Enzymes AST Research Articles

Individual and combined impact of microplastics and lead acetate on the freshwater shrimp (Caridina fossarum): Biochemical effects and physiological responses

Microplastics and heavy metals pollution is recognised as a major problem affecting aquatic ecosystems. For this reason, this study aims to assess the toxicity of different concentrations of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) (0.0, 500, and 1000 μg L−1) with a mean size of 15–25 μm and lead acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2 (0.0, 2.5, and 5 mg L−1), both individually and in combination, through the exposure of the freshwater grass shrimp, Caridinia fossarum for 15 days, focusing on microplastic interaction with co-occurring contaminants. After being exposed to both contaminants, either individually or in combination, significant alterations in numerous biochemical markers were observed. Specifically, exposure to lead acetate alone resulted in significant changes across ALP, AST, ALT, LDH, GGT, and BChE enzyme activity levels indicating hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Also, Pb exposure led to alterations in total antioxidant capacity, MDA, total lipids, and glycogen contents, signalling the onset of oxidative stress. Exposure to PE-MPs alone led to changes in ALP, LDH, GGT, and BChE enzyme levels, and in MDA, total lipids, and glycogen samples' contents. Remarkably, the study observed increased bioaccumulation of lead acetate in samples treated with the combination, emphasizing the synergistic impact of PE-MPs on the toxicity of lead acetate. This synergy was also evident in AST and ALT enzyme activity levels and MDA contents. This underscores the necessity for measures to address both microplastic pollution and heavy metal contamination, taking into account the synergistic behaviour of MPs in the presence of concurrent contaminants.

Toxicological evaluation of a fish oil concentrate containing Very Long Chain Fatty Acids

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) have a chain length ≥24 carbons. Fish contain low levels of these fatty acids. A commercial oil called EPAX® Evolve 05 with an up-concentration of VLCFAs of approximately 10 times, has been developed as a dietary supplement by Epax Norway AS. A series of toxicological studies were performed using mice and rats to determine the safety and toxicity of repeat dosing with a gavage administered VLCFA formulation. The results suggest transient lipid accumulation in kidneys and liver. Lipid accumulation was seen with the test item and with the soya control but was not dose related. Liver and kidney lipid accumulation, whilst present in 14- day repeat dose study, was absent in a 90-day rat study. No treatment-effect was seen in urine analysis in any of the studies. No treatment-related effects were seen with a functional observation battery, ophthalmological examination, haematology, urine analysis, oestrus cycle, thyroid hormones, organ weight, or histopathology. In the 90-day study the liver enzymes ALP, AST and ALT were statistically significantly increased with test item but within control values. There were no associated histological findings in the liver suggesting there was no toxic effect and the normalisation of values for all liver enzymes in the recovery groups suggests an adaptive response rather than a prevailing toxic response. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined as 1200 mg VLCFA/kg b.w./day.

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Roles of Priva Cordifolia Leaf Extracts on HepG2 Cell Line

ABSTRACT The phytochemical constituents in Priva cordifolia leaf extracts and their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. were determined along with antioxidant property . HepG2 cells were used to test the hepatoprotective and cytoprotective effects of P. cordifolia leaf extracts by evaluating the levels of liver enzymes AST and ALT. The inhibitory zone against E. coli and Pseudomonas sp. by the ethanolic extract was effective than the aqueous extract. At 100 µg mL−1, the ethanolic extract had the highest Fe3+ reducing ability of 89.52% and improved cell viability and decreased AST and ALT levels in CCl4-damaged HepG2 cells.

Protective effects of SCFAs on organ injury and gut microbiota modulation in heat-stressed rats

PurposeThis research was conducted to investigate the potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in protecting organs from heat stress-induced injuries and gut microbiota modulation.MethodsSprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to various groups including a control group, a room temperature training group, a hyperthermia training group, SCFAs pretreatment group, and recipients received feces from the HT group. After strenuous training at high temperatures, the levels of plasma enzymes AST, ALT, BUN, and Cr were evaluated. The changes in gut microbiota and fecal metabolites were detected using 16S rRNA sequencing and GC–MS methods. Pathological examination of colon and liver tissues was conducted, and immunohistochemical techniques were employed to assess intestinal barrier function.ResultsThe findings indicate that SCFAs hold the potential for mitigating liver and colon damage caused by heat stress. With the intervention of SCFAs, there were observable changes in the structure and metabolites of the intestinal microbiota, as well as improvements in intestinal barrier function. Further support for the benefits of SCFAs was found through fecal microbiota transplantation, which demonstrated that modified gut microbiota can effectively reduce organ damage.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that SCFAs, as metabolites of the gut microbiota, have a valuable role to play in regulating gut health and mitigating the harmful effects of heat stress.

Physiological responses of oxidative damage, genotoxicity and hematological parameters of the toxic effect of neonicotinoid-thiamethoxam in Oreochromis niloticus

The purpose of investigation assessed the impacts of neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (TMX) at sublethal concentrations in hematological profile and renal function of Oreochromis niloticus. In the experiment, fish were exposed to TMX in four groups (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) for 7 days. At the end of the experiment, biochemical analysis of blood samples showed that the parameters indicating renal function showed a significant increase in serum enzymes ALT, AST, ALP and metabolites (BUN, urea, uric acid, creatinine and cortisol) concentrations, while albumin concentration decreased in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. In parallel with the decrease in Na+, K+ and Ca+2 in blood ion levels, there was a significant decrease in the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca+2 ATPase and AChE enzyme, levels of GSH and HSP70 in kidney tissue in TMX groups compared to the control group. It was determined that the toxic effect of TMX caused a significant increase in TBARS, PC, 8-OHdG levels, respectively. In conclusion, our study shows that TMX causes dose-dependent toxic effects, with knock-on effects on physiological processes regarding the hematological profile and renal function of O. niloticus.

Insecticidal activity and possible modes of action of secondary metabolites of some fungal strains and wild plants as natural pesticides against Spodoptera frugiperda

BackgroundThe fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive and destructive pest to certain strategic crops, especially maize in Egypt. This research was conducted mainly to obtain secondary metabolites from some wild plants and fungal strains, use them in controlling FAW, and investigate their mode of action.ResultsThe ethyl acetate extracts of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Verticillium lecanii, as well as the alkaloid extracts of Ricinus communis and Nicotiana glauca, were extracted to obtain their secondary metabolites. The secondary metabolite contents were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and NMR. The toxicity of all extracts against the 3rd-instar larvae of FAW was evaluated. The possible mode of action of the extracts was studied via their effects on larval enzyme activities and larval tissue. The toxicity results illustrated that, the extract of C. cladosporioides was more effective with LC50 229 ppm, followed by the extract of V. lecanii with LC50 341 ppm and N. glauca with LC50 404 ppm, while the least effective extract was R. communis with LC50 1110 ppm after 72 h of treatment. While, the results of larval enzyme activities showed that C. cladosporioides, V. lecanii, and R. communis extracts led to significant activity of AST, ALT, ACP, and ALP enzymes, but GST and AchE were inhibited in treated larvae compared with control. While N. glauca alkaloid extract caused significant inhibition of AST, ALT, ACP, AchE, and GST enzymes, ALP was activated in the treated larvae compared with control. The results of larval tissue slides indicated that the most affected tissues were the cuticle layer and the membrane lining of the midgut, in addition to the fatty bodies.ConclusionThus, natural pesticides would have a promising role in terms of controlling the FAW and according to this study, it was recommended that, alkaloid extracts of tested wild plants and ethyl acetate extracts of fungal strains be used as natural pesticides to control the fall armyworm, S. frugiperda.

Protective Effect of Black Seed and Lettuce Oils Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The liver is one of the organs that play an essential role in the human body, including supporting metabolism, immune functions, digestive system, detoxification, storage of vitamins and other functions. This investigation aimed to study the protective effects of black seed and lettuce oil against hepatotoxicity as induced by paracetamol in experimental rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Twenty male Sprague-Dawley albino rats weighing 150±5 g were divided randomly into four groups (5 rats each) and distributed as follows; 1st group was controlled negative (C -ve group), 2nd group controlled positive (orally administered with 500 mg/kg b.wt., paracetamol), 3rd and 4th groups were orally administered with black seed oil and lettuce oil at a dose of 1 mL/kg b.wt., each) as a preventive dose. All rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for biochemical analysis and then statistically analyzed. <b>Results:</b> The rat administered with black seed and lettuce oils enhanced body weight gain, food intake and feed efficiency ratio. Moreover, exhibited a significant reduction in the liver enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and TBIL. Meanwhile, black seed and lettuce oils significantly improved kidney functions, lipid profiles and some immune biomarkers including creatine kinase (CK), Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). <b>Conclusion:</b> This study revealed that the oils of black seed (<i>Nigella sativa</i>) and lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>) have a protective role in improving body weight gain, food intake, feed efficiency ratio, liver enzymes, kidney functions, lipid profiles and some immune biomarkers against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats.

Regulatory mechanisms of dopamine metabolism in a marine Meyerozyma guilliermondii GXDK6 under NaCl stress as revealed by integrative multi-omics analysis

Dopamine can be used to treat depression, myocardial infarction, and other diseases. However, few reports are available on the de novo microbial synthesis of dopamine from low-cost substrate. In this study, integrated omics technology was used to explore the dopamine metabolism of a novel marine multi-stress-tolerant aromatic yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii GXDK6. GXDK6 was found to have the ability to biosynthesize dopamine when using glucose as the substrate. 14 key genes for the biosynthesis of dopamine were identified by whole genome-wide analysis. Transcriptomic and proteomic data showed that the expression levels of gene AAT2 encoding aspartate aminotransferase (regulating dopamine anabolism) were upregulated, while gene AO-I encoding copper amine oxidase (involved in dopamine catabolism) were downregulated under 10 % NaCl stress compared with non-NaCl stress, thereby contributing to biosynthesis of dopamine. Further, the amount of dopamine under 10 % NaCl stress was 2.51-fold higher than that of zero NaCl, which was consistent with the multi-omics results. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results confirmed the metabolic model of dopamine. Furthermore, by overexpressing AAT2, AST enzyme activity was increased by 24.89 %, the expression of genes related to dopamine metabolism was enhanced, and dopamine production was increased by 56.36 % in recombinant GXDK6AAT2. In conclusion, Meyerozyma guilliermondii GXDK6 could utilize low-cost carbon source to synthesize dopamine, and NaCl stress promoted the biosynthesis of dopamine.

The Effect of TRX Training on Liver Enzymes in Middle-Aged Obese Women

Obesity is a global health concern leading to various chronic diseases, including alterations in liver enzymes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TRX training program on liver enzymes in obese middle-aged women. In this quasi-experimental study, 30 obese women with a BMI above 30 and an average age of 50.00 ± 6.87 years were randomly divided into two groups: TRX (n=15) and control (n=15). The TRX group engaged in TRX training for eight weeks, while the control group maintained their usual lifestyle. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to measure liver enzymes. Anthropometric measurements were also taken before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA to control for pre-test differences and determine post-test differences between groups. The ANCOVA results revealed significant differences in post-test liver enzyme levels between the TRX and control groups, after controlling for pre-test scores. For ALT, F(1, 27) = 12.94, p = 0.001, partial eta squared = 0.324; for AST, F(1, 27) = 10.12, p = 0.003, partial eta squared = 0.273; and for ALP, F(1, 27) = 25.62, p < 0.001, partial eta squared = 0.487, indicating significant improvements in the TRX group compared to the control group. This study demonstrated that eight weeks of TRX training significantly improved liver enzymes ALT, AST, and ALP in obese women. Therefore, TRX training can be an effective intervention for enhancing liver enzyme health.

Hematological inflammatory biomarkers in patients with alcohol and cocaine use disorders.

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelets-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are biomarkers easy-to-obtain and could be used in clinical practice to verify an inflammatory status and are associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and cocaine use disorder (CUD). Our aim was to compare NLR, MLR and PLR among men with AUD and CUD and to assess the relationship between these biomarkers and addiction-related outcomes. This is a cross-sectional study comprising 979 inpatient men diagnosed with substance use disorder (391 with AUD and 588 with CUD) under hospital treatment for drug addiction. Individuals with AUD had higher NLR and MLR (p=0.041, p<0.001 respectively) compared to individuals with CUD. In the AUD group, positive correlations between age and MLR (r=0.111; p=0.029), NLR and liver enzymes ALT and AST (r=0.103, p=0.043; r=0.155, p=0.002; respectively), and MLR and ALT, AST and GGT levels were observed (r=0.173, p=0.001; r=0.242, p<0.001; r=0.167, p=0.001, respectively). Individuals with CUD showed a positive correlation between age and NLR (r=0.113; p=0.006). The presence of clinical comorbidities, HIV, HCV and syphilis were not associated with NLR, MLR, and PLR (p>0.05). These biomarkers are a rapid and inexpensive way to assess the effects of substance use on the inflammatory profile. Our findings contribute with valuable insights into the distinctive inflammatory profiles associated with AUD and CUD. These insights could guide further research and the development of more studies, which could include control groups, in order to refine the clinical applicability of these biomarkers.

РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ, ЛЕЧЕБНО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКИЕ МЕРОПРИЯТИЯ, ПРОВОДИМЫЕ ПРИ БАБЕЗИОЗЕ СОБАК В ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ КЛИНИКАХ ГОРОДА АСТАНА

The article shows the results of study of 94 dogs in Astana, where the presence of babesiosis was confirmed. The disease clinically manifested as apathy (100%), anorexia (85%), increase in overall body temperature (78%), hemoglobinuria (64%), vomiting (42%), diarrhea (41%), icteric mucous membranes (35%), and paresis of the hind legs (28%). Microscopy of peripheral blood smears stained using the Romanowsky-Giemsa method revealed the presence of Babesia canis. Complete blood count and blood chemistry conducted in the animals showed a reduced number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, as well as bilirubinemia, and increased levels of AST and ALT enzymes. The peak of incidence occurs in May (Epidemiological Index (EI) 93.3%), in April and summer the infestation rate is above average (EI 73.3-79.2%). In August and September, ticks in animals are two times less common than in May, and the prevalence is reduced to 66.7%. The dogs received comprehensive treatment, including the reduction of intoxication and dehydration, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antiemetic drugs, a lytic cocktail to reduce elevated body temperature, and analgesics. When comparing the main drugs, Piro-stop and Azidin, the former was found to be more effective. For disease prevention, dog owners prefer to use Bravecto.

Protective effect of 1, 8-cineole (eucalyptol) against lead-induced liver injury by ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation and modulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling.

This study was conducted to explore the impact of 1, 8-cineole (eucalyptol) on the biochemical, molecular, and histological changes caused by lead acetate in the liver of adult male Wistar rats. The research also investigated the potential involvement of the TLR4 signaling pathway in this effect. Rats were orally administered lead acetate (25 mg/kg-day) for 14 consecutive days and received 1, 8-cineole (100 mg/kg-day) during the same period. 1, 8-cineole prevented an increase in the malondialdehyde level, a decrease in the glutathione level, and a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes in the liver of rats treated with lead acetate. This monoterpene also prevented an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver parenchyma. Additionally, 1, 8-cineole discouraged the increase in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression in the liver and stopped a rise in serum AST and ALT enzymes. 1, 8-cineole can prevent liver damage caused by lead acetate by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This hepatoprotection is probably achieved by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling.

In vivo toxicological assessment of silver nanoparticle in edible fish, Oreochromis mossambicus.

Silver nanoparticles are the extensively utilized among all nanoparticles due to their antibacterial and wound healing properties making them highly suitable for medical and pharmaceutical applications. The field of nanoparticle toxicity is an emerging field and the present study aims to assess the biochemical, hematological and genotoxicity in Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to different concentrations of silver nanoparticles for 7 and 14days. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate using trisodium citrate and was characterized using X-ray diffraction, SEM, HRTEM and DLS. Hematological parameters like RBC, WBC, Hb, HCT and MCV and for biochemical analysis, antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPX and serum enzymes AST, ALT, ACP, ALP and LDH were analyzed. Genotoxicity was studied using comet assay. Results obtained showed decrease in erythrocytes, HCT, Hb and MCV while an increase was noted in WBC on day 7 and 14. The antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx showed a decrease and the lipid peroxidation product MDA was elevated. The serum enzymes AST, ALT, ACP ALP and LDH showed an increased activity when compared to control. DNA damage was evident by an increase in % TDNA. The results indicate hematological, biochemical and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles that might be mediated through ROS generation in O. mossambicus.

Action of melatonin and physical exercise on the liver of cirrhotic rats: Study of oxidative stress and the inflammatory process.

Cirrhosis is characterized by structural and functional alterations of the liver. Melatonin (MLT) has antioxidant properties. Physical exercise (EX) can reverse muscle loss in cirrhotic patients. The objective was to evaluate the action of MLT and EX on the liver of rats subjected to the experimental model of bile duct ligation (BLD). 48 male Wistar rats were used, divided into groups: Control (CO), CO+MLT, CO+EX, CO+MLT+EX, BDL, BDL+MLT, BDL+EX, and BDL+MLT+EX. The treatments occurred from the 15th to the 28th day. The dose of MLT was 20 mg/kg via I.p (1x/day), and the EX was performed 10 min/day. Blood and liver were collected for analysis. The liver integrity enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP showed a significant reduction in the groups treated with MLT and EX. Histological analyses showed reorganization of the liver parenchyma, reduction of inflammatory infiltrate, and fibrotic nodules. Lipoperoxidation (LPO), the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and nitric oxide metabolites showed a significant reduction in the groups treated with MLT and EX. The expression of TNF-α and NF-kB decreased in the treated groups. Melatonin and physical exercise seem to be effective in restoring the parameters evaluated in this model of experimental cirrhosis.

Preclinical Evaluation of Nerolidol’s Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Potential

Background: Due to the potential negative effects of artificial food additives on health and the recent surge in consumer awareness of the issue, natural goods are becoming more and more popular in diets. Objective: The main objective of the current study is the evaluation of the protective effect and antioxidant role of Nerolidol against alloxan-induced oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Method: The present experiment was designed as Group I (control), Group II (Alloxan monohydrate, 120 mg/kg i.p), Group III (Ascorbic acid 250 mg/kg p.o), Group IV (Nerolidol 100 mg/kg p.o), Group V (Nerolidol 200 mg/kg p.o), Group VI (Nerolidol 300 mg/kg p.o). Alloxan was given to all groups excluding control group in order to induce hepatorenal toxicity. The groups III, IV, V and VI received the Standard Ascorbic acid and Nerolidol after 72 hrs. of alloxan administration for consecutive 14 days. The protective roles and antioxidant activity of Nerolidol against Alloxan induced oxidative stress and hepatorenal toxicity were evaluated by histopathological changes, measuring hepatic and renal damage biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) parameters in the liver and kidney tissues of rats. Result and Conclusion: The biochemical analysis showed a decrease in serum AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH enzymes, total protein, creatinine, bilirubin, and urea in group III and test groups compared to that of group II. Nerolidol also restored the Alloxan-induced MDA and antioxidant enzyme level to control. Hepatorenal protection of Nerolidol was confirmed by almost normal histological findings in test groups.

Analysis of the use of ready-made Expert hepatic diets for adult cats liver care company Miratorg

This work is devoted to studying the effect of Expert Hepatic ready-made diets for adult cats liver care company MIRATORG on cats in the complex therapy of hepatopathy. An important component in the complex treatment of cats with liver diseases is the use of complete diets. The purpose of these diets is to replenish energy and nutrients to maintain the body's needs and ensure the regeneration of hepatocytes to maintain liver function. This can be achieved if the diet is easily digestible and has high palatability, high energy density and modified protein content. In the course of the studies, biochemical blood parameters were studied, reflecting the condition of the liver in cats, which used ready-made Expert Hepatic diets for adult cats’ liver care from the MIRATORG company in the complex treatment of hepatopathy. The study was conducted on the basis of the Multifunctional Veterinary Center "SPbGUVM" in the period from February 2022 to October 2023. The study was carried out on cats of different breeds aged 6-9 years. The study revealed that at the beginning of the experiment, all experimental animals had increased indicators characterizing the condition of the liver. At the same time, the activity of the cytolysis marker enzymes AlAT and AST was higher than the upper limit of the reference values for this animal species by an average of 1.5 times. A less pronounced increase in activity was observed in alkaline phosphatase, the main marker of cholestasis. These changes corresponded to a moderate increase in the content of total bilirubin. By the end of the experiment, a significant decrease in all studied parameters was observed. The level of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase was at the upper limit of the reference values for this animal species. The activity of aminotransferases significantly decreased, but still remained above normal.

Effect of Feeding Common Carp with Different Quantities of a Certified Commercial Feed on Haematological Parameters, Blood Indicators and Cortisol Hormone Levels

This study was conducted at fish laboratory affiliated to the department of animal production/ college of agriculture/ University of Anbar. The experiment lasted eight weeks (5 /Sep / 2022-31 /Oct / 2022) in Aquatic Recirculating System (ARS), to examine the appropriate effect of feeding common carp with different quantities of a certified commercial feed on hematological parameters, blood indicators, and cortisol hormone levels revealed that significant differences among the treatments. In the second treatment (T2), there was significant improvement (P≤0.05) in red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and white blood cell count compared to the other experimental treatments. Treatment four (T4) showed superiority in lymphocyte count, while treatment three (T3) exhibited higher values in both monocytes count and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (P≤0.05). regarding the biochemical blood parameters, treatments T6, T5, T4, T2, and T1 demonstrated significant superiority (P≥0.05) over treatment three (T3) in terms of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, ALT enzyme, and AST enzyme. However, high-density lipoprotein exhibited significant differences (P≤0.05) in treatments T5 and T4. As for cortisol levels, treatment two (T2) displayed significant superiority over the other experimental treatments (P>0.05).

Adding Sodium Citrate in Water and Effect in Physiological Performance of Broiler Chickens Reared Under High-Density Condition

This study was conducted on animal production farm in Collage Agriculture - University of Diyala from 1/10 to 4/11/2022 aimed to study the effect of sodium citrate as an anti-stress factor on the physiological performance of ROSS 308 broiler chickens reared under high densities condition. 405 one day unsexed hatched chicks will be distributed into 9 treatments T1 control treatment 12 birds / m2 without sodium citrate, T2: 15 birds / m2 without sodium citrate, T3: 18 birds / m2 without sodium citrate, T4, T5 and T6 12, 15 and 18 birds / m2 with 1.5 mg / L of sodium citrate drinking water while T7, T8 and T9 was 12, 15 and 18 birds / m2 with 3 mg/ L of sodium citrate drinking water. The statistical analysis revealed that raising broilers at high densities (15 and 18 birds/m2) caused physiological stress in the birds by increasing the concentrations of glucose, uric acid, AST and ALT enzymes in the blood serum while decreasing the concentrations of protein and cholesterol, while there are no significant differences between T1, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 and that indicates the role of sodium citrate in reducing high-density stress.

The Effect of Sevoflurane and Fullerenol C 60 on the Liver and Kidney in Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice with Streptozocin-Induced Diabetes.

This study aimed to demonstrate whether fullerenol C60, sevoflurane anesthesia, or a combination of both had protective effects on the liver and kidneys in lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice with streptozocin-induced diabetes. A total of 46 Swiss albino mice were divided into six groups as follows: control group (group C, n=7), diabetes group (group D, n=7), diabetes-ischemia/reperfusion (group DIR, n=8), diabetes-ischemia/reperfusion-fullerenol C60 (group DIR-FC60, n=8), diabetes-ischemia/reperfusion-sevoflurane (group DIR-S, n=8), and the diabetes-ischemia/reperfusion-fullerenol C60-sevoflurane (group DIR-S-FC60, n=8). Fullerenol C60 (100mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before the ischemia-reperfusion procedure to the fullerenol groups (DIR-FC60 and DIR-S-FC60). In the DIR groups, 2 hours (h) ischemia-2h reperfusion periods were performed. In the sevoflurane groups, sevoflurane was applied during the ischemia-reperfusion period with 100% O2. Liver and kidney tissues were removed at the end of the reperfusion procedure for biochemical and histopathological examinations. In liver tissue, hydropic degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, pycnotic nuclei, prenecrotic cells, and mononuclear cell infiltration in parenchyma were significantly more frequent in group DIR than in groups D and group C. In terms of the histopathologic criteria examined, more positive results were seen in group DIR-FC60, and when group DIR-FC60 was compared with group DIR, the difference was significant. The best results in AST, ALT, glucose, TBARS levels, and SOD enzyme activities in liver tissue were in group DIR-FC60 compared with group DIR, followed by groups DIR-S-FC60 and DIR-S, respectively. Regarding TBARS levels and SOD enzyme activities in kidney tissue, the best results were in groups DIR-FC60, DIR-S-FC60, and DIR-S, respectively. According to our findings, it is clear that fullerenol C60 administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemia, alone or together with sevoflurane, reduces oxidative stress in distant organ damage caused by lower extremity IRI, and reduces liver and kidney tissue damage in histopathologic examinations.

Determination of the Effect of Oral Dosage of Labna Product Supplemented with Fe3O4 Conjugated with Chitosan Nanoparticles on Growth Parameters, Liver and Kidney Parameters in Anaemic Rats Induced by Phenylhydrazine

The research aims to investigate the effect of Fe3O4-NPs and its conjugated with chitosan nanoparticles on the rat’s body weights, liver enzymes, and the kidney function parameters in the serum of male albino rats induced with anaemia by phenyl-hydrazine. The rats were separated into six groups in five replicates, each of which included (T1) the control group, (T2) anaemia induced group, T3 group animals given Labneh enrichment with 2.5 mg of Fe3O4-NPs ml/day, T4 group animals given Labneh enrichment with 2.5 mg of Ch-NPs ml/day, T5 group animals given Labneh enrichment with 2.5 mg of each Fe3O4-NPs conjugated with Ch-NPs ml/day, T6 group animals given Labneh enrichment with 2.5 mg of Hamvir ml/day, and were fed for 30 days. The results showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the Rat body weight gains of the anaemia-induced Rats group T2 (-1g) compared with the T1 group (22g). The liver enzyme concentration of AST, ALT and ALP was seen as a significant increase in the anaemia group T2 and became at 57.0, 62.6 and 82.0 compared to the T1 group at 38.3, 47.0 and 63.6 (IU/L) respectively. Also, the Creatinine and Urea of kidney function parameters were increased to 2.85 and 62.0 compared to the T1 group at 0.89 and 38.3 mg/dl respectively. The results of the oral dose of rats treatment groups T3, T4, and T5 and the treatment by drug Hamvir T6 were shown to significantly ameliorate the parameters of body weights, liver enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and kidney parameters of Creatinine and Urea parameters to its becomes at the values near of its in T1 value.