Asymmetric Cryptographic Algorithms Research Articles

Agile Acceleration of Stateful Hash-based Signatures in Hardware

With the development of large-scale quantum computers, the current landscape of asymmetric cryptographic algorithms will change dramatically. Today’s standards like RSA, DSA, and ElGamal will no longer provide sufficient security against quantum attackers and need to be replaced with novel algorithms. In the face of these developments, NIST has already started a standardization process for new Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEMs) and Digital Signatures (DSs). Moreover, NIST has recommended the two stateful Hash-Based Signatures (HBSs) schemes XMSS and LMS for use in devices with a long expected lifetime and limited capabilities for maintenance. Both schemes are also standardized by the IETF. In this work, we present the first agile hardware implementation that supports both LMS and XMSS. Our design can instantiate either LMS, XMSS, or both schemes using a simple configuration setting. Leveraging the vast similarities of the two schemes, the hardware utilization of the agile design increases by 20% in LUTs and only 3% in Flip Flops (FFs) over a standalone XMSS implementation. Furthermore, our approach can easily be configured with an arbitrary number of hash cores and accelerators for the one-time signatures for different application scenarios. We evaluate our implementation on the Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA platform, which is the recommended target for PQC implementations by NIST. We explore potential tradeoffs in the design space and compare our results to previous work in this field.

Utilizing Asymmetric Cryptography and Advanced Hashing Algorithms for Securing Communication Channels in IoT Networks Against Cyber Espionage

This article describes a massive cryptographic scheme that can safeguard IoT communication paths. A combination of algorithms makes the technique operate. Communication security is handled differently by each algorithm. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), SHA-256 Secure Data Hashing, HMAC Message Authentication, and Merkle Tree Structures Decryption and Verification are used. Ablation is used to determine how each strategy increases security. The paper emphasizes that the algorithms function effectively together, demonstrating their importance for cyberdefense and surveillance. The recommended strategy is evaluated and found to operate better across key parameters.Top of Form

Trusted Third Party Application in Durable Medium e-Service

The paper presents a novel concept of applying a trusted third party (TTP) to the blockchain-based electronic service (e-service) in the form of a durable medium. The main aim of the proposed e-service is storing, managing, and processing sensitive electronic documents. The developed e-service meets the requirements of both Polish law (related to the durable medium) and market needs. Firstly, the functional requirements were defined. Subsequently, the adequate e-service was designed, and then implemented in a real company in Poland. Due to the nature of the durable medium e-service, the presented research combines scientific and implementation aspects. The designed and implemented e-service is secure (because of using the immutable blockchain technology merged with symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms) and trusted (by using TTP as the e-service provider, as well as an independent arbitrator monitoring the document storage and processing flow). Finally, the presented approach was experimentally verified using Hyperledger Besu—a blockchain implementation platform. During the realization of two designed test scenarios, over 30,000 transactions were added to the blockchain. Furthermore, security analyses were performed regarding inherent blockchain properties, the use of cryptographic algorithms, and potential cyberattacks and vulnerabilities.

A Review Study on various Image Security Techniques and Emerging trends for Visual Data Protection

In the rapidly evolving digital age, the proliferation of visual data and images has led to increased concerns about their security and protection. This paper reviews various image security techniques and emerging trends aimed at safeguarding visual data in a digital landscape. The research explores the evolution of image security measures and their adaptation to address contemporary challenges in data protection. This study introduces the stage by elucidating the multifaceted nature of image security, emphasizing its significance in preserving the confidentiality and integrity of visual data. The complex landscape of image security threats is examined, highlighting the challenges faced in safeguarding visual data from various vulnerabilities. This paper delves into the need and significance of image security in the digital age, presenting a compelling case for the adoption of robust security measures. It explores the risks associated with image theft and tampering in the online world and underscores the essential role of image encryption and authentication methods in countering these threats. The study then delves into the realm of encryption techniques, offering insights into both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms designed to enhance image security on the internet. The research extends its focus to secure data hiding techniques, such as reversible data hiding in encrypted images, histogram shifting-based data hiding, and high-embedding capacity methods employing optimization algorithms. The paper also explores digital watermarking as a means of image authentication and copyright protection, along with image tamper detection and self-recovery mechanisms in watermarking schemes. Additionally, this review assesses the impact of emerging trends, including machine learning, Blockchain, and AI-based solutions, on the security of visual data, such as deep neural networks, generative adversarial neural networks, and their role in image steganography, forensics, and privacy protection. Consequently, by providing an in-depth analysis of the current state of image security and future directions, this study contributes to the understanding of the critical role played by image security in the digital age and its implications for data protection and privacy.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELGAMAL AND LUC ALGORITHM IN CRYPTOGRAPHIC KEY GENERATION

In today’s era of digital, data security in communication channel becomes important factor to be considered during exchange of information. Cryptography is one of techniques to send and receive information securely through an insecure channel. Based on the number of keys used, encryption methods are categorized as symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. Compared to symmetric cryptography that often suffers from key management issues, asymmetric cryptography delivers higher level of data security. Thus, asymmetric cryptography is more preferred when security if the priority. To determine suitable algorithm, three essential aspects should be considered: security, speed, and prime numbers. This study aims to compare the application of asymmetric cryptographic algorithms between ElGamal and LUC algorithms in the key generation process. A comparative analysis of these two algorithms was conducted by evaluating the processing speed and prime numbers during key generation process to determine the advantages and drawbacks from ElGamal and LUC algorithms. The application in this study was developed using PHP programming language by following the Waterfall Model. Application testing involved two kinds of tests: (i) Black Box test and (ii) System Usability Scale (SUS) test. Results show the application developed from this study successfully performed the encryption, decryption, and checking of prime numbers from ElGamal and LUC algorithms. It displayed ciphertext, plaintext, and the speed of the encryption and decryption process from both methods. The black box test showed that all application functions follow the user's needs, while System Usability Scale (SUS) test obtained an average score of SUS interpretation of 83.75. This value means the adjective ratings was “excellent”, the grade scale was “B”, and the acceptability range was “acceptable”. It is concluded that the LUC algorithm superior to ElGamal in terms of the speed of encryption process. However, during the decryption process the LUC algorithm responded slower than ElGamal.

Topgun: An ECC Accelerator for Private Set Intersection

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), one of the most widely used asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, has been deployed in Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, blockchain, secure multiparty computation, and so on. As one of the most secure ECC curves, Curve25519 is employed by some secure protocols, such as TLS 1.3 and Diffie-Hellman Private Set Intersection (DH-PSI) protocol. High-performance implementation of ECC is required, especially for the DH-PSI protocol used in privacy-preserving platform. Point multiplication, the chief cryptographic primitive in ECC, is computationally expensive. To improve the performance of DH-PSI protocol, we propose Topgun, a novel and high-performance hardware architecture for point multiplication over Curve25519. The proposed architecture features a pipelined Finite-field Arithmetic Unit and a simple and highly efficient instruction set architecture. Compared to the best existing work on Xilinx Zynq 7000 series FPGA, our implementation with one Processing Element can achieve 3.14× speedup on the same device. To the best of our knowledge, our implementation appears to be the fastest among the state-of-the-art works. We also have implemented our architecture consisting of 4 Compute Groups, each with 16 PEs, on an Intel Agilex AGF027 FPGA. The measured performance of 4.48 Mops/s is achieved at the cost of 86 Watts power, which is the record-setting performance for point multiplication over Curve25519 on FPGAs.

Penggabungan Metode Vigènere Cipher dan ElGamal Pada Pengamanan Pesan Rahasia

Vigènere Cipher is a symmetric cryptographic algorithm that uses the same type of key in the encryption and decryption process. The security of the Vigènere Cipher method lies in the modulo calculation used. ElGamal is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm that uses two different types of keys in the encryption and decryption process. The security of the ElGamal algorithm lies in the complexity of calculating large prime numbers. The Vigènere Cipher and ElGamal have their advantages and disadvantages. The researchers are interested in combining the advantages of the two methods. In this study, two locks were carried out in the encryption and decryption process. The encryption process uses a public key and the decryption process uses a public key and a secret key . The key used comes from key formation using the ElGamal algorithm. The key security formed from the ElGamal algorithm lies in the large prime , the primitive root of the prime number , and the random integer which comes from the last three digits of Student Number. The conclusion of this study is that the combination of the Vigènere Cipher and ElGamal methods can increase the security of secret messages because it produces a ciphertext with twice the size ) of the original message.

TVLA*: Test Vector Leakage Assessment on Hardware Implementations of Asymmetric Cryptography Algorithms

TVLA*: Test Vector Leakage Assessment on Hardware Implementations of Asymmetric Cryptography Algorithms

Development of an improved SSL/TLS protocol using post-quantum algorithms

The development of Internet technologies together with mobile and computer technologies have formed smart technologies that allow the formation of both cyber-physical and socio-cyber-physical systems. The basis of smart technologies is the integration of wireless channel standards with mobile and computer protocols. 4G/5G technologies are integrated with various web platforms, taking into account the digitalization of services in cyberspace. But the SSL/TLS protocol, based on the hybridization of symmetric encryption algorithms with hashing algorithms (AEAD mode), which is supposed to provide security services, is vulnerable to “Meet in the middle”, POODLE, BEAST, CRIME, BREACH attacks. In addition, with the advent of a full-scale quantum computer, symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms that provide security services can also be hacked. To increase the level of security, an improved protocol based on post-quantum algorithms – crypto-code constructions is proposed, which will ensure not only resistance to current attacks, but also stability in the post-quantum period. To ensure the “hybridity” of services, it is proposed to use the McEliece and Niederreiter crypto-code constructions (confidentiality and integrity are ensured) and the improved UMAC algorithm on the McEliece crypto-code construction. Taking into account the level of “secrecy” of information, it is suggested to use various combinations of crypto-code constructions on different algebraic geometric and/or flawed codes. The use of crypto-code constructions not only provides resistance to attacks, but also simplifies the formation of a connection – the parameters of elliptic curves are used to transmit a common key. This approach significantly reduces the connection time of mobile gadgets and simplifies the procedure of agreement before data transfer

Securing Messages Using AES Algorithm and Blockchain Technology on Mobile Devices

In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the use of mobile devices and messaging applications for communication, leading to a growing concern about the security of text messages exchanged through these platforms. This study proposes a novel method that uses the AES algorithm and Blockchain to secure text messages in messaging applications on mobile devices. The AES algorithm is selected due to its faster encryption and decryption processes, which are superior to asymmetric cryptography algorithms. On the other hand, Blockchain is chosen for its inherent security properties that only allow data addition and cannot be altered. This study aims to achieve both speed and security to prevent cybercrime in text messages. The Avalanche Effect calculation and Processing Time measurement are used as the analysis methods to evaluate the proposed approach. The results show that the computation time of the message delivery process using Blockchain and AES algorithm has an average total process time of 33.59 milliseconds. Additionally, the testing results of the Avalanche Effect value show that the AES algorithm has a value of 50% for character lengths up to 16 characters and below 50% for character lengths greater than 16 characters. Based on these testing results, the proposed combination of the AES algorithm and Blockchain is an effective method for securing text messages in messaging applications. This method can offer a secure and efficient way of exchanging text messages on mobile devices and can adopt as a standard approach for messaging applications.

CRYPTOGRAPHIC METHOD TO ENHANCE DATA SECURITY USING RSA ALGORITHM AND MELLIN TRANSFORM

Cryptography is the technique of using mathematical algorithms to encrypt and decrypt the information. The process of converting plaintext to ciphertext is known as encryption, whereas the process of converting ciphertext to plaintext is known as decryption. Encryption and decryption methods based on Mellin Transform are unable to provide more security while transmitting the information. RSA algorithm is an Asymmetric key cryptography algorithm. The purpose of this study is to present a cryptographic method that uses the RSA algorithm and Mellin Transform to improve communication security.

Performance Analysis Of The Combination Of Advanced Encryption Standard Cryptography Algorithms With Luc For Text Security

Data security is very important as it is easy to exchange data today.
 Cryptographic techniques are needed as data security techniques. Combining two cryptographic algorithms is a solution for a better level of security. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptographic algorithm requires low computational power and is the best symmetric algorithm. The LUC algorithm is an asymmetric algorithm that was developed from the RSA algorithm and has advantages in a better level of security and processing speed. In this research, two symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms will be combined in a hybrid scheme, namely the AES and LUC algorithms to improve data security. the AES algorithm will encrypt and decrypt messages, while the LUC algorithm performs encryption and decryption of the AES key. The results showed that the combination of the two AES and LUC algorithms was successful. However, the computational time needed by the two algorithms to perform the encryption and decryption process increases. The simulation results of the brute force attack performed show that the LUC algorithm can still be attacked. The greater the value of E (the public key of the LUC algorithm), the longer it takes for the brute force attack to be successful. The value of E is also directly proportional to the computational time required by the LUC. So it can be concluded that the AES algorithm is less precise when combined with the LUC algorithm.

Trading Strategies for Cryptocurrencies Based on Machine Learning Scenarios

A Cryptocurrency is a peer-to-peer digital exchange system in which cryptography is used to generate and distribute currency units. Bitcoin as the foremost digital currency, using asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, blockchain technology, was conceptualized by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 and born in 2009. In 14 years, digital currency has gone from being initially controversial and worthless to rapid increase in value. The huge fluctuations in its price have attracted worldwide attention, and more people have begun to pay attention to the investment strategy of digital currency. Starting from the attributes of Bitcoin, this paper objectively compares the application effect of arbitrage strategy and trend strategy in machine learning on Bitcoin, analyzes and summarizes and predicts the future of Bitcoin's investment. To be specific, the arbitrage strategy involves three methods, i. e. , cash arbitrage, cross-exchange arbitrage and related variety arbitrage; trend strategy involves two methods, i. e. , the timing method and the multi-factor method. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of potential of investing digital currencies, which provides an in-depth summary analysis of risk-free arbitrage and digital currency value forecasts.

ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOGRAPHY AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Elliptic curves are one of the most promising tools for constructing modern cryptographic algorithms. The security of elliptic curve cryptography is based on the complexity of solving the discrete logarithm problem in the group of points of the elliptic curve over a finite field. Elliptic curve cryptography enables two parties communicating over public channel using elliptic curve encryption and signing algorithms. Elliptic curves allow to achieve the same level of security with small key sizes than other asymmetric cryptographic algorithms. The article describes the mathematical apparatus of elliptic curves used for cryptographic purposes, the basic operations in the group of points of elliptic curves, such as addition of points, doubling of a point, and scalar multiplication of a point by a number are given. The steps and principles of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm (ECDH) and the digital signature scheme (ECDSA) on elliptic curves are considered. An overview of standards establishing recommendations and requirements for the use of elliptic curves in cryptographic systems is provided. The advantages of elliptic curve cryptography compared to traditional asymmetric algorithms, such as smaller key sizes, computational speed, and efficient use of resources, are analyzed. Potential threats and vulnerabilities of cryptographic algorithms based on elliptic curves are discussed. The main practical application areas of cryptographic algorithms on elliptic curves, including network security, cryptocurrency operations, message exchange, the Internet of Things, and government institutions are investigated. Examples of popular standardized curves (Curve25519, Curve448, secp256k1) that have been tested and recommended by specialized organizations such as NIST are given.

A Blockchain-Based Architecture for Securing Industrial IoTs Data in Electric Smart Grid

There are numerous internet-connected devices attached to the industrial process through recent communication technologies, which enable machine-to-machine communication and the sharing of sensitive data through a new technology called the industrial internet of things (IIoTs). Most of the suggested security mechanisms are vulnerable to several cybersecurity threats due to their reliance on cloud-based services, external trusted authorities, and centralized architectures; they have high computation and communication costs, low performance, and are exposed to a single authority of failure and bottleneck. Blockchain technology (BC) is widely adopted in the industrial sector for its valuable features in terms of decentralization, security, and scalability. In our work, we propose a decentralized, scalable, lightweight, trusted and secure private network based on blockchain technology/smart contracts for the overhead circuit breaker of the electrical power grid of the Al-Kufa/Iraq power plant as an industrial application. The proposed scheme offers a double layer of data encryption, device authentication, scalability, high performance, low power consumption, and improves the industry’s operations; provides efficient access control to the sensitive data generated by circuit breaker sensors and helps reduce power wastage. We also address data aggregation operations, which are considered challenging in electric power smart grids. We utilize a multi-chain proof of rapid authentication (McPoRA) as a consensus mechanism, which helps to enhance the computational performance and effectively improve the latency. The advanced reduced instruction set computer (RISC) machines ARM Cortex-M33 microcontroller adopted in our work, is characterized by ultra-low power consumption and high performance, as well as efficiency in terms of real-time cryptographic algorithms such as the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA). This improves the computational execution, increases the implementation speed of the asymmetric cryptographic algorithm and provides data integrity and device authenticity at the perceptual layer. Our experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves excellent performance, data security, real-time data processing, low power consumption (70.880 mW), and very low memory utilization (2.03% read-only memory (RAM) and 0.9% flash memory) and execution time (0.7424 s) for the cryptographic algorithm. This enables autonomous network reconfiguration on-demand and real-time data processing.

A Study of Cryptographic Algorithms

Abstract: This paper explores many important Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptography algorithms and their essence in network security. As the use of the internet has grown, so have attacks on the communication channels. These attacks can be used by third parties to obtain sensitive data about your organization and its activities. This data can be used to compromise an organization’s operations or blackmail the organisation to pay for the data. To avoid these situations, such algorithms are adapted to protect communications. These algorithms encrypt data that is nearly impossible for unauthorized persons to read, making it unusable for attackers. These algorithms therefore play an important role in the security of communications. This paper states a study of symmetric and asymmetric algorithms in terms of optimal resource allocation, potential attacks which can be used to exploit these algorithms, time consumption, power consumption, overall structure and some other basis Along with explanation of some of the security attacks.

Modifikasi Algoritma El-gamal Dengan Menerapkan Algoritma Kargers Min Cut Untuk Pembangkitan Kunci

El-gamal algorithm has two keys, namely public key and secret key. This algorithm has security that lies in the difficulty in calculating discrete algorithms. Both encryption and decryption keys are integers. El-gamal algorithm type asymmetric cryptography algorithm consists of two keys namely public key to encrypt while private key to decrypt. In El-gamal algorithms, distributed keys are public keys that are not required confidentiality while private keys remain stored or not distributed. Anyone who has a public key can do the encryption process but the result of that encryption can only be read by the person who has the private key. To increase the strength of the algorithm, the key used to perform the encryption and decryption process will be modified first using the randomization algorithm that is Karger Min Cut Algorithm. Karger Min Cut algorithm is a probabilistic random algorithm used to verify matrix multiplication. The purpose of using Kargers Min Cut algorithm is to make the resulting key more difficult to guess, making it difficult to read the message or information

Defense against SSDF Attack and PUE Attack in CR-Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) for Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO Beamforming Systems

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is witnessed to play the leading role in the future of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Though many works have focused on IoV improvement, there is still a lack of performance due to insufficient spectrum availability, lower data rates, and the involvement of attackers. This paper considers all three issues by developing a novel mmWave-assisted Cognitive Radio based IoV (CR-IoV) model. The integration of CR in IoV resolves the issue of spectrum management, while mmWave technology ensures symmetry in acquiring higher data rates for Secondary Users (SUs). With the proposed mmWave-assisted CR-IoV model, symmetric improvements in network performance were achieved in three main areas: security, beamforming, and routing. Optimum detection mechanisms isolate malicious Secondary Users (SUs) in the overall network. First, Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attack is detected by a Hybrid Kernel-based Support Vector Machine (HK-SVM), which is the lightweight Machine Learning (ML) technique. Then, the Primary User Emulation (PUE) attack is detected by a hybrid approach, namely the Fang Algorithm-based Time Difference of Arrival (FA-TDoA) method. Further, security is assured by validating the legitimacy of each SU through a Lightweight ID-based Certificate Validation mechanism. To accomplish this, we employed the Four Q-curve asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. Overall, the proposed dual-step security provisioning approach assures that the network is free from attackers. Next, beamforming is performed for legitimate SUs by a 3D-Beamforming algorithm that relies on Array Factor (AF) and Beampattern Function. Finally, routing is enabled by formulating Forwarding Zone (FZ) based on the forwarding angle. In the forwarding zone, optimal forwarders are selected by the Multi-Objective Whale Optimization (MOWO) algorithm. Here, a new potential score is formulated for fitness evaluation. Finally, the proposed mmWave-assisted CR-IoV model is validated through extensive simulations in the ns-3.26 simulation tool. The evaluation shows better performance in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, bit error rate, and detection accuracy.

Hierarchical energy efficient secure routing protocol for optimal route selection in wireless body area networks

Growth in technology has witnessed the comfort of an individual in domestic and professional life. Although, such existence was not able to meet the medical emergencies during the pandemic COVID-19 and during other health monitoring scenarios. This demand is due to the untouched Quality of Service network parameters like throughput, reliability, security etc. Hence, remote health monitoring systems for the patients who have undergone a medical surgery, bed ridden patients, autism affected subjects etc is in need that considers postural change and then forward to the caretaker in hospitals through wireless body area networks (WBAN). Security in these data are very important as it deals with the life of a subject. In this work, a Hierarchical Energy Efficient Secure Routing protocol (HEESR) is proposed that categorizes the deployed body nodes in to direct node and relay node based on the threshold vale. Unlike other conventional protocols the cluster head selection is based on the energy levels and the traffic priority data like critical and non-critical data, followed by an optimal route to forward the acquired data is identified and the data is compressed using Huffman encoding technique and encrypted using asymmetric cryptographic algorithm for secure data transmission. This protocol mainly appends security and routing efficiency in a hierarchical pattern through data prioritization and out performs the other conventional routing protocols by yielding a better energy consumption of 6%, throughput 92% and security of 93%, which has balanced the packet drop rate considerably and deliver the data within the stipulated time period.

To the Problems of the National State Recognition System Improving

Introduction. A rapid increase in the number of objects that simultaneously take part in combat operations in the air requires improvement of systems for recognizing military objects both in terms of qualitative and quantitative indicators. This requires the development of appropriate algorithms for identifying new-generation "friend-foe" objects. Such algorithms can be based on various methods of information security, in particular symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms and other methods of cryptography. The purpose of the article is to survey modern systems of state recognition of objects (SSRO), identify their shortcomings and provide recommendations for their elimination. Results. The requirements for SSRO as a system for processing, transmitting, securing information and identifying objects based on cryptography and computer security methods are defined. Common and distinctive features for civil and military identification systems are highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing SSRO are shown. Recommendations are formulated to address the shortcomings of the existing SSRO. An example of a stand and a hardware and software basis for studying SSRO algorithms with backup channels is given. Conclusions. Eliminating the shortcomings of the SSRO and improving the level of its reliability will require the implementation of the following organizational and technical measures. 1. Replacing the current state recognition system with a more modern one, which will support more modern cryptographic algorithms and a larger number of recognition objects. Adding support for radio tag recognition (RF tags). 2. Support for recognition lines in various directions, including "ground – UAV", "plane – tank", "plane – UAV" and others. Adding support for the NATO standard – STANAG 4579, adopted in 2001, and others. 3. Using of broad-spectrum signals to reduce the probability of detection and interception, as well as a number of signal-code structures and a working frequency grid. Keywords: Friend-or-Foe, object identification, cryptography, backup channels.