Asymmetric Layout Research Articles

Can Digitally Displayed Product Packaging Evoke Emotions? A Neuromarketing Study

The appealing design elements on the packaging are the key to capturing consumers' attention toward the product. Many methods can be used to study packaging design features that attract consumer attention and influence purchase behavior. Neuromarketing is a method that has gained attention in the marketing field. This research involves the design of natural skincare product packaging using neuromarketing eye-tracker and EEG techniques, which can capture visual attention and influence consumer purchase intention through emotional variables and visual-haptic perception. In addition, this study will also test different types of design elements, including shape, texture, layout, and eco-label. The research results indicate that texture and eco-label factors significantly differ in participants' visual attention. Heatmap analysis shows general information on the label, including brand, benefits, function, content, product volume, and eco-label, arranged in symmetric and asymmetric layouts, which can attract participants' attention to read or pay attention to the displayed information on the product. The EGG analysis results, represented through beta and gamma waves, show differences in emotional responses when different stimuli are presented. Spearman Rank correlation results show a positive correlation between visual attention to designs with glossy based on EEG indicators. The results of the research model tested using regression techniques indicate a significant influence between packaging features and purchase intention mediated by visual-haptic perception and emotion variables. The result of this research using the combination of neuromarketing and questionnaires shows that packaging features mediated by visual-haptic perception and emotion variables significantly affect purchase intention.

Simulation of Crowd Evacuation in Asymmetrical Exit Layout Based on Improved Dynamic Parameters Model

Simulation of Crowd Evacuation in Asymmetrical Exit Layout Based on Improved Dynamic Parameters Model

Design and implementation of a full analogue gate driver for current compensation of paralleled SiC‐MOSFETs

AbstractSilicon carbide MOSFETs have current ratings that are not sufficiently high to be used in high‐power converters. It is necessary to connect several MOSFETs in parallel in order to increase current capabilities. However, transient imbalance peak currents during turn‐on and ‐off processes challenge the performance and reliability of parallel MOSFETs. This paper considers the impact factors of device parameters, asymmetrical power circuit layout and circuit parasitic analytically to reveal the imbalance current peaks. The turn‐on and ‐off transient conditions are studied and mathematically investigated. In master‐slave configuration, a fully analogue active gate driver is designed and implemented to suppress the imbalance current among parallel silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs. In the proposed scheme, by exploiting an imbalance current detection circuit and I‐controller in a negative feedback for the slave MOSFET, an appropriate control voltage is obtained. The output voltage of active gate driver is adjusted by the control voltage, whether positive or negative in turn‐on and ‐off transient, in order to synchronize the peak currents of paralleled modules. Moreover, a detailed circuit of the designed compensator is presented and discussed. The experimental results are presented to verify the reliability and the effectiveness of the proposed compensator.

Brand Image in Cosmetic Packaging Design with a Visual Appeal Approach (Case Study: MS Glow)

The study identified the brand image of the cosmetic packaging moisturizer MS Glow. MS Glows is a local cosmetics brand in Indonesia, one of its best products is Moisturizers which won the first championship as the best local moisturizer of the year 2022. Qualitative descriptive methods with observation techniques, literature, and documentation are used in this research. The theoretical framework used included a visual appeal approach (Kotler and Amstrong) and brand image (Keller). The results showed that the moisturizer packaging of three variants (yuzu, watermelon, cactus, and grape seed) consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging. Practical shapes, lightweight materials, colors in harmony with product variants, a combination of serif and sans serif letters, illustrations highlighting the main materials, and an asymmetrical layout. Three brand image components, namely the strength of the brand association, the benefits of its association, and the uniqueness of brand associations evaluate the ideal and accurate design of the MS Glow moisturizer packaging so that products spread across the market can be trusted. This study shows that an ideal visual appeal can build relevant packaging and open up opportunities for MS Glow to create products with their distinctive image.

Mechanism and Control Strategies for Current Sharing in Multi-Chip Parallel Automotive Power Modules

Multi-chip parallel power modules are highly favored in applications requiring high capacity and high switching frequency. However, the dynamic current imbalance between parallel chips caused by asymmetric layouts limits the available capacity. This paper presents a method to optimize dynamic current distribution by adjusting the lengths and connection points of bond wires. For the first time, a response surface model and nonlinear constraint optimization algorithm are introduced, along with parameter analysis based on finite element methods, to establish the response surface models for the parasitic inductance of bond wires and DBC (direct bonded copper). By leveraging the optimization goals for parasitic inductance and the analytical expressions of all response surfaces, the dynamic current sharing issue was transformed into a nonlinear constrained optimization problem. The solution to this optimization problem identified the optimal connection points for the bond wires, enhancing dynamic current sharing performance. Simulations and experiments were conducted, revealing that the optimized automotive-grade module exhibited a significant reduction in current differences between parallel branches, from 41.7% to 5.03% compared with the original design. This indicated that the proposed optimization scheme for adjusting bond wire connection points could significantly mitigate current disparities, thereby markedly improving current distribution uniformity.

Ground motion parameters and damage correlation in plan irregular L-shape steel structure with BRB

Irregularly designed structures frequently experience greater damage compared to regular buildings as a result of elevated torsional reactions and stress concentration, as indicated by evaluations of damage carried out subsequent to past seismic events. The irregularities in the plan configuration provide significant issues for building seismic design. One example of an irregularity is the re-entrant corners found in L-shaped structures, which can lead to early collapse by causing stress concentration from abrupt changes in stiffness and torsional response amplification. More than ever, a thorough investigation into the relationship between the issue of ground motion parameters (GMPs) and Damage is required because of the complex way that L-shaped buildings respond to earthquakes. The current study examines the relationship between a large number of commonly used GMPs and the associated damage for three-, six-, nine-, and twelve-story 3D buildings—that is, low-, mid, and high-rise structures—with asymmetric L-shaped plan layouts. The system of lateral load resistance that was used was Buckling Restrained Brace Frames (BRBFs). To assess a building's seismic performance, 15 bidirectional earthquake ground motions were applied using Nonlinear Time History Analysis (NTHA) for incident angles of 0°, 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315°. The structural response is reported in terms of the average and maximum inter-story drift as well as the total Park-Ang damage index. The relationship between GMPs and structural damage was then investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results indicate that the highest link with damage measurements is found for 3- and 6-story structures when looking at the spectral acceleration at the fundamental period, Sa(T1). However, PGD and SMV exhibit a stronger correlation than other GMPs for structures with nine and twelve stories. Additionally, Classification and Regression Trees (CART) is a decision tree algorithm used for predictive modeling. In this study suggested using CART (Classification and Regression Trees) algorithms to estimate the link between GMPs and Damage Indices. The findings demonstrate the ability of CART algorithms to extract the rules and correlations governing earthquake damage.

Investigation of Asymmetrical Winding Layouts for Fractional-Slot Permanent Magnet Machine

Investigation of Asymmetrical Winding Layouts for Fractional-Slot Permanent Magnet Machine

Graph-Based Traffic Forecasting with the Dynamics of Road Symmetry and Capacity Performance

Symmetry in traffic patterns is a fundamental aspect of intelligent transportation systems, aiming to precisely predict traffic flow in real time despite the complex interplay of spatial and temporal factors. This paper presents a novel method of traffic forecasting that incorporates parameters related to road symmetry into a Graph Convolution Network model. Our model is crafted to dynamically adjust to real-time changes in road conditions, including the presence of symmetric and asymmetric road layouts, which substantially influence traffic flow. We have developed a GCN model that not only accounts for standard traffic flow metrics but also integrates a matrix representing road symmetry. The model undergoes training and validation on the METR-LA dataset, showcasing a significant enhancement in prediction accuracy. In the comparative analysis of state-of-the-art methods, our model demonstrated a significant enhancement in performance, achieving 30.68% improvement in Mean Squared Error (MSE) and a 24.28% improvement in Mean Absolute Error (MAE) over the best-performing method. The implications of our research are profound for urban planners, traffic management systems, and navigation service providers, as it offers a more dependable tool for forecasting traffic conditions, aiding in road design, and refining route planning strategies based on the symmetry of road networks.

Optimization of governor parameters for transient process of hydropower system with two turbine units sharing a super long headrace tunnel

AbstractThe governor parameters affect the stability and regulation quality of hydropower system with two turbine units sharing a super long headrace tunnel (SLHT). To improve the transient process of hydropower system, this study investigates the optimization of governor parameters. First, the model of hydropower system with two turbine units sharing an SLHT is established. Second, the optimization scheme of governor parameters for transient process of hydropower system is designed by genetic algorithm. The mathematical formulation of genetic algorithm is illuminated. The implementation procedure of genetic algorithm is illustrated. Then, the optimization results of governor parameters by genetic algorithm are analyzed by illustrating the regulation quality of hydropower system under two operating conditions. Finally, the effect of asymmetrical factors on optimal governor parameters is revealed. The asymmetrical layout of bifurcated penstocks, asymmetrical layout of turbine units, and asymmetrical load disturbances are considered. The results indicate that the objective function of hydropower system is composed of the dynamic indexes for frequency oscillations of two turbine units and water level oscillation in surge tank. The fitness function evolves in the direction that makes the regulation quality of hydropower system become better. Under the symmetrical or asymmetrical bifurcated penstocks, turbine units, and load disturbances, the optimal parameters of governors are asymmetrical. The regulation quality of hydropower system under the governor parameters of genetic algorithm is obviously better than that under the governor parameters of Stein formula. The optimal governor parameters are directly affected by the asymmetrical factors of hydropower system. With the increase of the flow inertia of one bifurcated penstock, the optimal parameters of the other governor become greater.

A spinal circuit model with asymmetric cervical-lumbar layout controls backward locomotion and scratching in quadrupeds

Locomotion and scratching are basic motor functions which are critically important for animal survival. Although the spinal circuits governing forward locomotion have been extensively investigated, the organization of spinal circuits and neural mechanisms regulating backward locomotion and scratching remain unclear. Here, we extend a model by Danner et al. to propose a spinal circuit model with asymmetrical cervical-lumbar layout to investigate these issues. In the model, the left–right alternation within the cervical and lumbar circuits is mediated by V 0D and V 0V commissural interneurons (CINs), respectively. With different control strategies, the model closely reproduces multiple experimental data of quadrupeds in different motor behaviors. Specifically, under the supraspinal drive, walk and trot are expressed in control condition, half-bound is expressed after deletion of V 0V CINs, and bound is expressed after deletion of V0 (V 0D and V 0V) CINs; in addition, unilateral hindlimb scratching occurs in control condition and synchronous bilateral hindlimb scratching appears after deletion of V 0V CINs. Under the combined drive of afferent feedback and perineal stimulation, different coordination patterns between hindlimbs during BBS (backward-biped-spinal) locomotion are generated. The results suggest that (1) the cervical and lumbar circuits in the spinal network are asymmetrically recruited during particular rhythmic limb movements. (2) Multiple motor behaviors share a single spinal network under the reconfiguration of the spinal network by supraspinal inputs or somatosensory feedback. Our model provides new insights into the organization of motor circuits and neural control of rhythmic limb movements.

Integration of Decentralized Graph-Based Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Digital Twin for Traffic Signal Optimization

Machine learning (ML) methods, particularly Reinforcement Learning (RL), have gained widespread attention for optimizing traffic signal control in intelligent transportation systems. However, existing ML approaches often exhibit limitations in scalability and adaptability, particularly within large traffic networks. This paper introduces an innovative solution by integrating decentralized graph-based multi-agent reinforcement learning (DGMARL) with a Digital Twin to enhance traffic signal optimization, targeting the reduction of traffic congestion and network-wide fuel consumption associated with vehicle stops and stop delays. In this approach, DGMARL agents are employed to learn traffic state patterns and make informed decisions regarding traffic signal control. The integration with a Digital Twin module further facilitates this process by simulating and replicating the real-time asymmetric traffic behaviors of a complex traffic network. The evaluation of this proposed methodology utilized PTV-Vissim, a traffic simulation software, which also serves as the simulation engine for the Digital Twin. The study focused on the Martin Luther King (MLK) Smart Corridor in Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA, by considering symmetric and asymmetric road layouts and traffic conditions. Comparative analysis against an actuated signal control baseline approach revealed significant improvements. Experiment results demonstrate a remarkable 55.38% reduction in Eco_PI, a developed performance measure capturing the cumulative impact of stops and penalized stop delays on fuel consumption, over a 24 h scenario. In a PM-peak-hour scenario, the average reduction in Eco_PI reached 38.94%, indicating the substantial improvement achieved in optimizing traffic flow and reducing fuel consumption during high-demand periods. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the integrated DGMARL and Digital Twin approach in optimizing traffic signals, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient traffic management system.

Winding Characteristics and Magnetization State Regulations of Variable Flux Memory Machines With Segregated Distributed Windings

The variable flux memory (VFM) machine with segregated multiple three-phase windings is investigated, with particular reference to its winding characteristics and magnetization state (MS) regulations. The overlapped distributed windings are separated into multiple three-phase winding sets with each set non-overlapped, which contributes to the independent relationship between the winding set and corresponding permanent magnet (PM) pole-pairs. Consequently, the single winding set can independently complete the MS regulation, and thus the overall current requirement is reduced. Moreover, it is revealed that the amplitude of de/re-magnetizing magneto-motive force (MMF) with single winding set operation is actually higher than those with multiple winding sets operation thanks to the asymmetric winding layout, resulting in the enhanced de/re-magnetizations and thus the further reduced de/re-magnetizing currents. The winding function, MMF distribution, inductance, and torque of the machine are analyzed, and intentional MS regulations with different methods are compared. A prototype machine is fabricated and tested for experimental validations.

Evaluation of ground conductor corrosion based on EMI technique with asymmetric sensor layout

ABSTRACT The ground conductor is prone to corrosion, which affects its ability to diverge current and the normal operation of the power system. The traditional detection method can’t detect its corrosion degree intuitively. This paper proposes a novel method based on Electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique to evaluate the corrosion degree of the grounding conductor. Firstly, based on the analysis of corrosion of metals. The change of ground conductor radius Δr is used as the corrosion parameter. A linear model of peak frequency Δf m and corrosion parameter Δr in asymmetric layout is established by analysing EMI and conductor mechanical admittance. Secondly, the EMI coupling models with different sensor layouts were built on the finite element software. It is verified that the asymmetric sensor layout effectively improves the sensitivity to corrosion. The linear model greatly improves the assessment accuracy compared with the Mean Absolute Percentage Deviation (MAPD) and Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) damage index. Thirdly, the proposed method is verified in a real grounding conductor corrosion experiment. The method based on the EMI technique with asymmetric sensor layout can evaluate the corrosion of the grounding conductor well.

The influence of particle oxidation catalyst (POC) mode on emissions reduction of a turbo-charging non-road diesel under wide operating conditions

In the present study, the influence of particle oxidation catalyst (POC) on emissions reduction of a non-road diesel engine is experimentally investigated under wide operating conditions. First, the diesel engine with four POC-aftertreatments (other reactors are kept unchanged) is tested under eight operating conditions non-road steady cycle (NRSC). Then, the diesel engine emissions with best POC-aftertreatment combination and without aftertreatment are comparatively tested under universal conditions. The experiments show that under NRSC, POC-3 which has Pt catalysts with Al2O3 support, asymmetrical channels layout and closed outlet form structure has the best overall exhaust purification, especially for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). The PM conversions efficiency of POC-1, POC-2, POC-3 and POC-4 is 15.3%, 51.7%, 60.9% and 58.8%, respectively under NRSC. The contribution rates of emissions analysis results under NRSC indicated that a single POC mode cannot cover the whole engine operating range. Under universal characteristic test, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of original engine is a little lower than that of POC-3 in the whole engine operating conditions due to higher exhaust back pressure of POC-3. The engine with POC-3 has very good exhaust conversion efficiencies, the average conversion efficiency of NOx, PM, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) is 96.1%, 51.9%, 77.8%, and 95.6%, respectively. The PM capture efficiency of POC-3 at low load of whole speed range and all load of medium speed are more than 50% compared to other operating conditions. There is little effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by POC.

Effect of swirl-spray impact on the comprehensive performance of uniflow-scavenging opposed-piston engines

Uniflow-scavenging opposed-piston (USOP) engines exhibit high thermal efficiency and power density. However, the USOP engine has a continuous in-cylinder airflow state between different cycles, which affects direct injection oil spray distribution. The USOP engine nozzles were mounted on a cylinder liner. The forward and reverse impacts of the in-cylinder swirl differed in the asymmetric orifice layout. A dual-intake channel USOP simulation model was established. The key parameters of the simulation model were verified, and the effects of forward and reverse impacts under different nozzle layouts and swirl strengths were analysed by simulation. The results show that all swirl-spray impacts benefit the combustion. Swirl-spray impacts can effectively improve the oil spray distribution and atomisation. In addition, reducing the swirl in the next cycle concentrates the exhaust gas in the cylinder centre, improving the scavenging efficiency. Forward and reverse impacts enhance and weaken the in-cylinder swirl, respectively. However, the effect of the reverse impact was more pronounced than that of the forward impact.

Comparison of Pressure Pulsation Characteristics of Francis Turbine with Different Draft Tube Arrangement Direction

Hydroelectric power generation is an important clean energy source, and the stability of water turbine operation determines the quality of hydro energy utilization. For hydro turbines, the layout direction of the draft tube is often only considered from a structural perspective, ignoring the hydrodynamic characteristics. This study adopts the computational fluid dynamics method and verifies the effectiveness of numerical simulation with experimental results, analyzing the influence of asymmetric draft tube layout direction on pressure pulsation of mixed flow turbine. The results show that under different working conditions, there is basically no difference in efficiency corresponding to different inclined directions of the draft tube, and the relative difference in performance values is less than 1%. From the perspective of internal flow, the working condition has a greater impact on the flow, and the draft tube tilt has a smaller impact. Under strong swirling flow conditions in the draft tube, the variational mode decomposition of pressure fluctuation is carried out. Research has found 7 characteristic frequency bands including 140 Hz, 80–90 Hz, 40–46 Hz, 5.5–6.5 Hz, 2.5–3 Hz, 1.67 Hz, and <1 Hz. The frequency of the dominant mode corresponding to the left tilt is higher, while the amplitude of the runner frequency is slightly lower. In general, left tilt is not only more suitable for unit layout but also has a better effect on draft tube pressure fluctuation, which is worthy of application in engineering.

Experimental and numerical study of high strength reinforced concrete continuous deep beams with circular and rectangular openings

Many modern structures require openings in the reinforced concrete (RC) beams, especially deep beams, to pass utility pipes such as sanitary, electronic, water, communications, and electrical services, especially in low floor heights. Since most of the beams are continuous and use high-strength concrete (HSC), this study investigates the effect of creating two post-construction openings in two-span HSC continuous deep beams. Five two-span HSC beams of 150 (width) × 400 (depth) × 2640 mm were cast, with each span of 1120 mm. The main variables investigated were the shape and location of openings. The circular opening was large of 150 mm diameter and the height and area of the rectangular openings were kept the same. Both openings were located either in one span or one opening in each span having asymmetrical layout. Each opening was located in the critical shear zone at the strut lines, as it is the most critical location in deep beams. The HSC continuous beams were tested till total collapse under two point loads acting at mid of the beam spans. The performance of beams having openings was compared with the reference beam having no opening. The presence of the two openings in the same span caused 38% reduction in failure load irrespective of the shape of opening. For the second opening layout having one opening in each span, the reduction was slightly higher but almost the same for the two shapes of openings (41% for circular and 45% for rectangular opening). To assess the load capacity of HSC continuous deep beams having circular and rectangular openings, 3D numerical models were prepared. The numerical results were compared with the experimental values, which were found to exhibit good agreements.

Development of Plane Strain Ratio for Soil Nailing Wall in Clay

Deep excavation analysis, the numerical modelling is now often utilized. Deep excavation is, in fact, a three-dimensional issue. Two-dimensional analysis is still often used for practical purposes. For deformation analysis, plane strain ratio (PSR) is an option to acquire three-dimensional behaviour from two-dimensional analysis. For braced excavations, PSR is well established, but it is yet unknown how to construct retaining walls using soil nails. The aim of this paper is to propose the PSR chart for a soil nailing wall used as a retaining structure in clayey soil with an asymmetrical layout. The excavation case history is adopted for this study. Later, the length (L) and width (B) of the excavated area were varied as part of three-dimensional parametric research to create a soil nailing wall PSR chart.

성장소설 표지디자인에 나타난 시각적 의미패턴 연구

As Korea grew after liberation, social and cultural changes occurred and were reflected in the content and cover design of coming-of-age novels. In a situation where Korea's bildungsroman is also changing and developing, we found that research on cover design for this was very insufficient, and attempted to study the characteristic semantic system of the cover design of Korean bildungsroman by era. The research method targets the cover designs of 166 coming-of-age novels published from the 1970s to 2023. First, the meaning of keywords and titles by era of the content of the coming-of-age novels is analyzed, and second, the meaning of the cover design of the coming-of-age novels is visualized. Analyze it by dividing it into images, colors, and typography, and check the flow and patterns of change by era. Third, we analyzed the relationship between keywords and visual elements by era in the content of coming-of-age novels. Looking at the analysis results, firstly, the composition of the parts of speech in the title by era appeared to be diversifying and becoming more complex, from 1 type of ‘noun’ structure in the 1970s to 17 types of parts of speech in the 2020s. Second, in terms of images, the oil painting technique of illustrations was used the most, and as the 2000s progressed, the frequency of using the entire cover as an image increased, and the use of stripes also gradually expanded. In terms of color, in the 1970s the hue distribution was medium brightness and low saturation, in the 1990s it was a hue distribution of wide brightness and saturation with warm colors and neutral colors, and in the 2020s the hue distribution was again centered on neutral colors and cool colors with medium brightness and low saturation. appear. In terms of typography, horizontal writing, center alignment, single line, serif, asymmetrical layout, and color changes were used to emphasize headings. Third, the concreteness and abstractness of titles and images were analyzed. In the 1970s, abstract expressions were very high, and concrete expressions were used more in the 2000s. In terms of visualization of the title, the average matching rate was 63%, and it was analyzed that the specificity of the title affects image visualization. In general, keyword visualization was relatively high in the 1970s, but the matching rate gradually decreased thereafter.

Improved Shape-Finding Method and Parametric Study for Designing Asymmetric Suspension Bridges in Mountainous Terrain

The suspension bridges in mountainous areas are commonly designed with asymmetrical overall layouts to match the terrain and construction under limited space. However, the effects and influences of the asymmetry parameters on the bridge performance have yet to be thoroughly investigated. To address this gap, based on a real-world suspension bridge with a main span length of 700 m, this paper first presents an improved shape-finding method that can fully consider the components of hanger forces in each construction step. In the iterative process, the shape of the cable is determined based on the equilibrium equations, and the hanger forces are calculated through the nonlinear finite element analysis. After deciding the bridge’s initial state, the asymmetry parameters’ effects are carefully investigated through finite element analysis under the static and seismic conditions. Results show that the side-to-span ratio of the main cable and the tower’s stiffness can affect the horizontally constrained stiffness, resulting in distinct bridge behavior. Moreover, reasonably designing the dampers between the tower and the girder can be beneficial in minimizing the longitudinal displacement and controlling the tower’s moment under the seismic situations.