People's Assumptions Research Articles

Biology, Society, or Choice: How Do Non-Experts Interpret Explanations of Behaviour?

Explanations for human behaviour can be framed in many different ways, from the social-structural context to the individual motivation down to the neurobiological implementation. We know comparatively little about how people interpret these explanatory framings, and what they infer when one kind of explanation rather than another is made salient. In four experiments, UK general-population volunteers read vignettes describing the same behaviour, but providing explanations framed in different ways. In Study 1, we found that participants grouped explanations into 'biological', 'psychological' and 'sociocultural' clusters. Explanations with different framings were often seen as incompatible with one another, especially when one belonged to the 'biological' cluster and the other did not. In Study 2, we found that exposure to a particular explanatory framing triggered inferences beyond the information given. Specifically, psychological explanations led participants to assume the behaviour was malleable, and biological framings led them to assume it was not. In Studies 3A and 3B, we found that the choice of explanatory framing can affect people's assumptions about effective interventions. For example, presenting a biological explanation increased people's conviction that interventions like drugs would be effective, and decreased their conviction that psychological or socio-political interventions would be effective. These results illuminate the intuitive psychology of explanations, and also potential pitfalls in scientific communication. Framing an explanation in a particular way will often generate inferences in the audience-about what other factors are not causally important, how easy it is to change the behaviour, and what kinds of remedies are worth considering-that the communicator may not have anticipated and might not intend.

Upaya Pencegahan Infeksi Menular Seks Pada Komunitas Men Sex Men melalui Penyuluhan

Background: Male sex workers (MSM) are at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS due to frequent partner changes and anal sex. MSM is the highest risk factor for new HIV cases in Indonesia. Data of MSM (Gay, Bisexual, and Waria) in PKBI Semarang City, until March 2023 amounted to 3185. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find out in depth about the counseling of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Men Sex Men (MSM) at the Indonesian Family Planning Association PKBI Semarang City. Method: This research is a qualitative research with descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used were observation and interview, then the results of the study were analyzed descriptively. Informants were obtained from 3 MSM informants and 3 informants from the PKBI Semarang City team. Result: The results showed that, First, the good cooperation of the PKBI team and support from the Education Office, Health Office, and also from related institutions resulted in the willingness of MSM to participate in activities both education, socialization and counseling. While the obstacles are the lack of budget availability, and the assumption of people who consider the issue of sexual reproductive health is not important, sensitive issues, and do not want to receive information related to reproductive health. Second, the counseling conducted by PKBI Semarang city so far can be said to be good, the extension workers can provide maximum counseling. So far, the prevention of PKBI Semarang by providing condoms, lubricants, IEC and accompanied by education and socialization activities to increase knowledge about STIs and HIV/AIDS.

Translation Analysis of the News Script on Reporting George Floyd Death in the United States

This article aims examines the translation accuracy and find out some translation techniques on a news script of George Floyd case report in several media. This article uses descriptive qualitative method to analyze translation errors of on the news script and involves the researcher as the primary instrument to gain the data taken from the official website of BBC, CNN Indonesia and TIMES Indonesia and twitter. The data were analyzed in order to investigate and recommend the reporters and readers to understand comprehensively about transferring messages especially on sensitive issue George Floyd Death in the United States considered as a taboo case. Showing by these cases, the translation conducted a different and omission meaning. The result of this article figures out some translation errors those are different meaning or wrong meaning, and omission which tend to cause misperception from the readers. Since, the process of translation in the media definitely affects readers' understanding on how the news reports and it can influence people's actions and assumptions.

PENGELOLAAN MANAJEMEN HUBUNGAN MADRASAH DENGAN MASYARAKAT DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN PENDIDIKAN

The interaction between educational institutions and the community has recently been less friendly. The gap between madrasas and the community as customers of education influences people's assumptions and opinions about the unfavorable image of educational institutions, which is one of the contributing factors. Another factor that clearly influences is the role of public relations in an organization. A relationship manager has to take many steps to improve the cooperation between the madrasah and the community, including the concepts of management, planning, implementation and evaluation. Collaboration between madrasas and parents of students is expected to produce quality education. There is a concept that requires communication to influence others and get a positive response. The immediate response from the recipient of the news is only a sound or problems arise during communication because the communicant has received a different message from the communicator's message. Increasing community and government accountability, establishing strategies to monitor development results.

The Toxic Bully Boss: Echoes of American Slavocracy Tactics in Adverse Workplace Leadership Styles

The Toxic Bully Boss: Echoes of American Slavocracy Tactics in Adverse Workplace Leadership Styles

A study on the efficiency of allocation and its influencing factors on innovation and entrepreneurship education resources in Chinese universities under the five-in-one model

Due to a lack of resources for innovation and entrepreneurship education at Chinese universities during the era of multidimensional subjects engaging in this type of education, the effectiveness of resource allocation is of great importance. In order to conduct an empirical study on the effectiveness of resource allocation for innovation and entrepreneurship education in Chinese universities and the factors that influence it, this paper uses the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and uses 147 universities as examples. The findings indicate that while the five-in-one innovation and entrepreneurship education model may more effectively integrate resources from all parties, there is still potential for improvement in the efficiency of resource allocation for this field. There is a significant difference between the allocation efficiency of innovation and entrepreneurship education resources in several universities and people's simple assumptions about their levels, attributes or spatial distribution. The input of university resources, students' resources and platform resources positively affect the efficiency of innovation and entrepreneurship education. The impact of government resources and intermediary resources is negative. The effectiveness of innovation and entrepreneurship education in Chinese universities is impacted by several environmental conditions. At the end of the article, it proposes the optimal allocation strategy of innovation and entrepreneurship education resources from the perspectives of the country and universities, among others.

Kajian Hukum Tentang Penerapan Fungsi Sosial Pada Hak Cipta

The principle promoted by copyleft is to eliminate economic rights but still carry moral rights in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Because some people's assumptions about monopoly and capitalism that appear in IPR are due to the existence of economic rights which then seem to eliminate their social functions. Law Number 19 of 2002 concerning Copyright explicitly explains social functions, but even then it is still limited to education, research, and for law enforcement. If it doesn't fall into that category, then paying royalties is a must. Therefore, with the copyleft system, it must be utilized as much as possible, because basically this copyleft does not violate the concept of copyright. This is because in one copyrighted work that has been copied, there is already a copyright, but in the copyright, a distribution provision is added, as a legal tool that gives everyone the right to use, modify, and redistribute the copyrighted work or its derivatives.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEIGHT AND HEIGHT TO JUMP RESULTS IN EARLY AGE LONG JUMP ATHLETES FOSTERED BY PASI, ACEH BESAR REGENCY

Athletics is the oldest sport in the world. Athletics has 4 numbers, namely running, walking, jumping and throwing numbers. Jump numbers have elements of physical conditions that must be owned by athletes, such as height and weight. The long jump is a sport that combines speed, strength, flexibility, endurance and accuracy in an effort to get as far as possible. Speed ??and strong leg muscles are also related to weight and height, because in the long jump the legs get a big load in the jump. Against the background of people's assumptions which state that differences in a person's body posture or weight and height affect the jump results, this research was conducted. In this study, a correlational research design was used which aims to determine the tendency of the existence or absence of correlation between variables. This correlational research was conducted to find out how much strength the relationship between the variables to be studied was. With the research subjects 7 Early Long Jump Athletes fostered by Pasi Aceh Besar District, so that in this study there were two variables, namely the dependent variable and the independent variable. Assuming H0: there is no relationship between weight and height and with jumps. H1: there is a relationship between weight and height with jumps. The research instruments used were of two kinds, namely instruments and test instruments. The research conducted will produce data in the form of ratio data, then the collected data is analyzed through inferential statistics in the form of simple, multiple regression analysis, and correlation analysis techniques. Based on the results of data analysis carried out, three conclusions were obtained as follows. First, with the results of H0 being rejected and H1 being accepted, there is a negative relationship between body weight and the long jump, which means that the heavier the weight, the shorter the long jump. The magnitude of the effect of body weight on the jump is 0.486 or 48.6%. Second, because H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, there is a relationship between height and jump. The magnitude of the effect of height on the jump is 0.743 or 74.3%. Third, Based on the calculation, the correlation between weight and height combined has a relationship with jumps. The magnitude of the relationship is 61.45%. The conclusion is that for each sport it is necessary to pay attention to the body composition of the athlete in order to produce maximum results.

STEREOTIP TENTANG DIFABEL: SEBUAH PERSPEKTIF KOMUNIKASI LINTAS BUDAYA

This paper will describe the study of stereotypes in persons with disabilities, from the perspective of intercultural communication. During this time people with disabilities often get a bad stigma and are still underestimated as a party that needs to be pitied. For families, sometimes people with disabilities are considered a disgrace that needs to be covered up. The assumption that people with disabilities are different and even abnormal is shown as a form of negative perception that is nothing but part of the stereotype. Stereotype is not only from the labeling process of the community, but also the labeling process carried out by the diffable to himself who is aware of the disabilities that he has. Communication difficulties will arise from stereotyping, which generalizes people based on little information and shapes people's assumptions based on their membership in a group. In other words, stereotyping is the process of placing people into established categories, or judgments about people or objects based on appropriate categories, rather than on their individual characteristics. In the study of intercultural communication, stereotyping is the categorization of a group in general by ignoring individual differences. These groups include: racial groups, ethnic groups, the elderly, various professional occupations, or people with certain physical appearance. Stereotype does not view individuals in the group as unique people or individuals

Gamification Design Elements to Enhance Adolescent Motivation in Diagnosing Depression

Depression is a critical public health problem, mainly when it affects young people (adolescents). This condition is most challenging to detect in this group because they tend to think about other people's negative assumptions. Adolescents with depressive symptoms refuse to seek professional help due to their stigma and their future if they were labeled as depressed teenagers. Depression is a severe mental issue that should be detected from an early stage so that the problem can be curbed and resolved immediately. Diagnosis should be carried out to assess mental health, followed by referral to professional help. This study aims to motivate adolescents to diagnose depression levels through gamification techniques. Fifty-three secondary students participated in a survey designed in this study to measure motivation enhancement factors. The result of this study was used to develop a depression diagnosis model. The proposed model applied a gamification design technique consisting of three main ideas: gamification elements, user types, and motivational elements. This model will serve as the foundation to develop a mobile application system that can benefit users, especially adolescents, in self-diagnosing depression.

Mass Observation, Apathy, and Electoral Politics in England, 1937–1950

AbstractWhile various historians use Mass Observation sources to study popular engagement with politics in the 1940s, they tend to rely on file reports summarizing research or the writings of the national panel, which paid limited attention to how the public engaged with key aspects of electioneering. By contrast, we re-examine Mass Observation's various election surveys to explore people's assumptions about how election campaigns should be conducted, the qualities looked for in political parties, and their reflections on the records of governments. Our conclusions shed light on the transformation of British public politics after 1918. During the interwar years it became common thinking to assume that parties would centre their campaigning around a detailed programme for government. Whereas Mass Observation's employees often claimed that much of the public was apathetic about politics, a reanalysis of the survey results indicates that many people were eager to be seen to be able to offer a considered assessment of the veracity of the competing parties’ promises. Mass Observation's election studies were criticized for their supposed amateurism. However, they offer richer insights into how the public engaged with party programmes than the quantitative surveys that came to dominate election studies in the 1950s and beyond.

IMPACT OF LOCUS OF CONTROL ON INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR: A SEGMENTATION APPROACH

Investment plays a vital role in a developing country such as India, as it provides the necessary funds for undertaking productive activities to be circulated in the economy. Savings are our country's largest source of investment. Investments are subject to the individual’s attitudes, beliefs and perceptions. As a result, the attitudes and expectations of investors have a major impact on their investment behaviour. Locus of Control is one of the most important factors that affect individual’s decision-making behaviour. Locus of Control is people's assumptions about what causes their lives to have good and bad outcomes (Rotter, 1966). It is said that there is internal and external LOC. Individuals with internal LOC assume they control their own destiny, whereas individuals with external LOC relate their experiences to destiny, luck or chance. Consequently, LOC has a great influence on an individual's investment decision-making behaviour. As a result, this study attempts to assess the LOC of an individual investors, segment them based on their level of internal and external LOC, and also to understand the impact of locus of control on the savings and investment behaviour of individual investors. The study revealed that most of the investors in Kerala were moderates and the locus of control of an individual investor affected their savings and investment behaviour

Do people's assumptions about the social world matter? The effects of social axioms on environmental attitude and efficacy beliefs

Why do people respond to environmental issues differently? In this research, we approach this question by referring to the role of social axioms, a set of generalized beliefs that embody people's assumptions and expectations about how the social world functions. There are five social axioms specifically: social cynicism, reward for application, social complexity, fate control, and religiosity. We contend that when facing environmental issues, people will resort to their social axioms as these axioms help them understand those issues and evaluate their capability to tackle them through personal and/or collective efforts. As expected, in three studies, we found that the five axioms were associated with environmental attitude and efficacy beliefs: reward for application and social complexity were associated with a more pro-environmental orientation, whereas social cynicism, fate control, and religiosity were related to a less pro-environmental orientation. In Study 3, we additionally demonstrated the unique contribution of social axioms in explaining environmentalism with values and big five personality traits controlled for. These findings support the use of the concept of social axioms as a novel framework for understanding individual differences in environmentalism. This framework offers insights into how people process environment-related information and events and determine their mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Psychodinamic Aspect in Mixed Anxiety and Depression Disorder: a Case Report

Abstract
 Introduction. According to the ICD-10 criteria, mixed anxiety disorders and depression (MADD) are characterized by symptoms of anxiety and subsyndromal depression that occur together, but nothing dominates. A mixture of anxiety and depression disorders have various risk factors that underlie the occurrences. This case report aims to discuss the mixture of anxiety and depression disorders and their background.
 Case Presentation. A man, 23 years old, college student, single, middle down the socio-economic background, lived in a rural area in Yogyakarta, came to consult a psychiatrist at the psychiatric clinic Dr. Sardjito general hospital with complaints felt excessive anxiety and depressed because they were unable to do the thesis. From the psychiatric examination, it was found that men according to age, good self-care, thin body posture, many bowed, often moving his hands, looking nervous, cooperative, intonation and small voice volume, clear articulation, depressed mood, depressed mood, inappropriate affect, realistic thought, worried, worried about moving house, worried about the future, worried about people's assumptions about patients for fear of being blamed, sinful ideas, low self-esteem ideas, ideas of reference, ambivalence, a progression of coherent thought, relevance, good orientation, good memory, mental relations can, there are disturbances in concentration and attention, good impulse control. The patient realizes that what he is thinking is not real and only exists in his mind.
 Conclusion. Psychodynamic aspects have a role in anxiety disorders and depression.

When do stories change our minds? Narrative persuasion about social problems

AbstractScholars in a number of disciplines have sought to assess the power of reading or viewing a personal story to modify people's beliefs. However, the research, which has been pursued under diverse programs, has produced conflicting findings. We focus on the persuasiveness of personal stories about problems that are structural (rather than individual) and whose solution requires government action. Overall, the research suggests that although personal stories can overcome people's tendency to resist new information, they often do not do so. People's preexisting beliefs, assumptions, and stereotypes affect their willingness to be absorbed by a story, to empathize with the stories' protagonists, and to endorse the message communicated by the story. We argue also for a sociological perspective on narrative persuasion, one which, unlike the mostly experimental research conducted so far, pays attention to the context in which people encounter stories and to the norms shaping people's assessment of a story as credible, relevant, and important.

Why are narcissistic people cold? A cognitive account emphasizing the perceived momentousness of successes and failures

It seems generally accepted that people with elevated narcissism levels (“narcissistic people,” for short) are interpersonally colder. Most often, this coldness has been presumed to originate from “dark” mechanisms or deficiencies. We departed from these focal explanations; instead, we tested whether “narcissistic coldness,” defined here as the narcissistic tendency to feel less happy for successful others and less concern for unsuccessful others, could follow from an apparently innocent process. Specifically, we proposed that narcissistic people anticipate that success and failure is generally less momentous and (a) assume others are less affected by most success and failure and (b) often feel less happy for successful others and less concerned for unsuccessful others. Findings across three studies were consistent with these propositions. Narcissistic people anticipated that both the self and others will be less reactive to successes and failures (Studies 1–3); moreover, although narcissistic people indicated less warmth toward successful and unsuccessful others, these relations were eliminated after controlling for narcissistic people's assumptions that other people are less reactive to success and failure (Study 3). Hence, narcissistic coldness could, in part, have its origin in what we believe is reasonable disagreement about the momentous nature of events.

Escaping in Twentieth-Century Russia

This article considers the escapees who populated Russia’s twentieth century in astonishingly large numbers. By escapees, the authors mean not only those who had been incarcerated, exiled, and deported, but also others who ignored or willfully violated regulations limiting movement – peasant settlers moving “irregularly” to scarcely-populated or recently depopulated areas; seasonal workers making independent employment arrangements; migrants to the city without the proper papers but desperate to access resources unavailable in the countryside; officials keen to avoid inferior assignments; refugees and evacuees deviating from assigned destinations. These evasive practices are characterized as migrant repertoires, that is, the relationships and networks of contact marked by geographic origin, gender, kinship, friendship, and professional identity that permitted them to adapt to or evade particular migration regimes. State-organized regimes of migration set the terms and resources of movement for all sorts of migrants, from settlers to deportees. The range of migrants surveyed confirms the ambition of Imperial and especially Soviet authorities to manage their peoples, but also the limited capacity of these states to do so. Thus the article suggests that the assumption of people’s powerlessness in the face of overwhelming state power should be reconsidered.

Leaping to Conclusions: Why Premise Relevance Affects Argument Strength.

Everyday reasoning requires more evidence than raw data alone can provide. We explore the idea that people can go beyond this data by reasoning about how the data was sampled. This idea is investigated through an examination of premise non-monotonicity, in which adding premises to a category-based argument weakens rather than strengthens it. Relevance theories explain this phenomenon in terms of people's sensitivity to the relationships among premise items. We show that a Bayesian model of category-based induction taking premise sampling assumptions and category similarity into account complements such theories and yields two important predictions: First, that sensitivity to premise relationships can be violated by inducing a weak sampling assumption; and second, that premise monotonicity should be restored as a result. We test these predictions with an experiment that manipulates people's assumptions in this regard, showing that people draw qualitatively different conclusions in each case.

Toward an Emancipatory Citizenship

The poor, stupid, free American citizen! Free to starve, free to tramp the highways of this great country, he enjoys universal suffrage, and, by that right, he has forged chains about his limbs. The reward that he receives is stringent labor laws prohibiting the right of boycott, of picketing, in fact, of everything, except the right to be robbed of the fruits of his labor. Yet all these disastrous results of the twentieth century fetich [sic] have taught woman nothing.t-Emma Goldman, Woman SuffrageIn 1910 Emma Goldman warned those fighting for womens suffrage that unless linked to a thoroughgoing transformation of political, social, and economic life, the achievement of suffrage would lead to a strengthening of the state in its role in structuring and legally enforcing class oppression. Given the imbrication of the state with capitalism, what was needed, in her view, was a movement that fundamentally challenged the state's role in inequitable and exploitative modes of production and patterns of ownership. Like the suffrage struggle of Goldman's time, the ongoing struggle for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the U.S. is an important node in the ongoing, multi-sited movement to build more inclusive and egalitarian models of democracy. If (and when) passed, the long-delayed ERA would amend the Constitution so that of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Can measures such as the ERA challenge the imbrication of the state with patriarchal power relations? Or will it, as Emma Goldman feared in her writing about the women's suffrage movement, serve to give the illusion of change while actually reinforcing the power of the state to structure and enforce masculinist domination? This was a central question of the radical critique of the ERA in the 1970s and remains relevant today. Indeed, in our century, the necessity of linking such a struggle for women's full citizenship to the transformation of political, social, and economic life is no less pressing than it was in Goldman's time. This short essay will argue for a practice of emancipatory citizenship as one way to pursue such transformations.As a concept, citizenship is grounded in the assumptions of people's right to collective self-determination under conditions of freedom and equality. Given the ways that democracy has been imbricated in systems of domination and inequality, however, citizenship as a model of egalitarian political interaction has been deeply restricted and constrained in multiple ways. Demographically, for example, the subset of people who are understood to be equal before the law and to have the right to participate in decision making has often been limited, either formally or informally, to a select few (namely, to propertied white men). Although struggles for racial, gender, and class equality have made inroads into the demographic restrictions on citizenship-a struggle that the fight for the passage of the ERA in the U.S. has been part of-these interventions have not fundamentally challenged the concept of a demographically bounded citizenship. Restricted citizenship rights for immigrants, for those under the age of eighteen, and for those convicted of felonies in many states are examples of ways that citizenship is still demographically bounded in the U.S.Further, the state-centeredness of conceptions of citizenship restricts both its scope of applicability and its geographical reach. In her landmark book The Sexual Contract, Carole Pateman notes that a key feature of gendered democracy is the separation of the public and private sphere, with women left marginalized or excluded from the public sphere and subordinated in the private sphere (1988). …

Barriers to shared decisions in the most serious of cancers: a qualitative study of patients with pancreatic cancer treated in the UK.

Less than 20% of patients with pancreatic cancer present with localized, potentially curable tumours. Even when potentially curative surgery is possible, mortality is high. Only 20-25% of patients who have had resected ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head survive 5 years. Other treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and palliative care. To explore patients' perceptions of barriers to shared decision making in a condition in which shared decision making might be difficult. Thematic analysis of narrative interviews with 32 people diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the UK; interviews with a social scientist, usually in people's homes. We found that barriers to shared decisions include the idea that investigations are conducted to determine whether the patient qualifies for surgery, rather than to establish whether surgery is an option to consider; a sense of being pressured to accept treatment, a sense that in a life-threatening situation, there are no 'real options'; and the confusion that can be caused when clinical opinions differ. We need to ask how patients can be expected to engage in an informed, shared decision if they are made to feel that they are one of the 'winners' if they qualify for surgery. When each treatment decision might have serious consequences for a patient's remaining months, we suggest that there is a particularly strong imperative to make sure that the patient is not subject to other people's assumptions about what is best for them and that patients are offered the opportunity to share in decisions.