures in the management of breast cancer from an aesthetic point of view

Background Breast cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute, is the most common cancer in women in Egypt as it accounts for ∼38.8% of the total malignancies among Egyptian women. For many women with early-stage breast cancer, a combination of partial mastectomy and radiation therapy referred to as breast-conserving therapy is preferable to total mastectomy. Objective To evaluate the different oncoplastic techniques for the management of breast cancer from an esthetic point of view. Patients and methods This was a prospective, analytical study that included 30 patients aiming to clinically assess the oncoplastic surgical techniques used for the management of early-stage breast cancer. This study was conducted at the Bahya Specialized Breast Cancer Hospital and Ain Shams University Hospitals. Results In our study, none of the patients had any malignant recurrence as confirmed by the pathologist in our multidisciplinary team proving that we had performed a safe oncoplastic technique from the oncological point of view. The follow-up of the malignant recurrence was for the first 6 months as this was the time limitation of our study. In our study, we were able to conduct an excellent cosmetic outcome for relatively large tumor excisions with 90% of the cases falling in excellent and very good score groups with a mean cosmetic outcome score of 4.53. The remaining 10% fall in the good and fair score groups as those patients noticed asymmetry of the two breasts in front of the mirror as they refused bilateral breast reduction mastopexy. None of our cases have had a poor or an ugly score. Conclusion The choice of the oncoplastic technique is mainly based on the location of the tumor, size of the breast, and distance of the tumor from the nipple–areola complex.

Negation and Mood: In Their Reference to Symmetry and Asymmetry

Negation and Mood: In Their Reference to Symmetry and Asymmetry

Biomechanics of double eyelid and clinical application in mild blepharoptosis

Objective To investigate biomechanical properties of double eyelid surgery and its clinical application in upper blepharoplasty. Methods In the mild ptosis correction combined with double eyelid surgery, the main force from levator was assigned to upper tarsus to open eyes. At the same time, not only it could ensure the enough height of palpebral fissure, but also had relatively stable and persistent double eyelid. For those who had sunken upper eyelid, were given fat transposition and/or autologous fat grafting. For those who had medial epicanthal fold, to achieve a pleasing eye appearance, we performed epicanthoplasty. Results After 6 months to 2 years of follow-up, 15 cases had unsatisfactory results and underwent secondary surgery. The revision reason was as follows: 7 patients had asymmetry double eyelid width, 3 patients had insufficient correction for ptosis, 2 patients had shallower and narrower double eyelid line. In 3 cases, the correction of the upper sunken was insufficient. The remaining 164 patients with mild ptosis were well corrected, and the double eyelid was stable and natural, and the results were satisfactory. There were no major complications. Conclusions During mild blepharoptosis correction combined with double eyelid surgery, reasonable treatment of the biomechanical balance has certain clinical significance for avoiding postoperative complications and improving the effect of double eyelid surgery. Key words: Blepharoptosis; Blepharoplasty; Biomechanics; Balance; Eyelid fissure height

Quantification of fat content of lower limbs using iterative decomposition of water and fat with asymmetry and least squares estimation-quantitative fat imaging in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Objective To evaluate the fatty infiltration of lower limbs (pelvis, thighs and calf) by using iterative decomposition of water and fat with asymmetry and least squares estimation-quantitative fat imaging (IDEAL-IQ) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, and correlate muscle fat fraction(FF) with clinical assessments. Methods The prospective study method was applied, twenty-one patients with DMD were diagnosed by genetic analysis and/or muscle biopsy and twenty-one age-matched healthy control subjects, were evaluated using IDEAL-IQ, calculating fat fraction (FF) of muscles in the lower limbs. The clinical data of patients, such as age, height, weight, course of disease, time to walk 10 m, Medical Research Council Scale score, were collected. The age and height between DMD group and control group were compared by independent sample t test. The weight, BMI and FF values between two groups were compared by independent samples nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney U tests). K related samples nonparametric test (Friedman test) was used for comparison of FF values between pelvic muscles, thighs muscles and calf muscles. The relationships between FF values and clinical assessments were investigated using Spearman correlation test. Results The mean FF of pelvic muscles [13.1(6.9, 33.8)] was significantly higher than that of the thighs muscles [8.3 (23.4, 4.5)] and calf muscles [8.3 (23.4, 4.5)] (all P<0.05) in DMD group. The FF of all the pelvic muscles in DMD were significantly higher than that of the control group muscles (all P<0.05). The gluteus maximus had the greatest mean FF values [34.7 (26.4, 63.7)] in pelvic muscles. The FF of all the thigh muscles in DMD were significantly higher than that of the control group muscles, except for the sartorius, adductor longus and gracilis (Z=0.69, 1.67 and 1.22, respectively, P=0.489, 0.094 and 0.222, respectively). The adductor magnus had the greatest mean FF values [27.2 (12.4, 58.5)] in thigh muscles. The FF of all the calf muscles in DMD were significantly higher than that of the control group muscles, except for the tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior (Z value was1.77 and 1.85, respectively, P value was 0.076 and 0.064, respectively). The gastrocnemius lateral had the greatest mean FF values [7.4 (4.6, 20.9)] in calf muscles. The mean FF value of pelvic muscles (r=0.679, 0.704, −0.761, 0.755, respectively, all P<0.001), thighs muscles (r=0.801, 0.813, −0.738, 0.706, respectively, all P<0.001) and calf muscles (r=0.502, 0.682, −0.637, 0.664, respectively, all P<0.05) were significantly correlate with age, course of disease, %MRC and time to walk 10 m. Conclusions The fat infiltration of lower limbs in DMD patients showes a distinct involvement pattern. IDEAL-IQ technique is able to quantitatively and objectively evaluate the degree of fat infiltration of lower limbs in DMD, and it has great value in clinical application. Key words: Muscular dystrophies; Magnetic resonance imaging; Muscle, skeletal

Frontispiece: Understanding Silica from the Viewpoint of Asymmetry

Frontispiece: Understanding Silica from the Viewpoint of Asymmetry

La gouvernance salariale : contribution de la représentation des salariés à la gouvernance d’entreprise

La participation des salaries a la gouvernance de l’entreprise fait l’objet d’un debat recurrent. Pour ses detracteurs, elle affaiblit la fonction de controle du conseil d’administration alors qu’elle diminue le niveau global d’asymetrie informationnelle pour ses defenseurs. Cet article propose une revue de litterature critique sur le role des salaries dans la gouvernance. Il discute egalement les conditions du deploiement d’une gouvernance salariale contribuant a ameliorer la gouvernance des entreprises. Nous suggerons que l’exercice des mandats d’administrateurs salaries depend de trois series de facteurs: des facteurs individuels, des facteurs « micro » propres a la gouvernance de l’entreprise, et des facteurs « macro », relatifs au systeme national de gouvernance. Nous formulons des propositions theoriques definissant les contributions de la representation des salaries au sein des conseils.

Ciberpolítica, digitalización y relaciones internacionales: un enfoque desde la literatura crítica de economía política internacional

El proceso de digitalización es un vector fundamental del capitalismo de datos, que está generando profundas implicancias en términos de nuevas formas de poder y asimetrías entre los actores de la política inter y transnacional. En Relaciones Internacionales, la ciberpolítica estudia las consecuencias de estos cambios. Mientras que en español hay pocas investigaciones sobre el tema, en inglés existe una amplia variedad de estudios, pero sin dimensionar la importancia del proceso de digitalización como parte de una nueva economía política global. En contraposición, en base a la literatura crítica de la economía política internacional en la tradición neogramsciana y de los estudios de ciencia y tecnología, argumentamos que el proceso de digitalización transforma las relaciones de producción, propiciando formas de gobernanza que expresan dinámicas de conflicto y cooperación en las que se pone en juego la construcción de nuevas configuraciones de un orden mundial digital. A partir de una revisión de la literatura en inglés, sostenemos el argumento al mostrar las dinámicas de conflicto y cooperación en cuatro áreas específicas de la ciberpolítica y las relaciones internacionales: ciberseguridad; gobernanza del comercio y de las finanzas globales; derechos humanos y ciudadanía en internet; y medioambiente.

U -spin sum rules for CP asymmetries of three-body charmed baryon decays

Triggered by a recent LHCb measurement and prospects for Belle II, we derive $U$-spin symmetry relations between integrated $CP$ asymmetries of three-body ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+}$ decays. The sum rules read ${A}_{CP}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{+})+{A}_{CP}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})=0$, ${A}_{CP}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})+{A}_{CP}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{+})=0$, and ${A}_{CP}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{+})+{A}_{CP}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})=0$. No such $U$-spin sum rule exists between ${A}_{CP}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{+})$ and ${A}_{CP}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})$. All of these sum rules are associated with a complete interchange of $d$ and $s$ quarks. Furthermore, there are no $U$-spin $CP$ asymmetry sum rules which hold to first order $U$-spin breaking.

Asymmetry, Hierarchy, and the Ecclesiastes Trap

Asymmetry, Hierarchy, and the Ecclesiastes Trap

Clinical observation on the efficacy at the early stage of TPRK with assistance of smart pulse technology

Objective To compare the efficacy at the early stage between smart pulse technology (SPT)-assisted transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TPRK) and traditional TPRK for correcting of myopia. Methods The data of 90 eyes of 45 cases with myopia were retrospectively analyzed. All cases were divided into two groups randomly. The smart group, 46 eyes of 23 patients, received SPT-TPRK. Contral group, 44 eyes of 22 patients, received traditional TPRK. All patients were followed up for 3 months. Results The stimulus syndrome of eye in the smart group was lighter than that in the TPRK group. After SPT-TPRK the visual acuity in the smart group was better than that at 1 and 3 days after surgery (P=0.000, 0.024). The difference in visual acuity was not statistically significant between the two groups at 10 days, 1 and 3 months after surgery(P=0.277, 0.504, 0.164). The differences of the surface regularity index (SRI) and surface asymmetry index(SAI)of topography in the two groups were statistically significant between preoperative and postoperative 3 months(P=0.090, 0.130, 0.126, 0.201). Conclusion After SPT-TPRK the stimulus syndrome is less serious and visual acuity is better at the early stage after surgery. Key words: Lasers, excimer; Keratectomy, photorefractive (PRK); Myopia; Technology, assisted, smart pulse

The Matching Principle, Earnings Persistence and Information Asymmetry

The Matching Principle, Earnings Persistence and Information Asymmetry

Information asymmetry and opportunistic behavior of insider : Focusing on fraud event firm

Information asymmetry and opportunistic behavior of insider : Focusing on fraud event firm

Power asymmetries: An analysis of gaps between hierarchical levels and organizational culture

espanolLos trabajadores estan demandando un nuevo contrato psicologico, donde las diferencias de poder deben ser menos asimetricas, el que permita visibilizar las voces de los menos escuchados. En funcion de lo anterior, este estudio analiza las brechas existentes entre los tres niveles jerarquicos (estrategico, ejecutivo y operacional) y la cultura organizacional, con foco en las asimetrias de poder. Siguiendo la metodologia de caso, se aplica el instrumento disenado por Denison (1990) para medir la cultura organizacional en cada una de sus cuatro dimensiones (adaptabilidad, involucramiento, mision y consistencia) en una empresa de retail, lider de ventas a nivel regional y nacional, ubicado en la zona norte de Chile. La informacion recolectada de 163 encuestados es analizada utilizando estadistica no parametrica. Los resultados muestran la alta correlacion entre los niveles jerarquicos y las dimensiones de la cultura organizacional. Sin embargo, en cuatro sub-dimensiones en particular (empoderamiento, desarrollo de capacidades, valores centrales y acuerdo) se evidencia que el nivel operacional siente que los niveles jerarquicos superiores imponen su poder, lo cual junto con afectar sus niveles de motivacion y compromiso, los lleva a desarrollar acciones para disminuir las asimetrias, donde el poder informal juega un rol clave. En otras palabras, la relacion que se desarrolla en el presente estudio entre cultura, niveles jerarquicos y poder es una provocacion para que futuras investigaciones la profundicen. EnglishWorkers are calling for a new psychological contract in which power differences are less asymmetrical and underrepresented voices are heard. In this context, the present study identifies the gaps between the three organizational hierarchical levels (strategic, executive and operational) with a focus on power asymmetries. Employing the case studies methodology, Denison’s (1990) instrument is applied to measure the four dimensions (Adaptability, Involvement, Mission and Consistency) of organizational culture at a supermarket located in northern Chile that is part of a leading chain regionally and nationally. Information was collected through 163 surveys and analyzed using nonparametric statistics. The results reveal a high correlation between hierarchal levels and the dimensions of organizational culture. However, in four particular sub-dimensions (empowerment, capability development, core values, and agreement), the operational level feels that the higher hierarchal levels impose their power. As well as affecting their motivation and commitment, this compels the lower-level workers to take actions--in which informal power plays a key role--to reduce asymmetries. In sum, the relationship explored in this study between organizational culture, hierarchal levels and power is one that future research should examine in greater depth.

The Effect of Sustainable Tax Strategies on Information Asymmetry and Cost of Capital

The Effect of Sustainable Tax Strategies on Information Asymmetry and Cost of Capital

Asymmetry

Asymmetry

Questions important now like never before. Asymmetry of war or of warfare?

Questions important now like never before. Asymmetry of war or of warfare?

Russia and Japan: Asymmetry of Interests

Russia and Japan: Asymmetry of Interests

GLOBALIZATION, GROWTH AND INEQUALITY: TESTING CAUSALITY AND ASYMMETRIES

GLOBALIZATION, GROWTH AND INEQUALITY: TESTING CAUSALITY AND ASYMMETRIES

Fibroma ossificante central: relato de caso

Introdução: O Fibroma Ossificante Central é um tumor verdadeiro benigno, raro, que necessita da combinação dos exames clínicos, radiográficos e histopatológico para ser diagnosticado. Essa lesão é assintomática, mas pode apresentar um grande volume causando assimetria facial. Pode ter comportamento agressivo e surge da membrana periodontal onde contém células multipotentes capazes de formar cemento, osso lamear e tecido fibroso. Nos maxilares, envolve com mais frequência a mandíbula e pode haver deslocamento dentário. O tratamento é feito por enucleação cirúrgica. Detalhamento do caso: O presente trabalho relata um caso clínico de um Fibroma Ossificante Central na mandíbula, focando nas suas características clínicas, imaginológicas e histopatológicas e no tratamento, assim como revisar a literatura sobre o tema. A paciente procurou atendimento se queixando do aparecimento da lesão após a exodontia de um dente. A lesão teve como diagnóstico Fibroma Ossificante Central, o tratamento foi a cirurgia por enucleação e a reconstrução da mandíbula foi feita com placa e parafusos de titânio. A paciente teve um bom prognóstico e não houve recidiva até o presente momento. Discussão: Na comparação radiográfica, apresenta-se, dependendo do estágio de desenvolvimento, bem delimitada com limites bem definidos. Neste caso, constatou-se uma lesão de limites difusos, o que é contraditório com a literatura.

Sobre Rítmicas "Complexas" e Métodos de Ensino

Este artigo é uma pesquisa bibliográfica teórica sobre rítmica e seus métodos de ensino, realizada por meio de levantamento de definições e conceitos relacionados a ritmo e ao recorte rítmico escolhido; e análise de métodos utilizados por universidades estaduais paulistas, nas disciplinas de percepção musical e rítmica, quando esta existe na grade, sendo eles: Guia Teórico-Prático para o Ensino do Ditado Musical partes I e II de Pozzoli; Rítmica de José Eduardo Gramani; Manual de Rítmica de Abelardo Mato Alonso; Ritmo de Bohumil Med; e Treinamento Elementar para Músicos de Paul Hindemith; quanto aos seus respectivos princípios norteadores para elaboração dos exercícios propostos como também, quanto às suas abordagens com relação à subdivisão e ao manuseio do tempo musical. Desta forma, busca-se entender como tais métodos e, por consequência, o ensino superior de música no estado de São Paulo, trabalham questões referentes a assimetrias possíveis de ocorrerem tanto na macroestrutura do compasso, expressa por meio da fórmula de compasso, quanto em sua microestrutura, compreendida pela acentuação e subdivisão do tempo. Observa-se com relativa frequência nos estudantes de música dificuldades para execução de tais assimetrias e, sendo assim, é importante compreender primeiro a forma que são pensados os exercícios de rítmica para futuramente apontar alternativas para sanar essas dificuldades.