Asymmetric Three-component Reaction Research Articles

Three-component modular synthesis of chiral 1,3-dioxoles via a Rh-catalyzed carbenic olefination cascade.

The advance of organic synthesis and the discovery of novel chemical transformations are often propelled by the rational programming of various bond-forming mechanisms and sequences that involve delicate reactive intermediates. In this study, we present an innovative Rh(ii)-catalyzed asymmetric three-component cascade reaction involving IIII/PV-hybrid ylides, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids for the synthesis of 1,3-dioxoles with moderate to good yields and high enantioselectivity. This method utilizes IIII/PV-hybrid ylides as carbene precursors to form α-PV-Rh-carbenes, which initiate the formation of carbonyl ylides, followed by stereoselective cyclization with carboxylate anions and an intramolecular Wittig olefination cascade, ultimately resulting in the modular assembly of chiral 1,3-dioxoles. By employing this strategy, we successfully coupled various aldehydes and carboxylic acids to give chiral non-benzofused 1,3-dioxole scaffolds, highlighting the potential for late-stage functionalization of biologically relevant molecules, versatile synthetic manipulation, and the production of poly-1,3-dioxole macromolecules.

Recent Advances in Photochemical Asymmetric Three-Component Reactions.

Over the past decades, asymmetric photochemical synthesis has garnered significant attention for its sustainability and unique ability to generate enantio-enriched molecules through distinct reaction pathways. Photochemical asymmetric three-component reactions have demonstrated significant potential for the rapid construction of chiral compounds with molecular diversity and complexity. However, noteworthy challenges persist, including the participation of high-energy intermediates such as radical species, difficulties in precise control of stereoselectivity, and the presence of competing background and side reactions. Recent breakthroughs have led to the development of sophisticated strategies in this field. This review explores the intricate mechanisms, synthetic applications, and limitations of these methods. We anticipate that it will contribute towards advancing asymmetric catalysis, photochemical synthesis, and green chemistry.

Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric three-component reaction between glyoxylic acid, sulfonamides and arylboronic acids for the synthesis of α-arylglycine derivatives.

A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric three-component synthesis of α-arylglycine derivatives starting from glyoxylic acid, sulfonamides and arylboronic acids is reported. This novel, operationally simple method offers access to the α-arylglycine scaffold in good yields and enantioselectivities. The utilization of α tailored catalyst system enables the enantioselective synthesis of the desired α-arylglycines despite a fast racemic background reaction. The obtained products can be directly employed as building blocks in peptide synthesis.

Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction of Enynal with Alcohol and Imine as An Expeditious Track to Afford Chiral α-Furyl-β-amino Carboxylate Derivatives

Herein, we report an achiral dirhodium complex and chiral phosphoric acid cooperatively catalyzed asymmetric three-component reaction of enynal with alcohol and imine, affording chiral α-furyl-β-amino carboxylates in good to high yields with generally excellent stereoselectivity. The successful introduction of enynal as a carbene precursor in this reaction provides an expeditious track to prepare complex furan derivatives with adjacent quaternary and tertiary stereocenters. The starting materials are stable and readily available, and the method features 100% atom economy with high bond-formation efficiency. This is a highly enantioselective gem-difunctionalization reaction of metal carbene generated in situ from enynal. These generated chiral products could be smoothly converted to polycyclic frameworks and drug-conjugated derivatives through different cycloaddition reactions.

Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction to Assemble the Acyclic All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenter via Visible Light and Phosphoric Acid Catalysis

Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction to Assemble the Acyclic All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenter via Visible Light and Phosphoric Acid Catalysis

Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction of Two Diazo Compounds and Hyrdroxylamine Derivatives for the Access to Chiral α-Alkoxy-β-amino-carboxylates

Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction of Two Diazo Compounds and Hyrdroxylamine Derivatives for the Access to Chiral α-Alkoxy-β-amino-carboxylates

Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Three-Component Allenol Carbopalladation and Allylic Cycloaddition Cascade: A Route to Functionalized Tetrahydrofurans

The first Pd-catalyzed asymmetric three-component reaction of 2,3-allenol, aryl iodides, and 2-arylmethylenemolononitriles has been developed via an allenol carbopalladation and an allylic cycloaddition cascade. This process allows rapid access to substituted tetrahydrofurans bearing diverse functional groups in good yields with high diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities. The concise total synthesis of a lignan, (-)-2-episesaminone, has been achieved by the elaboration of a functionalized tetrahydrofuran obtained from this reaction.

An asymmetric three-component reaction of a diazo compound with an alcohol and a seven-membered imine

An asymmetric three-component reaction via Mannich-type interception of an oxonium ylide with a 7-membered imine has been disclosed, providing chiral dibenzoazepine analogues with excellent stereoselectivity and structural diversity.

Pd/GF-Phos-Catalyzed Asymmetric Three-Component Coupling Reaction to Access Chiral Diarylmethyl Alkynes.

Significant attention has been given in the past few years to the selective transformations of N-tosylhydrazones to various useful compounds. However, the development of enantioselective versions poses considerable challenges. Herein we report a Pd-catalyzed enantioselective three-component coupling of N-tosylhydrazone, aryl halide, and terminal alkyne under mild conditions utilizing a novel chiral sulfinamide phosphine ligand (GF-Phos), which provides a facile access to chiral diarylmethyl alkynes, which are useful synthons in organic synthesis as well as exist as the skeleton in many bioactive molecules. A pair of enantiomers of the product could be easily prepared using the same chiral ligand by simply changing the aryl substituents of the N-tosylhydrazone and aryl halide. The salient features of this reaction include the readily available starting materials, general substrate scope, high enantioselectivity, ease of scale-up, mild reaction conditions, and versatile transformations.

Photoinduced Copper Catalysis in an Asymmetric Three-Component Coupling Reaction

Key words copper photoredox catalysis - 1,3-dienes - three-component reaction

Enantioselective Oxidative Multi-Functionalization of Terminal Alkynes with Nitrones and Alcohols for Expeditious Assembly of Chiral α-Alkoxy-β-amino-ketones.

Catalytic oxidative functionalization of alkynes has emerged as an effective method in synthetic chemistry in recent decades. However, enantioselective transformations via metal carbene intermediates are quite rare due to the lack of robust chiral catalysts, especially in the intermolecular versions. Herein, we report the first asymmetric three-component reaction of commercially available alkynes with nitrones and alcohols, which affords α-alkoxy-β-amino-ketones in good yields with high to excellent enantioselectivity using combined catalysis by an achiral gold complex and a chiral spiro phosphoric acid (CPA). Mechanistically, this atom-economic reaction involves a catalytic alkyne oxidation/ylide formation/Mannich-type addition sequence that uses nitrone as the oxidant and the leaving fragment imine as the electrophile, providing a novel method for multi-functionalization of commercially available terminal alkynes.

Synthesis of Dihydroisoquinoline and Dihydropyridine Derivatives via Asymmetric Dearomative Three-Component Reaction

Synthesis of Dihydroisoquinoline and Dihydropyridine Derivatives via Asymmetric Dearomative Three-Component Reaction

Catalytic Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction of 2-Alkynylbenzaldehydes, Amines, and Dimethylphosphonate.

An efficient enantioselective synthesis of cyclic α-aminophosphonates via multicomponent reactions of 2-alkynylbenzaldehydes, amines, and dimethylphosphonate has been developed with the use of a chiral silver spirocyclic phosphate as the catalyst. This protocol provides straightforward access to a series of chiral C1-phosphonylated 1,2-dihydroisoquinoline derivatives with high yields (up to 99%) and high enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee) for a broad substrate scope. The products could be further transformed into densely functionalized compounds and corresponding α-aminophosphonic acids.

Organocatalytic Asymmetric Three-Component Povarov Reactions of Anilines and Aldehydes.

We report the first highly enantio- and diastereoselective three-component Povarov reaction between anilines and aldehydes catalyzed by a chiral amine catalyst. A wide variety of substituted tetrahydroquinolines were obtained with moderate to good yields and excellent enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity (up to 99% ee and >95:5 dr) under the reaction conditions. Furthermore, the reaction intermediates could be efficiently converted to other valuable building blocks.

Asymmetric Three-Component Cyclizations toward Structurally Spiro Pyrrolidines via Bifunctional Phosphonium Salt Catalysis.

Asymmetric multicomponent reactions toward optically pure compounds are highly attractive but extremely challenging. Presented herein is a highly diastereo- and enantioselective three-component cyclization of exocyclic alkenes with aldehydes and amino esters, which was enabled by bifunctional phosphonium salt catalysts. A wide range of multiply substituted spiro pyrrolidine derivatives were prepared in high yields with excellent stereoselectivities. Of note, this is the first example of a catalytic asymmetric three-component reaction with a phase-transfer catalysis system.

Remote Control of Axial Chirality: Synthesis of Spirooxindole-Urazoles via Desymmetrization of ATAD.

For the first time, a desymmetrization strategy empowered the assembly of a class of optically pure spirooxindole-urazoles possessing an N-Ar stereogenic axis via remote control of axial chirality in an asymmetric three-component reaction. This transformation was realized by a tandem bisthiourea-catalyzed asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction and substrate-controlled asymmetric ene reaction. The driving force derived from aromatization and the high reactivity of 4-aryl-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione enophiles mediated the occurrence of the successive ene reaction under mild conditions.

Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Allenoates via Allenoate-Copper Intermediates

Summary A catalytic asymmetric three-component reaction of α-diazoesters with terminal alkynes and isatins was achieved. This one-pot synthesis gave rise to axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenoates bearing a stereogenic center. The chiral guanidinium salt/CuBr/YBr 3 catalytic system proved efficient and highly diastereo- and enantioselective for a wide range of alkynes, aromatic α-diazoesters, and isatins under mild reaction conditions. This approach enables a Cu(I)-involved asymmetric multicomponent reaction (AMCR) of α-diazo compounds and gives solid experimental evidence for the formation of allenoate-Cu(I) intermediates in C–H insertion of α-diazoesters to terminal alkynes. We also found that additional acids improved the catalyst efficiency of guanidinium salt/CuCl in the direct enantioselective C–H insertion of α-aryl diazoesters. Mechanism studies suggest that the combined-acid systems (Lewis acid combined with assisted Lewis acid or Bronsted acid combined with assisted Lewis acid) bring out higher reactivity by associative interaction and allow for an equally effective asymmetric environment.

Correction to Asymmetric Construction of Fluoroalkyl Tertiary Alcohols through a Three-Component Reaction of (Bpin)2, 1,3-Enynes, and Fluoroalkyl Ketones Catalyzed by a Copper(I) Complex.

An asymmetric three-component reaction of Bis(pinacolato)diboron ((BPin)2), 1,3-enynes, and fluoroalkyl ketones was carried out by using a copper(I)-Ph-BPE complex as the catalyst, which afforded a series of chiral fluoroalkyl diols in good to high yield, good to high diastereoselectivity, and high enantioselectivity after an oxidative workup. The reaction exhibits advantages that include a broad substrate scope, high functional group compatibility, high stereoselectivity, and an easy reaction protocol. The synthetic utility of the reaction was showcased by several transformations.

Asymmetric Construction of Fluoroalkyl Tertiary Alcohols through a Three-Component Reaction of (Bpin)2, 1,3-Enynes, and Fluoroalkyl Ketones Catalyzed by a Copper(I) Complex.

An asymmetric three-component reaction of Bis(pinacolato)diboron ((BPin)2), 1,3-enynes, and fluoroalkyl ketones was carried out by using a copper(I)-Ph-BPE complex as the catalyst, which afforded a series of chiral fluoroalkyl diols in good to high yield, good to high diastereoselectivity, and high enantioselectivity after an oxidative workup. The reaction exhibits advantages that include a broad substrate scope, high functional group compatibility, high stereoselectivity, and an easy reaction protocol. The synthetic utility of the reaction was showcased by several transformations.

Brönsted-Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction of Amines, Aldehydes, and Pyruvate Derivatives. Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized γ-Lactam Derivatives.

Chiral phosphoric acids are efficient organocatalysts for the asymmetric three-component reaction of amines, aldehydes, and pyruvate derivatives. Simultaneous condensation of amines with both carbonylic compounds followed by a hydrogen bonding activated nucleophilic addition of enamines to imines affords densely functionalized enantioenriched 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ones. These substrates can be used in subsequent diastereoselective transformations to afford enantiopure γ-lactam derivatives.