Asymmetric Sequence Research Articles

Low-velocity impact behavior of interlayer hybrid foldcore sandwich structures with carbon/glass fibers

Interlayer hybrid foldcore sandwich structures have been introduced in this study. Both facesheets and foldcores were hybridized in the same ply sequence with two layers of plain woven carbon (C) and two layers of satin woven glass (G) fiber prepregs (Carbon-to-Glass ratio 1:1). Foldcore sandwich structures with six-ply combinations were designed including two symmetric layups (GCCG and CGGC) and four asymmetric layups (CGCG, GCGC, CCGG, and GGCC). The static compression and low-velocity impact performance of foldcore sandwich structures of different ply sequences were investigated. A user-defined material subroutine (VUMAT) was employed to characterize the damage evolution of composite materials based on selected failure criteria. The findings revealed that hybridization was effective in enhancing its energy absorption value of pure carbon fiber foldcore sandwich structures in terms of static compression performance. The damage degree of the interlayer hybrid foldcore sandwich structures increased gradually with the increasing impact energy. Moreover, the damage of facesheet was mainly caused by fiber tensile, matrix tensile damage and delamination, and damage of foldcore was mainly delamination. GCGC sandwich panel with asymmetrical cross-ply sequence has the optimal load bearing capacity, and CGGC sandwich panel with symmetrical layup has a strong energy absorption capacity under high-energy impact load. The foldcore sandwich structure showed smaller peak load, longer crushing distance, and more energy absorption value under larger oblique impact angle. The simulation and experimental results show good agreement in peak force, maximum energy absorption, and damage mode.

Model Predictive Torque Control for a Dual Three-phase PMSM Using Modified Dual Virtual Vector Modulation Method

Single voltage vectors applied in the conventional model predictive torque control (MPTC) for multiphase motors do not only suffer from serious torque and stator flux ripples but also cause the large harmonic current. To address the aforementioned challenges, an MPTC using a modified dual virtual vector modulation method is proposed to improve the operational performance of a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor. Virtual voltage vectors are synthesized as the candidate control set to restrain the harmonic current. A transformation method is introduced to consider both the stator flux and torque in the duty cycle modulation. The torque and stator flux ripples are simultaneously reduced by addressing the limitations of nonuniform units. Furthermore, the null voltage vector is then inserted to expand the modulation range and improve the steady-state performance. Moreover, the sawtooth carrier is adopted to address the challenge of the asymmetric switch sequence caused by the modified modulation. Finally, the experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed MPTC method.

A New Construction of Asymmetric ZCZ Sequence Sets

A New Construction of Asymmetric ZCZ Sequence Sets

S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine and Cu(II) Impact Green Plant Regeneration Efficiency.

The biological improvement of triticale, a cereal of increasing importance in agriculture, may be accelerated via the production of doubled haploid lines using in vitro culture. Among the relevant factors affecting the culture efficiency are Cu(II) or Ag(I) acting, e.g., as cofactors of enzymes. The copper ions are known to positively affect green plant regeneration efficiency. However, the biochemical basis, mainly its role in the generation of in vitro-induced genetic and epigenetic variation and green plant regeneration efficiency, is not well understood. Here, we employed structural equation modeling to evaluate the relationship between de novo DNA methylation affecting the asymmetric context of CHH sequences, the methylation-sensitive Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism related sequence variation, and the concentration of Cu(II) and Ag(I) ions in induction media, as well as their effect on S-adenosyl-L-methionine perturbations, observed using FTIR spectroscopy, and the green plant regeneration efficiency. Our results allowed the construction of a theory-based model reflecting the biological phenomena associated with green plant regeneration efficiency. Furthermore, it is shown that Cu(II) ions in induction media affect plant regeneration, and by manipulating their concentration, the regeneration efficiency can be altered. Additionally, S-adenosyl-L-methionine is involved in the efficiency of green plant regeneration through methylation of the asymmetric CHH sequence related to de novo methylation. This shows that the Yang cycle may impact the production of green regenerants.

Glutathione and copper ions as critical factors of green plant regeneration efficiency of triticale in vitro anther culture.

Plant tissue culture techniques are handy tools for obtaining unique plant materials that are difficult to propagate or important for agriculture. Homozygous materials derived through in vitro cultures are invaluable and significantly accelerate the evaluation of new varieties, e.g., cereals. The induction of somatic embryogenesis/androgenesis and the regeneration and its efficiency can be influenced by the external conditions of tissue culture, such as the ingredients present in the induction or regeneration media. We have developed an approach based on biological system, molecular markers, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and structural equation modeling technique to establish links between changes in sequence and DNA methylation at specific symmetric (CG, CHG) and asymmetric (CHH) sequences, glutathione, and green plant regeneration efficiency in the presence of variable supplementation of induction medium with copper ions. The methylation-sensitive Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism was used to assess tissue culture-induced variation, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy to describe the glutathione spectrum, and a structural equation model to develop the relationship between sequence variation, de novo DNA methylation within asymmetric sequence contexts, and copper ions in the induction medium, as well as, glutathione, and green plant efficiency. An essential aspect of the study is demonstrating the contribution of glutathione to green plant regeneration efficiency and indicating the critical role of copper ions in influencing tissue culture-induced variation, glutathione, and obtaining green regenerants. The model presented here also has practical implications, showing that manipulating the concentration of copper ions in the induction medium may influence cell function and increases green plant regeneration efficiency.

A monomeric mycobacteriophage immunity repressor utilizes two domains to recognize an asymmetric DNA sequence

Regulation of bacteriophage gene expression involves repressor proteins that bind and downregulate early lytic promoters. A large group of mycobacteriophages code for repressors that are unusual in also terminating transcription elongation at numerous binding sites (stoperators) distributed across the phage genome. Here we provide the X-ray crystal structure of a mycobacteriophage immunity repressor bound to DNA, which reveals the binding of a monomer to an asymmetric DNA sequence using two independent DNA binding domains. The structure is supported by small-angle X-ray scattering, DNA binding, molecular dynamics, and in vivo immunity assays. We propose a model for how dual DNA binding domains facilitate regulation of both transcription initiation and elongation, while enabling evolution of other superinfection immune specificities.

A Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Lipoxin B4 and its Biological Activity as a Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediator of Neuroinflammation.

Two stereocontrolled, efficient, and modular syntheses of eicosanoid lipoxin B4 (LXB4 ) are reported. One features a stereoselective reduction followed by an asymmetric epoxidation sequence to set the vicinal diol stereocentres. The dienyne was installed via a one-pot Wittig olefination and base-mediated epoxide ring opening cascade. The other approach installed the diol through an asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction followed by a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination to afford the common dienyne intermediate. Finally, a Sonogashira coupling and an alkyne hydrosilylation/proto-desilylation protocol furnished LXB4 in 25 % overall yield in just 10 steps. For the first time, LXB4 has been fully characterized spectroscopically with its structure confirmed as previously reported. We have demonstrated that the synthesized LXB4 showed similar biological activity to commercial sources in a cellular neuroprotection model. This synthetic route can be employed to synthesize large quantities of LXB4 , enable synthesis of new analogs, and chemical probes for receptor and pathway characterization.

Silent Infarcts, White Matter Integrity, and Oxygen Metabolic Stress in Young Adults With and Without Sickle Cell Trait.

Individuals with sickle cell anemia have heightened risk of stroke and cognitive dysfunction. Given its high prevalence globally, whether sickle cell trait (SCT) is a risk factor for neurological injury has been of interest; however, data have been limited. We hypothesized that young, healthy adults with SCT would show normal cerebrovascular structure and hemodynamic function. As a case-control study, young adults with (N=25, cases) and without SCT (N=24, controls) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging to quantify brain volume, microstructural integrity (fractional anisotropy), silent cerebral infarcts (SCI), intracranial stenosis, and aneurysms. Pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling and asymmetric spin echo sequences measured cerebral blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction, respectively, from which cerebral metabolic oxygen demand was calculated. Imaging metrics were compared between SCT cases and controls. SCI volume was correlated with baseline characteristics. Compared with controls, adults with SCT demonstrated similar normalized brain volumes (SCT 0.80 versus control 0.81, P=0.41), white matter fractional anisotropy (SCT 0.41 versus control 0.43, P=0.37), cerebral blood flow (SCT 62.04 versus control, 61.16 mL/min/100 g, P=0.67), oxygen extraction fraction (SCT 0.27 versus control 0.27, P=0.31), and cerebral metabolic oxygen demand (SCT 2.71 versus control 2.70 mL/min/100 g, P=0.96). One per cohort had an intracranial aneurysm. None had intracranial stenosis. The SCT cases and controls showed similar prevalence and volume of SCIs; however, in the subset of participants with SCIs, the SCT cases had greater SCI volume versus controls (0.29 versus 0.07 mL, P=0.008). Of baseline characteristics, creatinine was mildly elevated in the SCT cohort (0.9 versus 0.8 mg/dL, P=0.053) and correlated with SCI volume (ρ=0.49, P=0.032). In the SCT cohort, SCI distribution was similar to that of young adults with sickle cell anemia. Adults with SCT showed normal cerebrovascular structure and hemodynamic function. These findings suggest that healthy individuals with SCT are unlikely to be at increased risk for early or accelerated ischemic brain injury.

Pulse-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance of protein translational diffusion from native to non-native states.

Hydrodynamic radii (Rh -values) calculated from diffusion coefficients measured by pulse-field-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance are compared for folded and unfolded proteins. For native globular proteins, the Rh -values increase as a power of 0.35 with molecular size, close to the scaling factor of 0.33 predicted from polymer theory. Unfolded proteins were studied under four sets of conditions: in the absence of denaturants, in the presence of 6M urea, in 95% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and in 40% hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). Scaling factors under all four unfolding conditions are similar (0.49-0.53) approaching the theoretical value of 0.60 for a fully unfolded random coil. Persistence lengths are also similar, except smaller in 95% DMSO, suggesting that the polypeptides are more disordered on a local scale with this solvent. Three of the proteins in our unfolded set have an asymmetric sequence-distribution of charged residues. While these proteins behave normally in water and 6M urea, they give atypically low Rh -values in 40% HFIP and 95% DMSO suggesting they are forming electrostatic hairpins, favored by their asymmetric sequence charge distribution and the low dielectric constants of DMSO and HFIP. While diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy can separate small molecules, we show a number of factors combine to make protein-sized molecules much more difficult to resolve in mixtures. Finally, we look at the temperature dependence of apparent diffusion coefficients. Small molecules show a linear temperature response, while large proteins show abnormally large apparent diffusion coefficients at high temperatures due to convection, suggesting diffusion reference standards are only useful near 25°C.

Divergent Asymmetric Synthesis of Panowamycins, TM-135, and Veramycin F Using C-H Insertion with Donor/Donor Carbenes.

Panowamycins are a group of isochroman-based natural products first isolated from Streptomyces sp. K07-0010 in 2012 by Satoshi Ōmura and co-workers that exhibit modest anti-trypanosomal activity. Herein we demonstrate the first syntheses of these natural products and their epimers. Stereoselective dirhodium-catalyzed C-H insertion reactions with a donor/donor carbene construct the substituted isochroman core in the key bond-forming step. The syntheses are completed without the use of protecting groups and feature a late-stage Wacker oxidation. Incongruent NMR spectra between natural and synthetic samples revealed the structural misassignment of panowamycin A and veramycin F. Computational NMR studies suggested panowamycin A to be an alternate diastereomer, which was confirmed by synthesizing this isomer. Concurrent with this work, in 2021 Mahmud and co-workers came to the same conclusion with an updated NMR analysis of panowamycin A. In a divergent, asymmetric sequence, we report the synthesis of panowamycin A, panowamycin B, TM-135, and veramycin F.

Divergent Asymmetric Synthesis of Panowamycins, TM‐135, and Veramycin F Using C−H Insertion with Donor/Donor Carbenes

AbstractPanowamycins are a group of isochroman‐based natural products first isolated from Streptomyces sp. K07‐0010 in 2012 by Satoshi Ōmura and co‐workers that exhibit modest anti‐trypanosomal activity. Herein we demonstrate the first syntheses of these natural products and their epimers. Stereoselective dirhodium‐catalyzed C−H insertion reactions with a donor/donor carbene construct the substituted isochroman core in the key bond‐forming step. The syntheses are completed without the use of protecting groups and feature a late‐stage Wacker oxidation. Incongruent NMR spectra between natural and synthetic samples revealed the structural misassignment of panowamycin A and veramycin F. Computational NMR studies suggested panowamycin A to be an alternate diastereomer, which was confirmed by synthesizing this isomer. Concurrent with this work, in 2021 Mahmud and co‐workers came to the same conclusion with an updated NMR analysis of panowamycin A. In a divergent, asymmetric sequence, we report the synthesis of panowamycin A, panowamycin B, TM‐135, and veramycin F.

Manufacturing and characterisation of a new thermal pre-stressed carbon fibre-reinforced lattice core for sandwich panels

Development of high-performance sandwich structures is particularly attractive for aerospace applications, where novel lighter materials and structures are object of extensive research. This work is focused on the design of a new high-performance Carbon FRP core as alternative to traditional periodic prismatic ones. The innovative core is designed as a 2D close-packing pattern of circular cells and manufactured by connecting pre-preg corrugated laminates in specific locations. The corrugated laminates are layered following an asymmetric sequence in order to generate residual thermal stresses within the core to enhance energy absorption and compressive properties. The distribution of the residual thermal stress within the core was numerically studied with a finite element model of the unit cell, in order to prove the positive contribution of the asymmetric layup on the mechanical properties and study the failure mechanisms of the unit-cell. Composite core samples were manufactured, and their mechanical properties were experimentally evaluated through compression, both out-of-plane and in-plane, and beam flexure tests. Results were compared in terms of specific properties with traditional aluminium honeycomb core, showing large increments of specific compressive strength (+84.6%), in-plane compressive modulus (over +500%), Specific Energy Absorption (+145%) and shear (>20%). The FEM model was validated against experimental compressive results, showing an error below 10%. The results show that the core is suitable for applications in novel high-performance sandwich structures, leading to numerous advantages in comparison to traditional cores, such as higher specific properties, manufacturability of complex sandwich structures and higher adhesion and compatibility with CFRP skins.

Relative numerical middle in rhesus monkeys.

Animals show vast numerical competence in tasks that require both ordinal and cardinal numerical representations, but few studies have addressed whether animals can identify the numerical middle in a sequence. Two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) learned to select the middle dot in a horizontal sequence of three dots on a touchscreen. When subsequently presented with longer sequences composed of 5, 7 or 9 items, monkeys transferred the middle rule. Accuracy decreased as the length of the sequence increased. In a second test, we presented monkeys with asymmetrical sequences composed of nine items, where the numerical and spatial middle were distinct and both monkeys selected the numerical middle over the spatial middle. Our results demonstrate that rhesus macaques can extract an abstract numerical rule to bisect a discrete set of items.

High Frequency Bipolar Electroporator with Double-Crowbar Circuit for Load-Independent Forming of Nanosecond Pulses

In this work, a novel electroporation system (electroporator) is presented, which is capable of forming high frequency pulses in a broad range of parameters (65 ns–100 µs). The electroporator supports voltages up to 3 kV and currents up to 40 A and is based on H-bridge circuit topology. A synchronized double crowbar driving sequence is introduced to generate short nanosecond range pulses independently of the electroporator load. The resultant circuit generates pulses with repetition frequencies up to 5 MHz and supports unipolar, bipolar, and asymmetrical pulse sequences with arbitrary waveforms. The shortest pulse duration step is hardware limited to 33 ns. The electroporator was experimentally tested on the H69AR human lung cancer cell line using 20 kV/cm bipolar and unipolar 100 ns–1 μs pulses. Based on a YO-PRO-1 permeabilization assay, it was determined that the electroporator is suitable for applied research on electroporation. The system offers high flexibility in experimental design to trigger various electroporation-based phenomena.

Enantioselective Flow Synthesis of Rolipram Enabled by a Telescoped Asymmetric Conjugate Addition-Oxidative Aldehyde Esterification Sequence Using in Situ-Generated Persulfuric Acid as Oxidant.

A novel approach is reported for the enantioselective flow synthesis of rolipram comprising a telescoped asymmetric conjugate addition–oxidative aldehyde esterification sequence followed by trichlorosilane-mediated nitro group reduction and concomitant lactamization. The telescoped process takes advantage of a polystyrene-supported chiral organocatalyst along with in situ-generated persulfuric acid as a robust and scalable oxidant for direct aldehyde esterification. This approach demonstrates significantly improved productivity compared with earlier methodologies while ensuring environmentally benign metal-free conditions.

Comparison of IDEAL-IQ and IVIM-DWI for Differentiating between Alpha Fetoprotein-Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

Background: To compare the differential diagnostic value of iterative decomposition of water and fat with the echo asymmetrical and least-squares estimation quantitation sequence (IDEAL-IQ) with that of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM DWI) in differentiating between alpha fetoprotein (AFP)-negative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Materials and Methods: A total of 28 AFP-negative HCC cases and 15 FNH cases were scanned using the IDEAL-IQ and IVIM-DWI magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols. Two radiologists independently assessed the fat fraction (FF) and the iron level surrogate (R2*) derived from the IDEAL-IQ images and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), pure diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) derived from the IVIM-DWI images. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were estimated to evaluate the agreement repeatability between the two readers. The area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristics curve was used to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the parameters extracted from the two techniques. Results: The lesions in the HCC group had significantly higher FF than the FNH group (8.284 ± 5.756 vs. 2.559 ± 1.247, P < 0.05). ADC and D values were lower in the HCC lesions when compared with the FNH lesions (1.310 ± 0.253 and 0.909 ± 0.192, respectively, vs. 1.624 ± 0.304 and 1.230 ± 0.314; ×10−3 mm2 /s). The FF parameter had the highest AUC (0.923) followed by D (0.864) and ADC (0.854). Conclusions: FF derived from IDEAL-IQ, and ADC and D derived from IVIM-DWI were able to differentiate AFP-negative HCC from FNH. IDEAL-IQ showed better performance for the differentiation of FNH from HCC than the IVIM-DWI-derived parameters.

Visible light induced RAFT for asymmetric functionalization of silica mesopores.

One key feature for bioinspired transport design through nanoscale pores is nanolocal, asymmetric as well as multifunctional nanopore functionalization. Here, we use a visible-light induced, controlled photo electron/energy transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization for asymmetric polymer placement into mesoporous silica thin films including asymmetric polymer sequence design.

Dynamic R2' Imaging can Be a Biomarker for Diagnosing and Staging Early Acute Kidney Injury in Animals.

Background: Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) is essential in clinical settings. None of the current biomarkers are widely applied. The combination of pulse-shifting multi-echo asymmetric spin-echo sequence (psMASE) and a modified hemodynamic response imaging (HRI) technique is promising. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of psMASE combined with HRI in detecting early ischemic AKI in animal models of different severities.Methods: Twenty rabbits were divided into four groups (mild, moderate, and severe AKI and control groups). Transarterial embolization with different doses of microspheres was performed to establish AKI animal models of different severities. The 3T psMASE and HRI scans of kidneys were conducted. The R2*, R2, and R2' during room air and gas stimulation were acquired and the difference of R2' (dR2') was evaluated in different AKI groups.Results: The values were not different in R2* and R2 during room air and in R2* and R2, and R2' during gas stimulation. The value of R2' was significantly different during room air (P = 0.014), but the difference was only found between control and moderate/severe AKI groups (P = 0.032 and 0.022). The values of dR2' were different among groups (P < 0.0001) and differences between every two groups except comparison of moderate and severe AKI groups were significant (P < 0.01).Conclusion: The dR2' imaging acquired by a combination of renal psMASE and HRI technique can serve as a potential quantitative biomarker for early detection and staging of AKI.

The failure mode variation in post-buckled GFRP columns with different stacking sequences - Experimental damage analysis and numerical prediction

Fibre reinforced polymers are widely used materials in terms of their mechanical properties. The application of proper stacking-sequence of layers allows to obtain desirable properties of composite structure, and affect its failure mechanisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stacking sequence influence in the axially compressed glass-fibre reinforced epoxy thin-walled columns. To highlight the differences, the comparative failure analysis was performed. The macroscopic observation and the analysis of X-ray µCT images presented numerous damage types for particular stacking sequences. Also, the progressive failure analysis model, which takes the manufacturing conditions into account, was implemented. The novelty of the analysis approach lies in direct comparison of experimental and numerical results in scale 1:1 – both in macroscale and microscale. The analysis indicated the most sensitive points of the studied columns in terms of damage initiation. The most dominant failure mode was delamination. It was noted ply clustering allows one to limit the damaged area in cost of increased matrix failure. It was also noticed that symmetric and asymmetric stacking sequences possess insignificant differences in the damaged area. The changes of stacking sequences have the effect on the development of translaminar, interlaminar and intralaminar cracks likewise. The comparison of experimental failure analysis and finite element method showed that the PFA model predicts the approximate localization of the failures.

Cerebral Metabolic Stress Is Lower in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia on Hydroxyurea Therapy

Hydroxyurea (HU) is the only medication available with neuroprotective potential in sickle cell anemia (SCA), yet the physiological mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. We utilized MRI to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) to test our hypothesis that HU therapy relieves ongoing cerebral metabolic stress by decreasing OEF in patients with SCA. Brain MRI measured CBF (pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling), OEF (asymmetric spin echo sequence that measures voxel-wise tissue deoxyhemoglobin) and vasculopathy (magnetic resonance angiography) in prospectively enrolled participants with SCA. FMRIB9s Linear Image Registration Tool individually co-registered CBF and OEF maps to corresponding T1 images, and FMRIB9s Automated Segmentation Tool segmented gray and white matter (GM and WM). For analysis, participants were cohorted by SCA therapy they were receiving at the time of the MRI. Group comparisons between SCA without HU, SCA with HU, and SCA pre-transfusion (pre-tx; MRI up to 24 hours before chronic tx therapy) were made with Kruskal-Wallis or chi-squared test, followed by pairwise comparisons with Mann-Whitney U test. Bivariate correlations were described with Spearman9s rho. Significance was specified as p-value Seventy-nine participants with SCA (70 HbSS, 9 HbSβ 0 thalassemia) underwent MRI. There was no significant difference in age (p = 0.965) or sex (p = 0.471) among treatment cohorts. Hemoglobin (Hb) was significantly different between cohorts (p = 0.001). While the SCA without HU cohort had a significantly lower Hb than both SCA with HU (p = 0.010) and SCA pre-tx (p There was no difference in GM (p = 0.680) or WM (p = 0.736) CBF among the 3 cohorts, even after controlling for age with multiple regression. However, there was a significant difference in GM OEF among cohorts (p To investigate potential mechanisms of metabolic stress reduction, we evaluated the relationship between OEF, total Hb, % Hb A, % Hb F and % Hb S. OEF and Hb were strongly correlated in both GM and WM (GM: spearman9s rho = -0.857, p 2 = 0.737, p = 0.003), and for WM OEF (total Hb: β = -0.041, p 2 = 0.719, p We report the first investigation into the effects of HU on cerebral oxygen metabolism in SCA. Our data suggest that HU mitigates ongoing cerebral metabolic stress by improving cerebral oxygen delivery, allowing reduction in OEF without altering CBF; however, the degree of OEF correction is not as strong as chronic tx therapy. Longitudinal evaluation of these cohorts is needed to determine if the improvement in OEF by HU is sufficient for prevention of stroke and cognitive dysfunction in patients with SCA. Disclosures Fields: Proclara Biosciences: Equity Ownership. Hulbert: Pfizer: Other: Spouse employment at Pfizer.