Asymmetric Pulse Research Articles

Enhanced asymmetrical modulation for half‐bridge series resonant inverters in induction heating applications

AbstractThis paper presents a method that improves the reliability of half‐bridge (HB) series resonant inverters (SRI) for high‐frequency induction heating applications. Many industrial processes, like induction heat treatments, are very repetitive. This cyclical operation represents a strong limitation of the inverter's reliability, mainly due to the accelerated stress of the power semiconductors. This method consists in an enhanced asymmetrical pulse width modulation (EAPWM) that allows distributing the losses across the components, thereby reducing the cyclic increase in junction temperature of the power devices, and thus achieves a reliability that is more than twice as high as that achieved using traditional modulation methods. The work methodology includes a theoretical study of the HB inverter and a complete analysis of losses. The presented design rules have been used to implement a 25 kW, 100 kHz inverter. The use of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET transistors allows reaching an efficiency greater than 99%. The analytical results obtained have been experimentally validated by testing the inverter on an induction heating test bench.

Non-Isolated Current-Fed Series Resonant Converter with Hybrid Control Algorithms for DC Microgrid

Module-level power electronics can optimize the power generation of photovoltaic panels, which requires a simple topology structure, high power conversion efficiency, and wide voltage gain, corresponding to irradiance variations. This paper proposes a non-isolated current-fed L-C series resonant converter and its control algorithms. The proposed converter can obtain a buck–boost voltage gain with the hybrid control algorithm utilizing the switching frequency modulation and asymmetric pulse width modulation. The proper power stage design can guarantee the soft-switching capability for the entire operating range. Also, the control strategy is designed to obtain a small rms current. The operational principle of proposed converter is analyzed in order to design the resonant tank and control strategy. The performance of designed converter can be verified with the experimental results with a 500 W prototype converter.

Excitation of the Laser wakefield by asymmetric chirped laser pulse in under dense plasma

Excitation of the Laser wakefield by asymmetric chirped laser pulse in under dense plasma

The influence of asymmetrical bipolar pulses and interphase intervals on the bipolar cancellation phenomenon in the ovarian cancer cell line

The application of negative polarity electrical pulse (↓) following positive polarity pulses (↑) may induce bipolar cancellation (BPC), a unique physiological response believed to be specific to nanosecond electroporation (nsEP). The literature lacks analysis of bipolar electroporation (BP EP) involving asymmetrical sequences composed of nanosecond and microsecond pulses. Moreover, the impact of interphase interval on BPC caused by such asymmetrical pulse needs consideration. In this study, the authors utilized the ovarian clear carcinoma cell line (OvBH-1) model to investigate the BPC with asymmetrical sequences. Cells were exposed to pulses delivered in 10-pulse bursts but as uni- or bipolar, symmetrical, or asymmetrical sequences with a duration of 600 ns or 10 µs and electric field strength equal to 7.0 or 1.8 kV/cm, respectively. It was shown that the asymmetry of pulses influences BPC. The obtained results have also been investigated in the context of calcium electrochemotherapy. The reduction of cell membrane poration, and cell survival have been observed following Ca2+ electrochemotherapy. The effects of interphase delays (1 and 10 µs) on the BPC phenomenon were reported. Our findings show that the BPC phenomenon can be controlled using pulse asymmetry or delay between the positive and negative polarity of the pulse.

Left and right ventricular function by echocardiography, tissue doppler imaging, carotid intima media thickness, and asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in female adolescents with vitamin D deficiency.

The aim of our study was to assess left and right ventricle systolic and diastolic functions in female adolescents with vitamin D deficiency using conventional echocardiography and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging and to investigate carotid intima media thickness and asymmetric dimethylarginine levels. Sixty-six female adolescents were enrolled in this study. The female adolescents were divided into a vitamin D deficiency group (n: 34) and a control group (n: 32). All subjects underwent laboratory blood tests, including asymmetric dimethyl arginine, complete two-dimensional, pulse, and tissue Doppler echocardiography, and measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness. The vitamin D-deficient female adolescent group had normal left and right ventricle systolic and diastolic functions and normal global systolic and diastolic myocardial performance. In the patients with vitamin D deficiency, the carotid intima-media thickness was higher than that in the controls. In the patients within the vitamin D deficiency group, vitamin D was found to be positively correlated with magnesium and negatively correlated with phosphorus and left atrial dimension. The results of this study demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency in female adolescence is associated with normal myocardial geometry and function. Although it has been associated with normal levels of asymmetric dimethyl arginine concentration, high measured carotid intima-media thickness may reflect endothelial dysfunction.

Exact Solutions of the Bloch Equations to the Asymmetric Hyperbolic Cosine Pulse with Chirped Frequency

In this research study, we derive the exact solutions of the Bloch equations describing the dynamics of a two-level atom with dephasing. In the two-level atom, a strong laser pump couples a ground state to an upper excited state with a time-dependent Rabi-frequency. The exact solutions are given for the atomic population inversion and the real and imaginary parts of the coherence while the input pulse is an asymmetric hyperbolic cosine form. Additionally, the system is under a chirped detuning. The method of solving the Bloch equations analytically is a very tedious part of the research, and as far as we know, there are few exact solutions available in this field. Hence, our solutions might be of great interest to various research areas, including nuclear magnetic resonance, where analytical solutions to the Bloch equations play a major role in the study of the information on the state of the medium as determined by the NMR signals.

Motion characteristics and residence time of particles in the new cross structure under constant-pulse condition

The residence time of particles in the flow field is highly sensitive to the fluid’s flow characteristics and the particles’ motion. We proposed a dynamic entry mode with the constant-pulse (CP) condition in response to the conditions of symmetric impinging streams and asymmetric impinging streams. Single-particle motion behaviors and particle residence time in a novel cross-type structure reactor we designed were studied and discussed in this article. This was done by looking at how these variables changed depending on the impulse inlet velocity conditions, the reactor geometry, and the particle properties. The results demonstrate that when particle relaxation time is short, those particles without oscillatory motions were directly accelerated to leave the active area. When its relaxation time is reasonably set, even a single particle can hugely elevate the oscillatory motions. With the structure of the novel cross type, the particle merely exhibits three oscillatory under the condition of the symmetric pulse inlet flow and asymmetric pulse inlet flow, notwithstanding, CP contains at least three oscillatory motions. The t tot is the duration that an individual particle spends in the working region. The t tot and active area were affected by inlet velocity, parameters of particles and the shape of the reactor parameters of particles and the shape of the reactor. The t tot raised with τ* increased in a certain range. T is the inlet velocity variation period. The particle resides time at T = T b reaches a maximum in the CP. The maximum residence times T b was affected by particle relaxation time, under CP with a diameter ratio of 5 and inlet velocity difference of 0.8. The particle retention time in the novel cross-type structure reactor was heightened by 7 times. The CP and the novel cross-type structure reactor can improve the retention time of particles in the flow field.

All-optical ultrafast spin rotation for relativistic charged particle beams

An all-optical method of ultrafast spin rotation is put forward to precisely manipulate the polarization of relativistic charged particle beams of leptons or ions. Laser-driven dense ultrashort beams are manipulated via single-shot interaction with a copropagating temporally asymmetric laser pulse of moderate intensity. Using semiclassical numerical simulations, we show that the initial polarization of a lepton (proton) beam can be rotated to any desired orientation by a flexible control over the phase retardation between the spin precession and the momentum oscillation in a temporally asymmetrical (e.g., half-cycle terahertz or frequency-chirped) laser field. In particular, spin ultrafast rotation from the common transverse to the more valuable longitudinal polarization is feasible in a picosecond scale or less. Moreover, the beam quality, in terms of energy and angular divergence, is improved in the rotation process. This method has potential applications in various areas demanding ultrafast spin manipulation, like laser-plasma, laser-nuclear, and high-energy physics.

Study on the process of cardiomyocyte apoptosis after pulsed field ablation.

The development of pulsed field ablation (PFA) as a new technique for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has been advancing rapidly in recent years. My team's previous work has shown the safety and long-term efficacy of bipolar asymmetric pulses in animal experiments. However, in ongoing clinical trials, we have observed that atrial fibrillation (AF) recurs in some patients after surgery, but the rhythm returns to normal without surgical intervention after seven days, and there is no recurrence in the follow-up.Based on this observation, we have proposed the hypothesis that myocardial cell apoptosis may play a role in AF recurrence after PFA. Our team has designed animal experiments to verify this hypothesis and further investigate the process of PFA-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Pulse field ablation was performed on 15 dogs and the animals were dissected at various time points after the operation (immediately, 3 days, 7 days, 30 days, and 150 days). To obtain ablation voltage maps, electroanatomic mapping was performed before and after ablation and before dissection. The ablation area was also subjected to HE and TUNEL staining to analyze apoptosis and pathological results. The edge area of the ablation in the pulmonary vein (PV) demonstrated continuous dynamic changes from 0 to 2 h after the operation and a slight expansion of the ablation range was observed in the long-term follow-up. Myocardial intima hyperplasia was observed from 0 to 7 days. Local apoptosis was detected from 0 to 2 h and massive, concentrated apoptosis was observed at 3 days. No recurrence of apoptosis was seen at 7 days, 30 days, and 150 days. The results of this study showed that after pulse field ablation (PFA), the central ablation area of the canine heart experienced immediate cardiomyocyte death. Meanwhile, cardiomyocytes in the edge ablation area underwent apoptosis, which began from 0 to 2 h post-operation and ended between 3 and 7 days. This process occurred simultaneously with intimal thickening.In the long-term follow-up group, there was no recovery of isolation and no recurrence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and no change was observed in the endomyocardial intima.

Hybrid adiabatic pulse with asymmetry (HAPY): An asymmetric adiabatic pulse with an application in pulsed arterial spin labeling at 7T.

A new class of asymmetric adiabatic radiofrequency (RF) pulses, Hybrid Adiabatic Pulse with asYmmetry (HAPY), is designed to be used as the labeling pulse for Pulsed Arterial Spin labeling (PASL) at 7T to reduce overall specific absorption rate (SAR) while maintaining high labeling efficiency with and inhomogeneities. Realistic and distributions were extracted from multiple in vivo scans. The proposed class of asymmetric pulses was parameterized and optimized considering these conditions. Simulation and phantoms experiments were performed to compare the optimized pulses with HS-3, GOIA, and trFOCI pulses. In vivo experiments were conducted to demonstrate the application of HAPY in PICORE PASL at 7T, compared with the GOIA and trFOCI pulses. HAPYs with different amounts of pulse energy reduction are obtained by the proposed optimization framework. Both simulation and phantom experiments demonstrate that HAPY achieves high labeling efficiency and high selectivity along the critical side despite off-resonance and low amplitude. In vivo experiments reveal that HAPY is able to generate robust perfusion signal with less overall SAR or shorter pulse repetition time, compared to the GOIA and trFOCI pulses. The HAPY class of pulses, obtained via systematic optimization tailored to the application of PASL at 7T, reduces power deposition without affecting labeling efficiency, which provides a prospect of further exploiting the benefits of ultra-high field in ASL.

A Low Q Three-Phase Series Resonant Converter for PV Applications

In this paper, a soft-switched three-phase resonant converter with a low quality factor (Q) design is proposed for Photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting systems with a very wide range of operating conditions. Due to the low quality factor (Q ≤ 1), the voltage stress across the capacitors is drastically reduced. However, a major challenge of using a low Q design is the wide switching frequency range required for operation over a wide range of load and input conditions. In order to reduce the switching frequency range, this paper introduces a hybrid modulation technique employing asymmetric pulse width modulation (APWM) along with variable frequency modulation. The proposed modulation scheme also substantially extends the soft-switching range of the converter from full-load upto 10–35% load condition over a wide range of line voltages. To sustain soft-switching in the entire operating region of the converter, the converter is operated in a hybrid structure with single-phase and burst modes at light load conditions. A comprehensive time-domain analysis of the proposed converter is presented, which greatly improves accuracy over conventional frequency-domain modeling. Experimental results from a 1 kW prototype are presented to verify the performance of the converter and validate the theoretical analysis.

Ratcheting Charged Polymers through Symmetric Nanopores Using Pulsed Fields: Designing a Low Pass Filter for Concentrating Polyelectrolytes.

We present a new concept for the separation of DNA molecules by contour length that combines a nanofluidic ratchet, nanopore translocation, and pulsed fields. Using Langevin dynamics simulations, we show that it is possible to design pulsed field sequences to ratchet captured semiflexible molecules in such a way that only short chains successfully translocate, effectively transforming the nanopore process into a low pass molecular filter. We also show that asymmetric pulses can significantly enhance the device efficiency. The process itself can be performed with many pores in parallel, and it should be possible to integrate it directly into nanopore sequencing devices, increasing its potential utility.

A Complete Online Solution of Harmonic Elimination PWM Method Using Modified-Equilibrium Optimizer-Levenberg- Marquardt Algorithm

This paper proposes a novel online solution, i.e. Modified-Equilibrium Optimizer-Levenberg-Marquardt (M-EO-LM) algorithm, for the symmetric and asymmetric harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (HEPWM) methods of the modular multilevel cascaded converters. A detailed comparison of the proposed M-EO-LM algorithm with nine state-of-the-art algorithms is also presented for twenty-nine unimodal, multimodal and composite benchmark test functions. M-EO-LM has proven its effectiveness by outperforming these algorithms. EO algorithm is first introduced for the solution of HEPWM method. Its comparison with several state-of-the-art algorithms depicts its superiority; but it gets stuck in the local minima. Modified-EO (M-EO) solves the problem by enhancing its exploration ability, and is then attached to a rapid calculus-based LM method to form the novel M-EO-LM algorithm. M-EO-LM algorithm initiates the solution process by solving the HEPWM equations for nine angles ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N=9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.78\leq M\leq 6.86$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) offline in only two iterations, depicting its remarkable convergence ability. Solution angles are then divided into several groups, serving as the search space for the online M-EO-LM algorithm. A comparison between HEPWM and nearest level modulation methods based on the output voltage THD values is provided to report the maximum number of solvable HEPWM angles for a complete online solution. These angles ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N=8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.78\leq M&lt; 5.18$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) are then solved online using the M-EO-LM algorithm. Comparing the computational times of the proposed online algorithm with differential evolution-Newton Raphson algorithm proves the rapid solution behavior of the M-EO-LM algorithm, validated through the simulation and real-time experimental results.

The use of the combined anesthesia method using local anesthesia and percutaneous electroneurostimulation for dental implantation

The purpose of the work: to conduct a comparative assessment of the adequacy of pain relief based on the study of the dynamics of pain indicators, the autonomic nervous system and the psycho-emotional status of patients with a combination of local anesthesia and percutaneous electroneurostimulation.&#x0D; Materials and methods. 40 patients aged 38 to 63 years took part in the study. The number of patients in the first group amounted to 20 people aged 38 to 63 years, and they all completed the study. In the first group, only local anesthesia (MA) was used by a 4% solution of articaine with epinephrine in a concentration of 1: 200000. In the second group, the number of patients was 20 people aged 38 to 60 years, and all of them also completed the study. In the second group — a combination of percutaneous electroneurostimulation (Chens) with subsequent local anesthesia (Chens+Ma); Electroneurostimulation was carried out using the EPB50-01 Electronics device (Russia), which generates bipolar asymmetric current pulses of 20 s and a frequency of 10 imp/s. The intensity of electroneurostimulation was selected individually until the patient achieve intense non -pain sensations.&#x0D; Results. The use of percutaneous electroneurostimulation potentiates the analgesic effect of local anesthesia in the intraoperative period and has a prolonged analgesic effect, which manifests itself in a decrease in the intensity of pain throughout the postoperative period. Analysis of the features of the action of percutaneous electroneurostimulation indicates that this effect is due to exacerbation of not pain sensitivity, but by sensitization (exacerbation of sensitivity) of non -column peripheral nerves and oral trigeminal core, transmitting signals from receptors that are excited with no damaging effects (touches, displacement of tissues). This sensitization can develop as a result of prolonged preliminary electroneurostimulation, which was carried out before the injection. Against the background of sensitization of sensation from any mechanical effects on the tissue, more acute will be perceived, which was evaluated by patients as more intense pain. This feature of the action of percutaneous electroneurostimulation must be taken into account when compiling methods of its application in clinical practice.&#x0D; Conclusion. The use of percutaneous electroneurostimulation creates favorable conditions for the period of adaptation and integration of implants in the early stages of the postoperative period.

Response of Human Malignant Glioma Cells to Asymmetric Bipolar Electrical Impulses

Electric and electromagnetic pulses have been shown to enhance the endocytosis rate, with all-or-nothing responses beyond a field strength threshold and linear responses as a function of field strength and treatment duration utilizing bipolar symmetrical and monopolar pulses, respectively. Malignant glioma (MG) is resistant to chemotherapy. The present study looked for a new electrical impulse that can aid electrochemotherapy to deliver anticancer drugs while using less electrical energy. Bipolar asymmetric electric pulses were applied to U251MG cells suspended in physiologically conductive media in the presence of molecular probes, including Bleomycin. The delivered electric pulses with a pulse duration range of 180-500 µs and a frequency range of 100-400 Hz had a low field intensity ranging from 1.5 V/cm to 7.3 V/cm. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric measurements were used to investigate the impact of these variables on cancer cell survival and the molecular probe uptake induced by the electric pulses. An all-or-nothing response was observed above a specified threshold of electric field intensity of 4 V/cm. This threshold was unaffected by changes in repetition frequency or pulse duration. It was not a temperature effect that caused the molecular probe uptake to increase. When bipolar asymmetric electric pulses were applied just before electroporation, the effectiveness of the cytotoxic impact of bleomycin was increased from 80%, when employing electroporation pulses alone, to 100%.

Burst mode enabled ultrafast laser inscription inside gallium arsenide

Ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) inside semiconductors offers new perspectives for 3D monolithic structures to be fabricated and new functionalities to be added in electronic and photonic microdevices. However, important challenges remain because of nonlinear effects such as strong plasma generation that distort the energy delivery at the focal point when exposing these materials to intense infrared light. Up to now, the successful technological demonstrations have primarily concentrated on silicon (Si). In this paper, we target at another important semiconductor: gallium arsenide (GaAs). With nonlinearities higher than those of Si, 3D-machining of GaAs with femtosecond pulses becomes even harder. However, we show that the difficulty can be circumvented by burst-mode irradiation. We generate and apply trains of pulses at terahertz repetition rates for efficient pulse-to-pulse accumulation of laser-induced free carriers in the focal region, while avoiding an overdose of prefocal excitations. The superior performance of burst-mode irradiation is confirmed by a comparative study conducted with infrared luminescence microscopy. The results indicate a successful reduction of the plasma density in the prefocal region so that higher pulse energy reaches the focal spot. The same method is applied to identify optimum irradiation conditions considering particular cases such as asymmetric pulse trains and aberrated beams. With 64-pulse trains, we successfully manage to cross the writing threshold providing a solution for ULI inside GaAs. The application potential is finally illustrated with a stealth dicing demonstration by taking benefit of the burst mode. The irradiation method opens wide possibilities for 3D structuring inside GaAs by ULI.

Does the shape of the electric pulse matter in electroporation?

Electric pulses are widely used in biology, medicine, industry, and food processing. Numerous studies indicate that electroporation (EP) is a pulse-dependent process, and the electric pulse shape and duration strongly determine permeabilization efficacy. EP protocols are precisely planned in terms of the size and charge of the molecules, which will be delivered to the cell. In reversible and irreversible EP applications, rectangular or sine, polar or bipolar pulses are commonly used. The usage of pulses of the asymmetric shape is still limited to high voltage and low voltage (HV/LV) sequences in the context of gene delivery, while EP-based applications of ultra-short asymmetric pulses are just starting to emerge. This review emphasizes the importance and role of the pulse shape for membrane permeabilization by EP.

Cardiac cells stimulated with an axial current-like waveform reproduce electrophysiological properties of tissue fibers

Background and objective: In silico electrophysiological models are generally validated by comparing simulated results with experimental data. When dealing with single-cell and tissue scales simultaneously, as occurs frequently during model development and calibration, the effects of inter-cellular coupling should be considered to ensure the trustworthiness of model predictions. The hypothesis of this paper is that the cell-tissue mismatch can be reduced by incorporating the effects of conduction into the single-cell stimulation current. Methods: Five different stimulation waveforms were applied to the human ventricular O’Hara-Rudy cell model. The waveforms included the commonly used monophasic and biphasic (symmetric and asymmetric) pulses, a triangular waveform and a newly proposed asymmetric waveform (stimulation A) that resembles the transmembrane current associated with AP conduction in tissue. A comparison between single-cell and fiber simulated results was established by computing the relative difference between the values of AP-derived properties at different scales, and by evaluating the differences in the contributions of ionic conductances to each evaluated property. As a proof of the benefit, we investigated multi-scale differences in the simulation of the effects induced by dofetilide, a selective IKr blocker with high torsadogenic risk, on ventricular repolarization at different pacing rates. Results: Out of the five tested stimulation waveforms, stimulation A produced the closest correspondence between cell and tissue simulations in terms of AP properties at steady-state and under dynamic pacing and of ionic contributors to those AP properties. Also, stimulation A reproduced the effects of dofetilide better than the other alternative waveforms, mirroring the ’beat-skipping’ behavior observed at fast pacing rates in experiments with human tissue. Conclusions: The proposed stimulation current waveform accounts for inter-cellular coupling effects by mimicking cell excitation during AP conduction. The proposed waveform improves the correspondence between simulation scales, which could improve the trustworthiness of single-cell simulations without adding computational cost.

Upscaling from single- to multi-filament dielectric barrier discharges in pulsed operation

A study on the scalability of discharge characteristics of a single-filament dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to a spatially one-dimensional multi-filament arrangement driven by the same high-voltage (HV) pulses was performed for a gas mixture of 0.1 vol% O2 in N2 at 1 bar. Both arrangements feature a 1 mm gap with dielectric-covered electrodes featuring two hemispherical alumina caps for the single-filament and two parallel alumina-tubes for the multi-filament arrangement. The DBDs were characterised by electrical measurements (for peak current, energy, and power) accompanied by iCCD and streak imaging to determine the filament number and the discharge development in the gas gap and on the surfaces. It was found that the electrical quantities scale with a constant factor between the single- and multi-filament arrangement, which is expected to be related to the filament number. In the multi-filament arrangement, the pulsed operation leads to filament formation in the entire gap in lateral direction within less than 2 ns. Furthermore, particular breakdown or discharge inception regimes were identified for the multi-filament DBDs. These regimes could be generated at the falling slope of asymmetrical HV pulses featuring e.g. a double-streamer propagation, which was previously reported for single-filament DBDs. Consequently, it was proven that the discharge manipulation by varying the HV pulse widths obtained for single-filament DBDs can also be applied in a one-dimensional multi-filament arrangement, i.e. an upscaling based on the knowledge for single-filament DBDs seems to be generally possible.

The microscopic principle and traits on pulsed discharge of negative corona

A systematic investigation of the dynamical behaviors and traits of negative corona discharge in pure oxygen is performed and the microscopic physical mechanism of the discharge is studied. In the meantime, a new dynamical model is presented, which can predict different discharge phases including steady-state discharge and periodic discharge of saw-tooth pulses. The change in the discharge outputs with time is analyzed comprehensively using the nonlinear dynamics method, and the Trichel pulsed oscillation and the dynamical characteristics are described. In addition, the positive ions impacting the cathode and the negative ions can be treated as feedback signals for maintaining pulsed discharge at the constant external excitation. It is found that the gas pressure levels significantly affect the discharge behaviors and the pulsed characteristics of charged particles and glow radiation. In particular, the microscopic mechanism of gas pressure level influencing the negative corona discharge is discovered. Meanwhile, the pulsed characteristics of the discharge outputs are studied, and an explanation of the microscopic formation mechanism of the symmetrical and asymmetrical jagged pulses of diverse outputs is given. It is revealed that the mass, migration speed, and migration time of various particles have a great influence on discharge behaviors.