Jet Asymmetry Research Articles

Effect of leakage source condition on the unignited hydrogen released issuing through a horizontal realistic pipeline geometry

An unignited gas release experiment system for the schlieren visualization and concentration quantitative measurement is designed and built to investigate the diffusion and concentration distribution features of turbulent hydrogen jets issuing from a realistic pipeline geometry. Helium is used in place of hydrogen for safety reasons. The spatial and temporal evolution of the asymmetry of turbulent helium jets was studied. The influence mechanisms of the volumetric flow rate (Q), the ratio of orifice diameter to the inner diameter of pipeline (R), and the angle between the normal of the leakage orifice and the opposite direction of gravity (θ) on the asymmetric concentration distribution are revealed. The experimental results show that the diffusion angle (α) and the inclination angle (β) of the turbulent helium jet are the largest when Q is 15 SLPM, R is 0.3, and θ is 0°, and the asymmetric feature of the turbulent helium jet is obvious. As the Q increased, the slope k of the inverse helium concentration (1/volume fraction) and a scaled distance L (L = (x/d)·(ρa/ρ0)1/2) became small. The increase of Q aggravated the concentration attenuation caused by the volumetric flow rate and the asymmetry jet. As R increased, the slope k of the inverse helium concentration and a scaled distance L first decreased and then increased. The slope k got the minimum value when R was 0.3. The downward movement of the leakage orifice position increased the turbulent intensity near the leakage orifice. This work can provide theoretical support for accident prevention and emergency treatment of hydrogen leakage accidents in long-distance pipeline low-pressure hydrogen transportation.

Swirling supersonic gas flow in an EIGA atomizer for metal powder production: Numerical investigation and experimental validation

This paper is concerned with the modeling of the Electrode Induction Melting Gas Atomization (EIGA) process. This process employs a swirling supersonic inert gas jet to atomize a free-fall molten metal stream, with the aim to produce powders of highly reactive metals. As a first step towards the development of a complete model, this study aims to describe the behavior of the swirling gas flow through and downstream the EIGA gas nozzle and to highlight the influence of the main operating parameters on the jet characteristics. The developed model is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach using the Favre decomposition for compressible flow together with a k-ω SST turbulence model. The numerical results are partially validated against images of the gas flow patterns obtained using the Schlieren imaging technique. The simulation results show that the gas flow transits to a supersonic regime immediately before exiting the nozzle. In the atomization tower, it forms a swirling supersonic jet with an asymmetric geometry composed of several Mach diamonds. The inlet gas pressure has a significant effect on the jet structure and Mach number distribution. However, within the investigated range of pressure values (30–45 bar), the swirling motion of the jet, hence the jet geometry, remain little affected. In contrast, a small increase of the nozzle exit slit size significantly increases the swirling motion, which in turn strengthens the jet asymmetry. A reduction of the overpressure in the melting chamber has a similar effect, but to a lesser extent.

Azimuthal transverse single-spin asymmetries of inclusive jets and identified hadrons within jets from polarized pp collisions at s=200 GeV

The STAR Collaboration reports measurements of the transverse single-spin asymmetries, $A_N$, for inclusive jets and identified `hadrons within jets' production at midrapidity from transversely polarized $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV, based on data recorded in 2012 and 2015. The inclusive jet asymmetry measurements include $A_N$ for inclusive jets and $A_N$ for jets containing a charged pion carrying a momentum fraction $z>0.3$ of the jet momentum. The identified hadron within jet asymmetry measurements include the Collins effect for charged pions, kaons and protons, and the Collins-like effect for charged pions. The measured asymmetries are determined for several distinct kinematic regions, characterized by the jet transverse momentum $p_{T}$ and pseudorapidity $\eta$, as well as the hadron momentum fraction $z$ and momentum transverse to the jet axis $j_{T}$. These results probe higher momentum scales ($Q^{2}$ up to $\sim$\,900 GeV$^{2}$) than current, semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering measurements, and they provide new constraints on quark transversity in the proton and enable tests of evolution, universality and factorization breaking in the transverse-momentum-dependent formalism.

Modelling of asymmetric nanojets in coronal loops

Context. Observations of reconnection jets in the solar corona are emerging as a possible diagnostic for studying highly elusive coronal heating. Such jets, and in particular those termed nanojets, can be observed in coronal loops and have been linked to nanoflares. However, while models successfully describe the bilateral post-reconnection magnetic slingshot effect that leads to the jets, observations reveal that nanojets are unidirectional or highly asymmetric, with only the jet travelling inward with respect to the coronal loop’s curvature being clearly observed. Aims. The aim of this work is to address the role of the curvature of the coronal loop in the generation and evolution of asymmetric reconnection jets. Methods. We first use a simplified analytical model in which we estimate the post-reconnection tension forces based on the local intersection angle between the pre-reconnection magnetic field lines and their post-reconnection retracting length towards new equilibria. Second, we use a simplified numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model to study how two opposite propagating jets evolve in curved magnetic field lines. Results. Through our analytical model, we demonstrate that in the post-reconnection reorganised magnetic field, the inward directed magnetic tension is inherently stronger (by up to three orders of magnitude) than the outward directed one and that, with a large enough retracting length, a regime exists where the outward directed tension disappears, leading to no outward jet at large, observable scales. Our MHD numerical model provides support for these results, proving also that in the subsequent time evolution the inward jets are consistently more energetic. The degree of asymmetry is also found to increase for small-angle reconnection and for more localised reconnection regions. Conclusions. This work shows that the curvature of the coronal loops can play a major role in the asymmetry of the reconnection jets and that inward directed jets are more likely to occur and are more energetic than the corresponding outward directed ones.

Flow Statistics and Noise of Ideally Expanded Supersonic Rectangular and Circular Jets

Simulations of an ideally expanded supersonic jet for two operating temperatures are conducted with a low aspect ratio of two rectangular nozzle, and an equivalent diameter circular nozzle of the same design Mach number. The emphasis is on accurately resolving the near-field data, capturing the far-field acoustics, and examining the flow asymmetry of the rectangular jets. The simulated acoustic data of the cold and heated jets are validated against experimentally recorded sound-pressure-level spectra with very good agreement. Rectangular nozzle metrics are calculated in two orthogonal, axial spanning planes to determine the impact of the nozzle exit asymmetry, and then they are compared with the circular jet. The shock cell structure, the jet core length, and the axial distribution of the flow at similar radial distances (normalized by the major, minor, or circular radial lengths) are observed to be different between the two planes of the rectangular jet and relative to the circular jet. The dynamics of the large-scale coherent structures differ between the rectangular and the circular jets, in the near-nozzle region, with streamwise vorticity and corner effects being a factor in the rectangular jets, leading to enhanced entrainment. The upstream counter rotating streamwise vortex pairs and their subsequent interaction inhibits axis switching for the rectangular jet cases presented. Overall, far-field noise in the major and minor axis planes is lower than the circular jet for the cold case; however, the noise spectra collapses in the heated case, despite dissimilarities in the near-field flow structures between rectangular and circular jets.

A TEMPORAL ANALYSIS INDICATES A MILDLY RELATIVISTIC COMPACT JET IN GRS 1915+105

ABSTRACT Most of our knowledge of the radio morphology and kinematics of X-ray binary partially synchrotron self-absorbed compact jets (hereafter, compact jets) is based on the observations of GRS 1915+105, which has the most prominent compact jet. Yet, the compact jet bulk velocity, v, is poorly constrained in the literature, . In spite of this uncertainty, compact jets are often unified with relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei. We estimated v as part of a temporal analysis of GRS 1915+105 jets in “high plateau states” (HPS). We define HPS as a state showing a hard X-ray spectrum and low level of long-term ( s) X-ray activity associated with 15 GHz flux density mJy for consecutive days. The radio emission is associated with compact jet emission. Two HPS were monitored at 15 GHz during their termination with e-folding times of 3.8 and 8.6 hr. We combine this timescale with the scale of the spatial variation of the linear source of a Very Large Baseline Array image preceding the fade of one of these HPS in order to estimate the jet speed. Our assumption that the reduction in radio emissivity propagates as an approximate discontinuity down the HPS jet (leaving a weak jet in its wake) indicates . This agrees closely with the only other existing v estimates that are derived directly from radio images, jet asymmetry produced by Doppler enhancement.

Jet asymmetry and momentum imbalance from2→2and2→3partonic processes in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We study momentum imbalance as a function of jet asymmetry in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. To implement parton production during the collision, we include all Leading Order (LO) $2\to 2$ and $2\to 3$ parton processes in pQCD. The produced partons lose energy within the quark gluon plasma and hadronize collinearly when they leave it. The energy and momentum deposited into the plasma is described using linear viscous hydrodynamics with a constant energy loss per unit length and a total energy loss given by a Gaussian probability centered around a mean value $\bar{\mathcal{E}}$ and a half-width $\Delta{\mathcal{E}}$. We argue that the shape of the asymmetry observed by the CERN-CMS Collaboration can indeed be attributed to parton energy loss in the medium and that a good description of data is achieved when one includes a slight enhancement coming from the contribution of $2\to 3$ parton processes that modifies the asymmetry distribution of the dijet events. We compare our results to CMS data for the most central collisions and study different values for $\bar{\mathcal{E}}$ and $\Delta{\mathcal{E}}$.

Influence of the aortic valve leaflets on the fluid-dynamics in aorta in presence of a normally functioning bicuspid valve.

In this work, we consider the blood fluid-dynamics in the ascending aorta in presence of a normally functioning bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). In particular, we perform an unsteady finite element study in real geometries with physiological velocity boundary conditions at the inlet to assess the effect of the inclusion of the leaflets on the fluid-dynamic abnormalities characterizing BAV cases. To this aim, we perform a comparison in two geometries (a dilated and a non-dilated ones) among three scenarios which are built up for each geometry: BAV without leaflets, BAV with leaflets, and tricuspid case with leaflets. For each case, we compute four indices quantifying flow asymmetry, reversal flows, helical patterns, and wall shear stresses. Our results show that the inclusion of the leaflets increases the fluid-dynamics abnormalities, especially for the non-dilated configuration, which presents a greater increment of the indices. In particular, we observe that the values of the time-averaged wall shear stress and of the systolic jet asymmetry increase by approximatively 100 and 40%, respectively, when considering the leaflets.

Transverse Single Spin and Azimuthal Asymmetries in Hadronic Collisions at STAR

Hadronic collisions with transversely polarized protons are an important part of the quest to under- stand the transverse spin structure of the proton. Experiments at RHIC collected large datasets at center of mass energies of 200 GeV and 500 GeV, accessing a kinematic regime where factorization is expected to hold. The STAR detector at RHIC, due to its azimuthal symmetry, particle identification capabilities and large acceptance compared with other experiments with polarized protons, is in a unique position to study transverse spin phe- nomena in p + p ↑ . This contribution will highlight measurements of transversity using di-hadron correlations, transverse single spin asymmetries in jets, measurements sensitive to the origins of the large single spin asym- metries measured in the forward direction, transverse spin asymmetries in W production, which are sensitive to modified universality effects of Sivers function as well as short and long-term upgrades at STAR.

Tomography of QGP with jet asymmetries

Within a multi-phase transport (AMPT) model, the transverse momentum asymmetries for γ-jet and dijet are studied in Pb+Pb collisions at = 2.76 TeV. A large asymmetry is produced by strong interactions between jets and partonic matter. It is demonstrated that hadronization and hadronic rescatterings have little effects on the formed asymmetries. The asymmetry evolution function discloses that final asymmetry is driven by both initial asymmetry and partonic jet energy loss. The γ-jet imbalance ratio, Xjγ, is sensitive to both production position and passing direction of γ-jet, which could enable a detail tomographic study on the formed partonic matter by selecting xjγ.

ASYMMETRIES OF AGN JETS IN INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA

Considerable asymmetries in jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and associated double radio sources can be caused by an inhomogeneous interstellar medium of the host galaxy. These asymmetries can easily be estimated by 1D propagation models, but hydrodynamical simulations have shown that the actual asymmetries can be considerably larger. With a set of smaller-scale hydrodynamical simulations we examine these asymmetries, and find they are typically a factor of ~ 3 larger than in 1D models. We conclude that, at high redshift, large asymmetries in radio sources are expected in gas-rich galaxies with a clumpy interstellar medium.

BIPOLAR JETS LAUNCHED FROM ACCRETION DISKS. II. THE FORMATION OF ASYMMETRIC JETS AND COUNTER JETS

We investigate the jet launching process from accretion disks extending our recent study (paper I) to a truly bipolar setup. We perform axisymmetric MHD simulations of the disk-jet interaction on a computational domain covering both hemispheres, in particular addressing the question of an intrinsically asymmetric origin of jet / counter jet systems. Treating both hemispheres simultaneously, we overcome the equatorial plane symmetry boundary condition used in most previous studies which naturally fosters a symmetric evolution. For the magnetic diffusivity prescription we apply an alpha-parametrisation, considering both, globally models of diffusivity, and local models. We first approve the quality of our numerical setup by generating perfectly symmetric jets, lasting over a 1000s of dynamical time scales. We then disturb the hemispheric symmetry in the disk, and investigate the subsequent evolution of the outflow. The evolution first leads to a substantial disk warping with electric currents intersecting the equatorial plane. We investigate two models, i) a disk with (initially) different thermal scale height in both hemispheres, and ii) a symmetric disk into which a local disturbance is injected in one hemisphere. In both cases the disk asymmetry results in asymmetric outflows with mass fluxes differing by 10-20%. We find up to 30% difference in mass flux between jet and counter jet for this setup, lasting over 1000s of dynamical time scales (i.e. lasting for the whole simulation). In summary, our results suggest that the jet asymmetries in protostellar and extragalactic jets can indeed be generated intrinsically and maintained over long time by disk asymmetries and the standard jet launching mechanism.

Prompt photon in association with a heavy-quark jet in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC

Abstract We present a phenomenological study of the associated production of a prompt photon and a heavy quark jet (charm or bottom) in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. This channel allows for estimating the amount of energy loss experienced by the charm and bottom quarks propagating in the dense QCD medium produced in those collisions. Calculations are carried out at next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy using the BDMPS-Z heavy-quark quenching weights. The quenching of the single heavy-quark jet spectrum reflects fairly the hierarchy in the heavy quark energy loss assumed in the perturbative calculation. On the contrary, the single photon spectrum in heavy-ion collisions is only modified at low momenta, for which less heavy-quark jets pass the kinematic cuts. On top of single particle spectra, the two-particle final state provides a range of observables (photon-jet pair momentum, jet asymmetry, among others) which are studied in detail. The comparison of the photon-jet pair momentum, from p-p to Pb-Pb collisions, is sensitive to the amount of energy lost by the heavy-quarks and could therefore be used in order to better understand parton energy loss processes in the heavy quark sector.

Helical flows and asymmetry of blood jet in dilated ascending aorta with normally functioning bicuspid valve

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is associated with aortic dilatation and aneurysm. Several studies evidenced an eccentric systolic flow in ascending aorta associated with increased wall shear stresses (WSS) and the occurrence of an helical systolic flow. This study seeks to elucidate the connections between jet asymmetry and helical flow in patients with normally functioning BAV and dilated ascending aorta. We performed a computational parametric study by varying, for a patient-specific geometry, the valve area and the flow rate entering the aorta and drawing also a tricuspid valve (TAV). We considered also phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging of four BAV and TAV patients. Measurement of normalized flow asymmetry index, systolic WSS and of a new index (positive helix fraction, PHF) quantifying the presence of a single a single helical flow were performed. In our computation, BAV cases featured higher values of all indices with respect to TAV in both numerical and imaged-based results. Moreover, all indices increased with decreasing valve area and/or with increasing flow rate. This allowed to separate the BAV and TAV cases with respect to the jet asymmetry, WSS localization and helical flow. Interestingly, these results were obtained without modeling the leaflets.

On the extragalactic jet asymmetry and composition, and the production of high energy cosmic rays

We probe the role of the directional asymmetry between relativistic outflows to kilo-parsec scale jets in the propagation and acceleration of cosmic rays. Our sample contains powerful AGN hosting dense cluster environments. We attempt a thorough description of where and when ultra high energy cosmic ray production and acceleration takes place also using radio observations of the large scale structure of the AGNs and X-ray data of the hot dense gas in which the AGNs are situated. As far as the cosmic ray primaries are concerned, the presence of relativistic protons or mildly relativistic electrons/positrons contributes substantially to the energy budget of the jets enabling them to heat efficiently the intracluster gas.

The MSSM confronts the precision electroweak data and the muon g − 2

We update the electroweak study of the predictions of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) including the recent results on the muon anomalous magnetic moment, the weak boson masses, and the final precision data on the Z boson parameters from LEP and SLC. We find that the region of the parameter space where the slepton masses are a few hundred GeV is favored from the muon g-2 for \tan\beta \ltsim 10, whereas for \tan\beta \simeq 50 heavier slepton mass up to \sim 1000 GeV can account for the reported 3.2 \sigma difference between its experimental value and the Standard Model (SM) prediction. As for the electroweak measurements, the SM gives a good description, and the sfermions lighter than 200 GeV tend to make the fit worse. We find, however, that sleptons as light as 100 to 200 GeV are favored also from the electroweak data, if we leave out the jet asymmetry data that do not agree with the leptonic asymmetry data. We extend the survey of the preferred MSSM parameters by including the constraints from the b \to s \gamma transition, and find favorable scenarios in the minimal supergravity, gauge-, and mirage-mediation models of supersymmetry breaking.

Testing the process dependence of the Sivers function via hadron distributions inside a jet

We study the process dependence of the Sivers function by considering the impact of color-gauge invariant initial and final state interactions on transverse spin asymmetries in proton–proton scattering reactions within the framework of the transverse momentum dependent (TMD), generalized parton model. To this aim, we consider the azimuthal distribution of leading pions inside a fragmenting jet as well as single inclusive jet asymmetry in polarized proton–proton collisions. In contrast to single inclusive pion production, in both cases we can isolate the Sivers contribution and thereby study its process dependence. The predictions for the Sivers asymmetry obtained with and without inclusion of color gauge factors are comparable in size but with opposite signs. We conclude that both processes represent unique opportunities to discriminate among the two approaches and test the universality properties of the Sivers function in hadronic scattering reactions.

Fluctuations and asymmetric jet events in PbPb collisions at the LHC

Recent LHC results concerning full jet-quenching in PbPb collisions have been presented in terms of a jet asymmetry parameter, measuring the imbalance between the transverse momenta of leading and subleading jets. We examine the potential sensitivity of this distribution to fluctuations from the heavy-ion background. Our results suggest that a detailed estimate of the true fluctuations would be of benefit in extracting quantitative information about jet quenching. We also find that the apparent impact of fluctuations on the jet asymmetry distribution can depend significantly on the choice of low-pt threshold used for the simulation of the hard pp events.

Tracing kinematical and physical asymmetries in the jet from DG Tauri B

Stellar jets can be highly asymmetric and have multiple velocity components. To clarify the origin of jet asymmetries and constrain their launch mechanism we study the physical and kinematical structure of the flow emitted by DG Tau B. The analysis of deep spectra taken at the KECK telescope allows us to infer the physical properties (the electron and total density, ne and nh, the ionisation fraction, xe, and the temperature, te) and the spatial distribution of the velocity components in the two jet lobes. The presence of dust grains in the jet is investigated by estimating the gas-phase abundance of calcium with respect to its solar value. At the base of the jet the lines are broad (~100 km/s) and up to three velocity components are detected. At 5" from the source, however, only the denser and more excited high velocity components survive and the lines are narrower (~10-30 km/s). The jet is strongly asymmetric both in velocity and in its physical structure. The red lobe, slower (~140 km/s) and more collimated, presents low ionisation fractions (xe~0.1-0.4) and temperatures (te<5e3 K), while the total density is up to ~2.5e4 ccm. The blue lobe, faster (~-320 km/s) and less collimated, is also less dense (nh~1e4 ccm) but highly excited (te up to ~5e4 K and xe up to 0.9). The estimated mass loss rate is similar in the two lobes (~6-8e-9 Msol/yr), suggesting that the ejection power is comparable on the two sides of the system, as expected from a magneto-centrifugal ejection mechanism, and that the observed asymmetries are due to different mass load and propagation properties in an inhomogeneous environment. Calcium is strongly depleted, indicating that the jet contains dust grains and, therefore, should originate from a region of the disk extending beyond the dust sublimation radius. The depletion is lower for higher velocities, consistent with dust destruction by shocks.

Asymmetries in extragalactic double radio sources: clues from 3D simulations of jet-disc interaction

Observational and theoretical studies of extragalactic radio sources have suggested that an inhomogeneous environment may be responsible for observed arm length asymmetries of jets and the properties of extended emission line regions in high redshift radio galaxies. We perform 3D hydrodynamic simulations of the interaction of a powerful extragalactic bipolar jet with a disc-shaped clumpy interstellar medium of log-normal density distribution and analyze the asymmetry. Furthermore, we compute the relation between jet asymmetry and the ISM properties by means of Monte Carlo simulations based on a 1D propagation model for the jet through the dense medium. We find that the properties of the ISM can be related to a probability distribution of jet arm length asymmetries: Disc density and height are found to have the largest effect on the asymmetry for realistic parameter ranges, while the Fourier energy spectrum of the ISM and turbulent Mach number only have a smaller effect. The hydrodynamic simulations show that asymmetries generally may be even larger than expected from the 1D model due to the complex interaction of the jet and its bow shock with gaseous clumps, which goes much beyond simple energy disposal. From our results, observed asymmetries of medium-sized local radio galaxies may be explained by gas masses of 10^9 to 10^10 solar masses in massive elliptical galaxies. Furthermore, the simulations provide a theoretical basis for the observed correlation that emission line nebulae are generally found to be brighter on the side of the shorter lobe in high redshift radio galaxies (McCarthy et al. 1991). This interaction of jets with the cold gas phase suggests that star formation in evolving high redshift galaxies may be affected considerably by jet activity.