Asymmetric Decentralization Research Articles

Systematic Literature Review On Asymmetric Decentralization

The purpose of this study is to map the latest developments on the asymmetric decentralization concept. The increasing use of this concept today is not accompanied by the availability of adequate literature. This mapping is useful to trigger further research as well as to guide the application of the concept in practice. By using systematic literature review on the Proquest database in the last ten years: 2010-2019, important up-to-date information is obtained. The results of this research indicated that there were small number of research on asymmetric decentralization concept that exist. Furthermore, this research also presented the distribution of the research areas. In addition, this research showed the development of the meaning of asymmetric decentralization as well as mapping the scope and content of the developing study. This research also showed the various factors that influenced the effectiveness of asymmetric decentralization, described the impact of the application of this concept in various countries, provided suggestions for further research that would be useful for the development of research on asymmetric decentralization in the future, presented several interesting issues that were useful for further research, and produced an asymmetric decentralization framework

Beyond the tsunami effect: Towards an understanding of the special autonomy budget policy in reducing poverty in Aceh

Aceh still struggling to reduce poverty after the tsunami disaster in 2004. Aceh was the 6 out of 34 provinces on the poverty problem in Indonesia in 2019. Although there area huge amount of special autonomy funds as asymmetric decentralization consequences, Aceh could not against poverty of the Acehnese people. This study attempt to explore the special autonomy budget policy by the Aceh government in the poverty reduction agenda after tsunami effect. The study used mixed legal study with a case study approach in the Aceh Provincial Government in 2019. The findings reveal that there are several factors of the low effectiveness of special autonomy funds in reducing poverty in Aceh, i.e. natural disasters, miss management of special autonomy funds, weak planning, absence of supervision, and inefficient local bureaucracy. In that sense, the Aceh government needs more policy reforms and institutional modernity to reduce poverty and promote opportunity for poor people.

Asymmetric decentralization, accommodation and separatist conflict: lessons from Aceh and Papua, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The employment of asymmetric decentralization to deal with separatist conflicts has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, contentions remain as to whether it is an effective tool to deal with separatist conflict. This article extends the debate by looking specifically at the conditions that affect the effectiveness of decentralization. It argues that the workability of decentralization in dealing with separatist conflicts is affected by the degree of accommodation in both the process of designing the policy and the policy outcomes it succeeds to bring. It pursues this argument qualitatively by using the cases of Aceh and Papua in Indonesia. Decentralization successfully tamed the separatist conflict in Aceh because it involved separatist elements in designing the plan and succeeded in achieving most of the promised outcomes. In contrast, decentralization failed to tame separatist demands in Papua because it enabled only limited participation of separatist elements in the design process and brought only limited outcomes.

How does asymmetric decentralization affect local fiscal performance?

ABSTRACT In 2014, Israel adopted asymmetric decentralization by granting different degrees of autonomy to local governments according to their fiscal and administrative performances. Employing a quasi-experimental research design on a panel of Israeli local governments observed between 2010 and 2017, we analyse the impact of asymmetric decentralization on the fiscal performances of local governments with different fiscal and administrative autonomies. The findings suggest that the asymmetric decentralization design in Israel enhanced the share of own-source revenues and tax collection levels at more autonomous local governments. However, we cannot discern a significant impact on the budget balance and municipal debts.

Asymmetric decentralization: distortions and opportunities

This paper studies the interplay between central and local governments in defining the optimal degree of decentralization in terms of public goods supply. The choice between full centralization and asymmetric decentralization implies a trade-off between the possibility to provide public goods at a lower cost, wherever this is possible by decentralizing, and the possibility to fully internalize spillovers by full centralization. We find that asymmetric decentralization introduces distortions into the public decision-making process. We also demonstrate that the power to interfere in the central government’s ruling mechanisms should be reduced for the jurisdictions that have decentralized, in order to make their decentralization choice convenient even for the citizens in the less efficient jurisdictions. Finally, we find the conditions under which asymmetric decentralization can be simultaneously advantageous for both rich and poor regions through the design of appropriate equalization transfers.

TRANSACTIONAL POLITICAL PRACTICES IN THE ASYMMETRIC DECENTRALIZATION SYSTEM IN ACEH (10-YEAR ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL AUTONOMY FUND MANAGEMENT PERIOD 2008-2018)

Purpose of the study: Within 10 years, the central government of Indonesia has granted the special autonomy fund to Aceh as a strategy to improve the welfare of Acehnese. Contrary, the special autonomy funds that cannot be implemented properly-affected to the poverty in Aceh-is not significantly decreased. This study aims to determine the failure of special autonomy funds to decrease poverty in Aceh.
 Methodology: This research used descriptive qualitative methods by conducting the primary data through interviews, also secondary data through books, journals, newspapers, and other related sources. The analysis data is doing by using Transactional Political Theory.
 Main Findings: The results of this study indicate that asymmetric decentralization can be seen from the weak Regional Economic Growth Rate and the slow improvement of the Quality of Human Development Index (HDI). Thus the failure was caused by two things, namely: the thick Political Content of The Local Political Elite and the Domination of Local Political Elite in the Management of Aceh's Special Autonomy Fund in the Compilation of Planning and Work Programs. The absence of control in the management of special autonomy funds is based on project performance without good planning, and the existence of interest-based planning in the management of special autonomy funds that based on populist activity programs following the wishes of politicians which have an impact on weak regional economic growth, slow index improvement of human development quality, high poverty rates, and high unemployment in Aceh.
 Applications of this study: The finding of this study offered the evaluation systems for the government of Aceh to strengthen better local government governance, especially in increasing budget planning and implementation efficiency and strengthening regulations, and implementing an e-planning system to select program activities from the Aceh special autonomy fund.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Based on the literature review conducted, there were limited publications which are focusing on the failure of autonomy funds in Aceh. Therefore this research will enrich the publication that concerns the failure of managing special autonomy funds in Aceh.

Special Region of Yogyakarta in the Perspective of Asymmetric Decentralization Reviewed from the Law Number 13 Year 2012

The Republic of Indonesia as a unitary state adheres to the principle of decentralization in government administration, by providing opportunities and flexibility to the regions. This research journal uses two problem formulations, namely whether the Special Region of Yogyakarta is part of the asymmetrical decentralization perspective studied from Law Number 13 of 2012. This type of research is nomartive legal research.Theoretically,asymmetric decentralization is actually relatively new in Indonesia than the development of regional autonomy and decentralization theories which only prioritize the transfer of authority from the center to the regions. Asymmetric decentralization doesn’t only talk about the delegation of authority, but also how authority, finance, supervision and institutions are contextually decentralized. Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the authority determined in Law Number 13 of 2012 concerning the Privileges of the Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the provoncial-level autonomous regions in Indonesia. Special Region of Yogyakarta and it’s status as Special Region in accordance with Article 5 paragraph 2 letter a, Article 9, and Article 16.

Desentralisasi Asimetris Kewenangan Provinsi Kepulauan dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam untuk Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

The research entitled Asymmetric Decentralization of the Authority of Archipelago Provinces in Natural Resources Management to Realize Community Welfare aims to (1) determine the meaning and urgency of implementing the concept of asymmetric decentralization in regulating the authority of archipelagic provinces; and (2) analyze how the authority of the archipelagic provinces in the management of natural resources can create public welfare. This research is a normative legal research (juridical normative) using approaches including: a statute approach, a conceptual approach, and a historical approach. This research uses the main theory "welfare law state theory" to analyze the achievement of the goal of legal development, namely the welfare of the community. In order to analyze the existing problems, several relevant concepts were also used, including: (1) the concept of asymmetric decentralization and regional autonomy; and (2) the concept of an archipelagic state and archipelagic province that is specifically focused on the formulation of the norms of regional government authority in provinces characterized by islands.Keywords: Asymmetric Decentralization, Islands, Natural Resources

Asymmetrical Decentralization and Equitable Development in Papua

The main objective of the implementation of asymmetric decentralization is to realize the distribution of power and authority so that each region has the opportunity to develop the existing potential and carry out governance independently, and also to realize social justice and fair welfare for all levels of society. However, in practice, there is an irony. Papua, in particular, received special autonomy but it has not been able to increase its development. This study aims to analyze Papua's asymmetric decentralization in its development and political aspects. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study show that the implementation of asymmetric decentralization in Papua has not yet achieved its objectives, especially in increasing equitable development in Papua.

In chasing the status as the Province of Jakarta Special Region after the movement of the capital city to East Kalimantan Province

The Government of of Indonesia plans to move the Capital City from Jakarta to East Kalimantan Province. The problem is what is the status of the administration of Jakarta Province after it no longer bears the status as the capital city of Indonesia. Does Jakarta Province still have the right to obtain status as a provincial region even though the government structure is not divided into municipal and regency areas, or the existing administrative area must be made an autonomous region and then legally qualify as a provincial region ?. Research Methods using qualitative descriptive methods. Based on the politics of decentralization contained in the 1945 Constitution, regarding the formation of special regions and reviews several laws which form the legal basis for granting special regions in Indonesia, or what is theoretically known as asymmetric decentralization. If the national capital is moved to East Kalimantan, the ex Jakarta Province still qualifies as a province that has special autonomy as the Province of Jakarta Special Region, because the history and role of the city of Jakarta on national government in the past cannot be forgotten. Therefore, the governance structure in the form of one level of autonomy is maintained, and the central government can surrender or delegate greater authorities for the management of economic, trade and service sectors, such as the Nusantara Bonded Zone, including the establishment of special economic zone, so that it can play a role as a locomotive of the national economy.

Accountability Model for Utilization of Privilege Funds Special Region of Yogyakarta 2013-2017

This study describes the process of accountability of DIY special funds in realizing the prosperity of DIY society 2013-2017. Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the regions that get the special policy in the form of asymmetric decentralization. This policy is effective since the enactment of Law Number 13 the Year 2012 on the Specialties of DIY. In particular, this regulation regulates 5 privileged affairs: the procedures for filling the positions, positions, duties and authorities of the Governor and Vice Governor, the regional government of DIY, the affairs of culture, the land affairs and spatial affairs. The hope that decentralization policy in Indonesia can improve the people's welfare significantly has not been fulfilled. This is like what happened in Yogyakarta Special Region which has special authority to manage its government affairs. However, these expectations still cannot be met well. This study aims to analyze the accountability model for the utilization of DIY privileged funds so as to provide policy recommendations to be taken. This research uses the qualitative method with data collection method with in-depth interview technique, elite interview, and documentation. The results showed that the poverty rate in DIY until March 2017 about 488.53 thousand people or about 13.02% and Ratio Gini DIY by 0.425%. This is not worth the number of privileged funds that increase each year. It is, therefore, necessary in the determination of success indicators of achievement and output in accordance with the output and outcome to be achieved. In addition, the accountability process also includes not only technical in report submission but also ensuring that process and involving the community in the planning process until accountability.

Fiscal Asymmetric Decentralization Conundrum: Influence of County Cash Management on Household Effects in Kenya

This study aims at determining the influence of county cash management on household effects in Kenya. This is a qualitative research that has utilized both primary and secondary data from county governments and the National Treasury respectively. The sample has been developed from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics list of households in Kenya. The result indicates that effective cash management would enhance household welfare, leakages and lack of prioritization among others notwithstanding. The study concludes that there is need to enhance oversight of the treasury management across governments. The capacity of treasury managers should also be improved to secure fiscal discipline.

Special autonomy policy evaluation to improve community welfare in Papua province Indonesia

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Special Autonomy policy to improve the community welfare of Papua Province. Design/methodology/approach This study was carried out using a qualitative approach assessing program activities and client satisfaction. It focused on program activity, target and implementation effectively and efficiently, involving the client’s evaluation process. Research data was obtained from the Papua Regional Development Planning Agency and separated into primary and secondary sources. Primary data was obtained through observation, interview and documentation from several informants. The informants were determined based on the role and involvement in the Papua Province Special Autonomy. Secondary data sources were obtained through field studies, scientific journals, previous research, written documents from relevant agencies, internet and electronic and print media. Findings This study exhibits characteristics of Papua Province Special Autonomy, which are identical to an asymmetric decentralization model, although it took 20 years of implementation because of the lack of evaluation and improvement. It disproves Katorobo’s (2004) theory that the said asymmetric decentralization model is more effective than symmetrical decentralization. Material requirement planning (MRP) empowerment or abolition should be considered important because of the lack of positive results. Otsus needs to improve the system and financial management, considering financial distribution for developed regions in the coastal areas and plains rather than mountainous regions. Originality/value This research was conducted because of the phenomenon of Papua Province Special Autonomy, also driven by the problems in the implementation of Special Autonomy Policy for Papua Province that had not borne optimum results. This study aimed to make recommendations for the Special Autonomy policy of the Papua Province to improve community welfare.

Sengkarut Pola Hubungan Lembaga Penyelenggara Pemilu di Daerah Otonomi Khusus

This article seeks to analize the pattern of relations and authority of election agencies in special autonomous regions in Indonesia. The difference in the pattern of relations between election agencies in the special sutonomy region coincided with the implementation of asymmetric decentralization policies in Indonesia. As a result, differences in authority and specificity that is owned by one region with other regions. Whereas the Indonesian constitution based on Article 22E paragraph (5) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states that all regulations relating to the electoral institutions in Indonesia apply nationally. The research method used is normative and empirical. This study found similarities and differences in the pattern of relationships and authority of election agencies in the special sutonomy Region. The similarity is that the election agencies in this Special Autonomous Region has lost certain duties and authorities that affect the pattern of their relationship. The difference lies in the lost duties and authority. In DKI Jakarta, the duties and responsibilities of the election organizers in the Regency/City are only in the context of assisting the Election organizing tasks in the Province. The duties and authority of the election organizers in DIY are reduced in the case of the Governor General Election. While in Aceh, the task of supervision is divided between two organizing agencies, namely the Aceh Panwaslih and the Aceh Province Panwaslih. In the future, this pattern of relations and authority will become a source of conflict and dispute. While in Papua Province, the election organize did not hold general elections due to the implementation of the noken system in some of these areas.

Decentralization and Public Service Provision:A case Study of the Education Sector in Jayawijaya District, Papua, Indonesia

For decades, Indonesia's sovereignty over Papua has been contested, resulting in violent conflicts. In 2001, the introduction of Papua's special autonomy emerged as an integrative approach both to resolve conflicts and to accelerate development in the province. One of the key problems to be addressed was the improvement of the education sector. However, after more than a decade following its implementation, and despite increased financial support from the central government, the educational development in Papua has been disappointing. This article analyses the factors that have shaped the development of primary education in jayawijaya, a highland district in Papua. By gathering qualitative data from policy studies and in-depth interviews, this article identifies and examines three major challenges that have affected the development of primary education in Jayawijaya after decentralization: the uniformity of policy, the problem with incentives, and poor monitoring due to the misalignment of territorial and functional structures. These findings demonstrate that the lack of awareness to recognize the variety of local contexts is counterproductive and could lead to policy failures. Papua's special autonomy as an instrument of asymmetric decentralization has been attenuated by the continuation of one-size-fits-all top-down policies at the national level.

Fiscal Asymmetric Decentralization and the Influence of County Fiscal Autonomy on Household Effects in Kenya

Fiscal asymmetric decentralization is seen as the panacea in solving persistent income inequalities facing developing economies. Despite efforts to finance County governments, about 42% of Kenyan’s 47.6 million people still live below the poverty level. This study evaluates the influence of County fiscal autonomy on household effects in Kenya. Both primary and secondary data, collected from households in 47 county governments and the Commission on Revenue Allocation, respectively. A Sample of 4,813 households was drawn from 96,251 lists of households developed by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Cochran's correction formula was used. The result finds an insignificant negative correlation between county fiscal autonomy and household effects in Kenya. Further studies are recommended with diverse indicators. Findings in this paper are generalizable and a point of reference for policymakers in Kenya.

Asymmetric Decentralization in Aceh: Institutionalization of Conflict of Interest by Elites of GAM

This article explains an institutionalization of conflicts in the implementation of special autonomy in Aceh Province. In general, one of the objectives of implementing the asymmetric decentralization policy is to resolve the problem of national integration between Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Government of Indonesia. However, the implementation of asymmetric decentralization in Aceh Province presents a different phenomenon. Although there is conflict resolution between GAM and the Government of Indonesia, the conflict dynamics change into a conflict of interest between GAM elites at the local level as part of the dynamics of electoral politics. This article is based on a literature study on secondary data to understand the electoral politics process has evolved to be a medium for institutionalizing conflict after the separatism movement in Aceh. This article shows that the understanding of asymmetric decentralization in Aceh Province not only served as a solution to the conflict between GAM and the Indonesian Government but also became a medium for institutionalizing conflict between GAM’s elite exponents through local elections in 2006–2017.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОЇ ЦІЛІСНОСТІ ДЕРЖАВИ В ПРОЦЕСІ РЕФОРМУВАННЯ РЕГІОНАЛЬНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ: ДОСВІД ЄВРОПИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article presents the analysis of the main causes for inter-regional disparities and aggravation of interethnic contradictions in Ukraine after the independence renewal in 1991, identifies tools for counteracting separatist tendencies in the process of reforming regional administration, taking into account history, internal factors and external threats. The experience of applying asymmetric decentralization model in a number of European countries is considered, the possibilities and the precautionary factors for its implementation in the process of decentralization reform in Ukraine are analyzed.

The Management Model of Aceh’s Special Autonomy Fund

The Aceh Special Autonomy Fund, better known as DOKA, was established in 2008. The amount of DOKA increases significantly every year. However, the increase was not followed by an increase in the local economy. As such, there was no significant improvement in the welfare of the people of Aceh.  Therefore, this paper seeks to examine the Aceh Special Autonomy Fund’s Management Model. This paper was using qualitative method through FGD, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study showed the need to improve the performance of the Asymmetric Decentralization Policy through Special Autonomy in Aceh Government such as 1) completion of the drafting of implementing regulations; 2) establish a proactive communication and build trust; 3) socialization by the Ministry of Home Affairs related to the Law on  Aceh Government (UUPA) in relation to the Law on Oil and Gas, free trade and others; 4) drafting of guidelines in the implementation of special autonomy; 5) facilitates the division of authority between the Aceh Provincial Government and its district/city governments. The recommendation from this study is to list the division of authority of government affairs in detail between the Aceh Provincial Government and its district/city governments, by considering of the characteristics and aspirations of the regions to avoid disputes over authority and overlapping authority.

Asymmetric Decentralization and the Problem of Governance: The Case of Indonesia

This article examines the implementation of asymmetric decentralization in Indonesia and how the quality of local governance may affect it. While research on asymmetric decentralization has developed very significantly, only limited attention has been paid to the determinants of success, especially the role governance plays. This aims to fill the gap by using the case of Indonesia. It qualitatively assesses the outcomes of asymmetric decentralization in four provinces: Papua, Papua Barat, Aceh, and Yogyakarta. It finds that there is strong variation among these provinces in achieving asymmetric goals. This variation is explained by the quality of governance, especially the degree of accountability and transparency of the local governments. This article concludes that the quality of local governance has a very significant effect on the achievement of asymmetric decentralization. This is also a practical message for advocates to further improve the quality of governance for asymmetric decentralization to be successful.