Behavioral Assumptions Research Articles

A simple apparatus for tensile testing of rock

Measuring tensile strength of a quasi-brittle material such as rock is a challenging task. Indirect tensile testing methods such as the Brazilian and flexural tests rely on the assumption of linear elastic behavior, which is not valid close to the peak stress. The direct tensile testing method is independent of the constitutive response of the material and should provide more realistic data. Nevertheless, the test set up in direct tensile testing is time consuming and the results can depend on the applied boundary conditions. In this work, a new apparatus is introduced that can measure tensile strength of quasi-brittle materials and provide information regarding the crack opening behavior. The apparatus, which is an aluminum or steel beam with a cut-out and central notch, acts as both the loading fixture and load cell. The specimen is attached to the central part of the apparatus using an epoxy adhesive . Strain gages mounted on the two sides of the apparatus provide the necessary information about the tensile behavior of the specimen. The device is also capable of detecting and quantifying the intensity of asymmetric failure (crack growth) in the specimen, as identified by digital image correlation . The apparatus, its calibration, and some tests results are presented and discussed. • A new apparatus for tensile testing of rock is introduced. • Uniaxial tensile strength and critical crack opening of Charcoal granite are measured. • Comparison is made between the data collected using the new and conventional uniaxial tensile testing devices. • Digital image correlation is used to study the failure process.

A Reformulated Version of Marx’s Theory of Ground Rent Shows That There Cannot Be Any Absolute Rent

This article develops a simple theoretical model to analyze Marx’s theory of ground rent. Using the model, I demonstrate two important results. First, if we take capital outlay as exogenously given, then total ground rent can be decomposed into the three components: differential rent of the first variety (DRI), differential rent of the second variety (DRII), and absolute rent (AR). Second, if we let the amount of capital outlay on each plot of land be determined by the profit-maximizing behavior of capitalist farmers, then absolute rent becomes zero. Neither the low organic composition of capital nor the monopoly power of the class of landlords can generate any absolute rent. I conclude that under reasonable behavioral assumptions about landlords and capitalist farmers, there will be no absolute rent in a capitalist economy. JEL Classification: B51

Influence maximization based on network representation learning in social network

Influence Maximization (IM), an NP-hard central issue for social network research, aims to recognize the influential nodes in a network so that the message can spread faster and more effectively. A large number of existing studies mainly focus on the heuristic methods, which generally lead to sub-optimal solutions and suffer time-consuming and inapplicability for large-scale networks. Furthermore, the present community-aware random walk to analyze IM using network representation learning considers only the node’s influence or network community structures. No research has been found that surveyed both of them. Hence, the present study is designed to solve the IM problem by introducing a novel influence network embedding (NINE) approach and a novel influence maximization algorithm, namely NineIM, based on network representation learning. First, a mechanism that can capture the diffusion behavior proximity between network nodes is constructed. Second, we consider a more realistic social behavior assumption. The probability of information dissemination between network nodes (users) is different from other random walk based network representation learning. Third, the node influence is used to define the rules of random walk and then get the embedding representation of a social network. Experiments on four real-world networks indicate that our proposed NINE method outperforms four state-of-the-art network embedding baselines. Finally, the superiority of the proposed NineIM algorithm is reported by comparing four traditional IM algorithms. The code is available at https://github.com/baiyazi/NineIM.

Burning up on Reentry: The Effect of Entrepreneurial Exit in the Hiring Context

A great deal of research on entrepreneurial exit focuses on the potential challenges entrepreneurs may face when launching a new venture, but very little is known about those who choose to re-enter the traditional workforce. It is commonly assumed that an entrepreneur can always “go back to work,” however, it is unclear how recruiters evaluate entrepreneurial experience early in the selection process. Drawing from screening theory, attribution theory, and the person-organization fit perspective, we designed three studies to begin answering questions about the challenges former entrepreneurs may face when attempting to find more traditional employment. Study 1 revealed that recruiters evaluate former entrepreneurs more negatively than job applicants with more traditional work experience, and this relationship is stronger when former entrepreneurs close—versus sell—their venture. Study 2 employed a qualitative, inductive approach to examine why recruiters may be biased against former entrepreneurs and found that there are often assumptions of rapid turnover, insubordinate behavior, and organizational misfit. Finally, the Study 3 results suggested that the negative evaluation of former entrepreneurs may not be universal and depends on important contextual factors such as job characteristics, length of entrepreneurial experience, and details about entrepreneurial exit.

Provision of an Organizational Trust Model Based on the Assumptions of Human Resources in Service-Oriented Organizations

INTRODUCTION: The Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most effective service-oriented organizations in the country which has a high potential for trust building and role modelling. Using human resources with a humanitarian approach and identification of causal, contextual, and intervening factors that lead to building trust contribute to the excellence of this popular institution. Therefore, this study aimed to present a model of organizational trust based on the assumptions of human resources in service-oriented organizations, particularly The Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, using the meta-synthesis approach. METHODS: This is a qualitative cross-sectional study, in which 1,269 relevant articles published between 2010 and 2022 were collected from the Web of Science database. A total of 85 articles were selected and used, as the basis for the data extraction, to determine trust building based on the assumptions of human resources theories in the interpretive paradigm. FINDINGS: Trust building in the Red Crescent Society is one of its essential elements due to the impact of environmental and human variables. Therefore, this study identified causal conditions (organizational factors, job, employees), background conditions (culture, ethics, religion, individual, organization, intervening conditions (managerial, occupational, and psychological), strategies (new leadership, transparency, Quantum management, talent management), and the outcomes (including organizational citizenship behaviour, social responsibility, organizational spirituality), which included a total of 28 common features and 152 components. CONCLUSION: Based on the obtained results, trust-building management methods in the Red Crescent Society include open communication, brainstorming, collaborative management, a supportive atmosphere, and effective strategies in the functional dimensions of the Red Crescent Society, including new leadership, behavioural assumptions of managers, as well as decision-making in terms of content, time, model, cognition, and approaches of transformative leadership, ethical and pure leadership, positive and servant leadership, and distributed and intellectual leadership.

Effect of viscoelasticity on inversion in axial deformation and on the volume of pressurized thin-walled tubes

Axial prestretching can significantly affect the mechanical response of an inflated tube. This phenomenon is known, for example in the biomechanics of the cardiovascular system, where arteries, if excised from a body, manifest non-negligible shortening. Previous studies have shown that axially prestretched tubes are more easily distensible by internal pressure than their non-prestretched counterparts. It has even been found that, in the case of the material described by the Gent strain energy density function, the volume attained by a tube at a given internal pressure can be maximized by the initial elongation of the tube to the prestretch point referred to as inversion axial prestretching. However, to the best of our knowledge, all studies dealing so far with the effect of axial prestretching on the mechanical response of a pressurized tube have assumed elastic behavior. Nevertheless, soft tissues as well as elastomer materials are always more or less viscoelastic. The present study shifts our attention from purely theoretical elastic models to a more realistic assumption of viscoelastic behavior, which is modeled by means of the Quasilinear Theory of Viscoelasticity (QLV). The adopted model assumes the elastic part of the material response to be given by the Gent model. Results suggest that the viscoelastic tube loses the property of inversion in axial deformation but can still preserve the potential to optimize the inflation volume by means of axial prestretching. This result can be helpful in designing elastomer pipelines and pumps, as well as contributing to the understanding of the principals of blood circulation physiology.

Search for Innovation: Past, Present, and Future

The primary goal of the symposium is to reflect upon the rich contributions that search and recombination research has made so far and uncover promising questions for future research. The topics we aim to discuss in the symposium include 1) how we define search and its various dimensions, i.e., depth, breadth, local, distant, etc. 2) how does organizational boundary spanning influence search and learning behavior of firms 3) what are the implications of different search and recombination strategies such as simultaneous vs. sequential, for subsequent innovation outcomes 3) how do the new technological advancements challenges the behavioral assumptions underlying the search process and what are the opportunities that new technology evolution presents? 5) what is the role of cognition or individual beliefs in structuring the search processes, particularly in nascent industries? 6) What are the empirical implications of theoretical developments such as different measurement methods and inherent trade- offs involved in such selection.

Dynamic and kinematic characteristics of unsteady motion of a water-in-oil emulsion droplet in collision with a solid heated wall under conditions of convective heat transfer

The paper presents the experimental results of spreading, fingering and corona-like splashing of water-in-oil emulsion droplets based on n-decane, isoparaffin oil and distilled water in the range of Weber numbers We = 100–900, wall temperatures Tw = 20–80 °C and in collision with a smooth solid surface. The spreading features and separate convective rolling structures in emulsion droplets are examined at the late stages of wetting. The effect of Tw on the viscous dissipation energy and the maximum spreading coefficient is established. The validity of the assumptions explaining the contradictory behavior of the maximum spreading diameter of emulsion droplets with increasing temperature is studied. The assumption of unstable behavior of the emulsion droplet rim during spreading is proposed. The maximum emulsion corona diameter and height decrease linearly with the Tw growth due to the longer corona lifetime. The maximum corona diameter increases following the power law with increasing the Brinkman number due to an increase in the liquid viscosity and a decrease in Tw. The results help to predict the corona's behavior by determining the relationship between the viscous dissipation of the spreading liquid and the energy transferred to the liquid from the wall due to molecular (thermal) conduction.

Diglossia as a Symbolic Capital in Bangladesh: A Bourdieun Analysis

French sociologist and public intellectual, Pierre Bourdieu’s (1930-2002) Linguistic Capital, one of his Symbolic Capitals, vividly connects with the reality and motto of the use of diglossia in Bangla language. Concurrently, this study seeks to analyze the Bangladeshis’ use of various forms of diglossia in the light of Bourdieu’s symbolic capital. It aims to elaborate how the diglossic forms of Bangla language are shaped as per both the Bangladeshi speaker’s and listener’s symbolic capitals – social capital, cultural capital, and linguistic capital; how language form reveals one’s whole power, position, status and money in the society; and how, in Bangladesh, the differences in a person’s general behavioral pattern or assumptions toward other persons about their social position can be spotted through the use of diglossia of Bangla language. The study applied a simple random sampling to conduct a survey on 50 Bangladeshis aging 18-50 years from across the country. It used the qualitative research methodology which utilized a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data, and it analysed the collected data through coding, categorizing, and percentile representations. The findings offer integral affiliations between the use of diglossia and capitalistic considerations mostly symbolical ones.

Impact of incomplete planned experiences on tourist satisfaction: a case of Tokyo Disneyland

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore the background factors that affect the relationship between IPE, which are tourism experiences caused by unexpected circumstances, and the evaluation of tourism experiences from the perspective of the customer journey. Qualitative research using customer journey mapping was conducted to analyze factors that influence the relationship between IPE and tourist satisfaction. The results suggest that the factors of “assumption of behavior on the day of visit,” “assumption of satisfaction on the day of visit,” and “assumption of the timing of the next visit” with respect to the pre-visit stage and “actions to implement the plan” and “actions to change plans” with respect to behavior on the day of visit may be background factors that lead to satisfaction with IPE. This study exploratively analyzes and clarifies the impact and background of tourists’ IPE on their evaluation of tourism experiences, which has not been previously examined.

Hybridization may aid evolutionary rescue of an endangered East African passerine.

Introgressive hybridization is a process that enables gene flow across species barriers through the backcrossing of hybrids into a parent population. This may make genetic material, potentially including relevant environmental adaptations, rapidly available in a gene pool. Consequently, it has been postulated to be an important mechanism for enabling evolutionary rescue, that is the recovery of threatened populations through rapid evolutionary adaptation to novel environments. However, predicting the likelihood of such evolutionary rescue for individual species remains challenging. Here, we use the example of Zosterops silvanus, an endangered East African highland bird species suffering from severe habitat loss and fragmentation, to investigate whether hybridization with its congener Zosterops flavilateralis might enable evolutionary rescue of its Taita Hills population. To do so, we employ an empirically parameterized individual‐based model to simulate the species' behaviour, physiology and genetics. We test the population's response to different assumptions of mating behaviour and multiple scenarios of habitat change. We show that as long as hybridization does take place, evolutionary rescue of Z. silvanus is likely. Intermediate hybridization rates enable the greatest long‐term population growth, due to trade‐offs between adaptive and maladaptive introgressed alleles. Habitat change did not have a strong effect on population growth rates, as Z. silvanus is a strong disperser and landscape configuration is therefore not the limiting factor for hybridization. Our results show that targeted gene flow may be a promising avenue to help accelerate the adaptation of endangered species to novel environments, and demonstrate how to combine empirical research and mechanistic modelling to deliver species‐specific predictions for conservation planning.

An intuitive and simplified formulation of general relativistic gravity in empty space

General relativistic gravity in empty space is formulated using undergraduate calculus, differential equations, and matrix algebra. The key to the formulation involves certain limited assumptions of Newtonian-like behavior in freely falling frames. The formulation results in a field-motion matrix equation that serves essentially the same purpose as Einstein’s field equations in empty space. The limited assumptions of Newtonian-like behavior in freely falling frames are then justified using well-known tensor relationships. To demonstrate its use, the new field-motion equation is used to solve for the Schwarzschild metric.

Cross-device behavioral consistency: Benchmarking and implications for effective android malware detection

Most of the proposed solutions using dynamic features for Android malware detection collect and test their systems using a single and particular data collection device, either a real device or an emulator. The results obtained using these particular devices are then generalized to any Android platform. This extensive generalization is based on the assumption of consistent behavior of apps across devices. This study performs an extensive benchmarking of this assumption for system calls, executing Android malware and benign samples under the same conditions in 9 different collection devices, including real and virtual devices. The results indicate the existence of significant differences between real devices and emulators in system calls usage and, consequently, in the collected behavioral profiles obtained from running the same set of applications on different devices. Furthermore, the impact of these differences on machine learning-based malware detection models is evaluated. In this regard, a significant degenerative effect on the detection performance of the model is produced when data collected on different devices are used in the training and testing sets. Therefore, the empirical findings do not support the assumption of cross-device consistent behavior of Android apps when system calls are used as descriptive features.

Unintended consequences of smart thermostats in the transition to electrified heating

As building space heating undergoes an increasingly rapid transition toward electrification, it is vital to understand the impacts of these new electrical loads on the grid for future energy resource planning. While current methods for estimating heating demand rely on building modeling and occupant behavioral assumptions, we provide a scalable, data-driven approach for estimating regional electrical demand using real-world data from thousands of homes in a new, publicly available smart thermostat dataset. We find that despite lowering overall energy consumption, smart thermostat control algorithms can severely increase the winter peak heating demand through load synchronization during the early morning hours, when solar energy is unavailable. These peaks present unintended system-level consequences of focusing purely on local energy efficient control and can hinder the integration of renewable energy and electric heating. As a resource for future energy system planning, we provide our methodology as an open-source toolkit that can be used to analyze other regions around the world.

Why Fukushima? A diachronic and multilevel comparative institutional analysis of a nuclear disaster

This paper aims to uncover the multilevel causes of the Fukushima nuclear disaster (March 2011) by shedding light on the history of electric utilities and nuclear power development in Japan, the location choice of Fukushima as a site for building a nuclear power plant, and the unwillingness of the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) to learn. Instead of reducing the disaster's cause exclusively to the tsunami beyond “conceivable hypothetical possibilities” (souteigai), I investigate, from a historical angle, the institutional factors of nuclear development, including the industrial and government complex for nuclear development known as the “nuclear village” (genshiryoku mura). Among the four major reports conducted by fact-finding commissions, only the Kitazawa Report and the Kurokawa Report examined how the nuclear village is associated with the disaster in terms of monopolistic structure and regulatory capture. Theory based on quantitative analysis with bad assumptions and without a history might lead us to negative implications, and causal laws. If we pay attention to history and the realism of behavioral assumptions (i.e., the unwillingness to learn and the opportunism of agents), we can mitigate the risk of acting based on bad evidence, and thus increase the likelihood of forming good policies for nuclear safety.

Pathwalker: A New Individual-Based Movement Model for Conservation Science and Connectivity Modelling

Understanding organism movement is at the heart of many ecological disciplines. The study of landscape connectivity—the extent to which a landscape facilitates organism movement—has grown to become a central focus of spatial ecology and conservation science. Several computational algorithms have been developed to model connectivity; however, the major models in use today are limited by their lack of flexibility and simplistic assumptions of movement behaviour. In this paper, we introduce a new spatially-explicit, individual- and process-based model called Pathwalker, which simulates organism movement and connectivity through heterogeneous landscapes as a function of landscape resistance, the energetic cost of movement, mortality risk, autocorrelation, and directional bias towards a destination, all at multiple spatial scales. We describe the model’s structure and parameters and present statistical evaluations to demonstrate the influence of these parameters on the resulting movement patterns. Written in Python 3, Pathwalker works for any version of Python 3 and is freely available to download online. Pathwalker models movement and connectivity with greater flexibility compared with the dominant connectivity algorithms currently available in conservation science, thereby, enabling more detailed predictions for conservation practice and management. Moreover, Pathwalker provides a highly capable simulation framework for exploring theoretical and methodological questions that cannot be addressed with empirical data alone.

Uniqueness of the [formula omitted]-catenary cylinders by their asymptotic behaviour

We establish a uniqueness result for the [φ,e→3]-catenary cylinders by their asymptotic behaviour. Well known examples of such cylinders are the grim reaper translating solitons for the mean curvature flow. For such solitons, F. Martín, J. Pérez-García, A. Savas-Halilaj and K. Smoczyk proved that, if Σ is a properly embedded translating soliton with locally bounded genus and C1-asymptotic to two vertical planes, outside a cylinder, then Σ must coincide with some grim reaper translating soliton. In this paper, applying the moving plane method of Alexandrov together with a strong maximum principle for elliptic operators, we increase the family of [φ,e→3]-minimal graphs where these types of results hold under different assumption of asymptotic behaviour.

Behaviourally informed approach to corporate criminal law: Ethicality as efficiency

An extensive body of behavioural evidence suggests that our actions are not primarily steered by threats of sanction but, instead, by morals, habits, and social norms. This proposition applies equally in corporate environments. Yet, corporate criminal law has traditionally relied on fear of sanctions and deterrence as the prevailing theoretical guidance. This article argues that this line of thinking leads to misinformed regulatory results because of a misguided behavioural assumption of an amoral calculative individual. To bridge the gap between the accumulated behavioural data and doctrinal corporate criminal law, this article suggests a novel behaviourally informed corporate crime prevention theory. Instead of solely concentrating on deterrence and threats of sanction, modern corporate criminal policy should favour regulatory designs that incentivise ethics-based corporate compliance structures that make use of morals as efficient behavioural constraints. Based on the findings of this article, this is best attained by adopting a guilt-based corporate criminal liability model recognising a corporation as a moral actor capable of ethical considerations.

Behaviorism, Skinner, and Operant Conditioning: Considerations for Sport Coaching Practice

The aim of this article is to provide a concise overview of the theoretical assumptions of behaviorism, which generally informs “traditional” approaches to sport coaching. B.F. Skinner's (1904–1990) theory of operant conditioning is discussed, alongside considerations for sport coaching practice. For coaches who draw upon the principles of Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, four reflective questions are posed. This article does not attempt to present behaviorism or Skinner's work as superior or inferior to any other theory of learning. Rather, this article is founded on the belief that sport coaches would benefit from a greater understanding of their assumptions about learning, enabling them to make more informed choices and modifications to their practice.

Early-age buildability-rheological properties relationship in additively manufactured cement paste hollow cylinders

Ability to extrude and to achieve shape stability of layer-wise additively manufactured cement-based elements at large scale depends upon the early-age rheological properties (shear moduli, yield stress, viscosity) of the deposited materials. Upon successful extrusion, buildability challenges can manifest themselves through two common failure mechanisms: yielding of lower layers or buckling of the element. However, it is yet unclear which of the various rheological properties control the early-age materials' deformation, specifically buckling, during the printing processes and thus influence the resulting buildability of the elements. This paper focuses on how buildability is dependent upon rheological properties as well as on predicting the buildability using a buckling theoretical framework. Specifically, the relationship between early-age rheological properties of various cement pastes and the buildability of hollow cylinders with failure dominated by buckling mechanism was investigated. It was found that certain types of shear moduli of the fresh pastes (G, G*, and G′) obtained from oscillatory shear stress sweep tests, performed within the first 30 min of hydration, correlate better with the buildability of hollow elements than some other rheological properties (loss modulus G″, yield stress σyield, yield strain γyield, and complex viscosity η*). Measured values of shear modulus (G) were used to calculate elastic modulus (E) of the pastes using the assumed value of 0.5 for Poisson's ratio (ν) of fresh cement paste. Euler's buckling theory was used to predict buildability (height of the element) of hollow cylinders. It was found that Euler's theory overestimates the buildability by 93%–194%, mainly due to assumption of ideal geometry (i.e., absence initial or printing imperfection), rate-independent behavior and linear elasticity.