Association Of Protein Intake Research Articles

Protein intake and weight gain among low-income pregnant women from Mesquita County, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of protein intake on body weight gain at pregnancy. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with 297 women who delivered a child at the maternity ward of Municipal Hospital Leonel de Moura Brizola in Mesquita city in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected through the use of a structured questionnaire at first week after delivery. Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Protein intake per kilogram of body weight (g/kg per day) during pregnancy was categorized as high or low protein intake according to overall median levels. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was fitted to estimate the effect of protein intake per kg during pregnancy on weight gain. Results Women presented an average weight gain of 12.8kg (SD=6.34) and 26.8kg/m2 (SD=4.78) of Body Mass Index. Those who consumed a diet with high levels of protein content significantly presented less weight at postpartum (p<0.01) lower Early-Pregnancy Body Mass Index (p<0.01). In the hierarchical linear regression, it was found a negative association of protein intake per kg and Weight gain (b=-4.3025; IC95%=-6.0215; -2.5836; p<0.01). In the final model, all others covariates (energy, schooling, family income and gestational age) were significantly associated with the outcome (p<0.05). The additional model showed a negatively association between Early-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and weight gain (b=-0.2951; IC95%= -0.4987; -0.0915; p<0.01). Conclusion Higher levels of protein intake per kg of body weight during pregnancy were associated with lower weight gain.

Association of Dietary Protein Intake With Lung Function and Exacerbation in COPD: Dietary Low Protein Intake and Airflow Limitation; the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2007-2012

SESSION TITLE: COPD 1 SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Poster PRESENTED ON: Wednesday, November 1, 2017 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PM PURPOSE: Low protein intake is known to have adverse effects on lung development and is considered to be associated with exacerbation of COPD patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between protein intake and pulmonary function and the frequency of exacerbation in COPD patients. METHODS: We used data obtained as part of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) in 2007-2012. Analysis was restricted to 2069 adults who were 40 years of age or older, who had participated in the nutrition examination survey. COPD was defined as the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) of less than 0.7. The low protein intake (LPI) group was defined as the lowest quartile according to dietary protein intake and the remaining third quartile was defined as high protein intake (HPI) group. RESULTS: Of all subjects, 523 (25.3%) was classified LPI group. There was no statistical significant in lung function test in both group. Compared with HPI group, LPI group showed lower physical activity and poor quality of life. Also, LPI group had more combined hypertension, osteoarthritis, depression and hyperlipidemia. The logistic regression analysis showed that LPI group had more frequent in hospitalization (odd ratio [OR] 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.97; P=0.015), emergency room visits (OR 5.81; 95% CI, 1.66-20.36; P=0.006). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the intensive care unit admission (OR 1.46 95% CI, 0.66-3.25; P=0.355). Association of protein intake with lung function revealed that FEV1/FVC (OR, 1.0, P<0.001), FVC (OR 1.03, P<0.001) and FEV1 (OR 1.02, P=0.083). CONCLUSIONS: The low protein intake in COPD patients was associated with more frequently hospitalization and emergency room visits. Further research is needed to determine the implications of our results for the treatment of COPD. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The low protein intake in patients with COPD was associated with lung function limitation and exacarbation of COPD. Therefore, adequate protein intake is required for patients with COPD and further studies are needed to determine the implication of our results for the treatment of COPD. DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Seowoo Kim, Yon Ju Ryu, Jung Chang, Jin Hwa Lee No Product/Research Disclosure Information

The association of protein intake (amount and type) with ovarian antral follicle counts among infertile women: results from the EARTH prospective study cohort.

To evaluate the association between protein intake (amount and type) and antral follicle count (AFC). Prospective cohort. Academic fertility centre. Two hundred and sixty-five women undergoing fertility treatments at an academic fertility centre and participating in an ongoing study on environment and reproductive health. We measured AFC in ultrasonographic evaluation among women undergoing infertility treatments. Women completed a previously validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We used Poisson regression to evaluate the relation between protein intake and AFC while adjusting for age, body mass index, race, smoking status, and total energy intake. Antral follicle count. Among 265 women (mean age: 35.0±3.9years, 85% Caucasian), total protein intake (% energy) was unrelated to AFC. When protein from different food sources was considered separately, we found a negative association between dairy protein intake and AFC. The mean AFC was 14.4% (3.9-23.7%) lower for women in the highest quintile of dairy protein intake than for women in the bottom quintile after adjusting for potential confounders (P-trend=0.04). This association was stronger among women who had never smoked (P-trend=0.002) but was not observed among previous smokers (P-trend=0.36). There were no associations between protein intake from either non-dairy animal or vegetable sources and AFC. Higher dairy protein intake (≥5.24% of energy) was associated with lower antral follicle counts among women presenting for infertility treatment. These findings should be further investigated in prospective studies also designed to clarify the biology underlying the observed associations. Higher dairy protein intake was associated with lower antral follicle counts in an infertile population.

Association of Protein Intake with Bone Mineral Density and Bone Mineral Content among Elderly Women: The OSTPRE Fracture Prevention Study.

To evaluate the associations of dietary total protein (TP), animal protein (AP) and plant protein (PP) intakes with BMC and BMD and their changes. We tested also the interactions of protein intake with, obesity (BMI ≤30 vs. >30 kg/m2) and physical activity level (passive vs. active). Design/ Setting: Prospective cohort study (Osteoporosis Risk-Factor and Fracture-Prevention Study). Participants/measures: At the baseline, 554 women aged 65-72 years filled out a 3-day food record and a questionnaire covering data on lifestyle, physical activity, diseases, and medications. Intervention group received calcium 1000 mg/d and cholecalciferol 800 IU for 3 years. Control group received neither supplementation nor placebo. Bone density was measured at baseline and year 3, using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between protein intake and BMD and BMC. In cross-sectional analyses energy-adjusted TP (P≤0·029) and AP (P≤0·045) but not PP (g/d) were negatively associated with femoral neck (FN) BMD and BMC. Women with TP≥1·2 g/kg/body weight (BW) (Ptrend≤0·009) had lower FN, lumbar spine (LS) and total BMD and BMC. In follow-up analysis, TP (g/kg/BW) was inversely associated with LS BMD and LS BMC. The detrimental associations were stronger in women with BMI<30 kg/m2. In active women, TP (g/kg/BW) was positively associated with LS BMD and FN BMC changes. This study suggests detrimental associations between protein intake and bone health. However, these negative associations maybe counteracted by BMI>30 kg/m2 and physical activity.

Protein intake in early childhood and body composition at the age of 6 years: The Generation R Study.

Previous studies suggest that high protein intake in infancy leads to a higher body mass index (BMI) in later childhood. We examined the associations of total, animal and vegetable protein intake in early childhood with detailed measures of body composition at the age of 6 years. This study was performed in 2911 children participating in a population-based cohort study. Protein intake at the age of 1 year was assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire and was adjusted for total energy intake. At the children's age of 6 years, we measured their anthropometrics and body fat (with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). We calculated age- and sex-specific s.d. scores for BMI, fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI). After adjustment for confounders, a 10 g per day higher total protein intake at 1 year of age was associated with a 0.05 s.d. (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00, 0.09) higher BMI at age 6. This association was fully driven by a higher FMI (0.06 s.d. (95%CI 0.01, 0.11)) and not FFMI (-0.01 s.d. (95%CI -0.06, 0.05)). The associations of protein intake with FMI at 6 years remained significant after adjustment for BMI at the age of 1 year. Additional analyses showed that the associations of protein intake with FMI were stronger in girls than in boys (P for interaction=0.03), stronger among children who had catch-up growth in the first year of life (P for interaction<0.01) and stronger for intake of animal protein (both dairy and non-dairy protein) than protein from vegetable sources. Our results suggest that high protein intake in early childhood is associated with higher body fat mass, but not fat-free mass. Future studies are needed to investigate whether these changes persist into adulthood and to examine the optimal range of protein intake for infants and young children.

Associations of Protein Intake and Protein Source with Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

High dietary protein has been hypothesized to cause lower bone mineral density (BMD) and greater fracture risk. Previous results are conflicting and few studies have assessed potential differences related to differing protein sources. To determine associations between total protein intake, and protein intake by source (dairy, non-dairy animal, plant) with BMD, BMD change, and incident osteoporotic fracture. Prospective cohort study (Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study). Participants/Measures: Protein intake was assessed as percent of total energy intake (TEI) at Year 2 (1997-99) using a food frequency questionnaire (N=6510). Participants were contacted annually to ascertain incident fracture. Total hip and lumbar spine BMD was measured at baseline and Year 5. Analyses were stratified by group (men 25-49 y, men 50+ y, premenopausal women 25-49 y, and postmenopausal women 50+ y) and adjusted for major confounders. Fracture analyses were limited to those 50+ y. Intakes of dairy protein (with adjustment for BMI) were positively associated with total hip BMD among men and women aged 50+ y, and in men aged 25-49. Among adults aged 50+ y, those with protein intakes of <12% TEI (women) and <11% TEI (men) had increased fracture risk compared to those with intakes of 15% TEI. Fracture risk did not significantly change as intake increased above 15% TEI, and was not significantly associated with protein source. In contrast to hypothesized risk of high protein, we found that for adults 50+ y, low protein intake (below 15% TEI) may lead to increased fracture risk. Source of protein was a determinant of BMD, but not fracture risk.

Effects of protein intake on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children: a systematic review.

High protein intake in early childhood is associated with obesity, suggesting possible adverse effects on other cardiometabolic outcomes. However, studies in adults have suggested beneficial effects of protein intake on blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile. Whether dietary protein intake is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health in children is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the evidence on the associations of protein intake with BP, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children. We searched the databases Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central and PubMed for interventional and observational studies in healthy children up to the age of 18 years, in which associations of total, animal and/or vegetable protein intake with one or more of the following outcomes were reported: BP; measures of insulin sensitivity; cholesterol levels; or TAG levels. In the search, we identified 6636 abstracts, of which fifty-six studies met all selection criteria. In general, the quality of the included studies was low. Most studies were cross-sectional, and many did not control for potential confounders. No overall associations were observed between protein intake and insulin sensitivity or blood lipids. A few studies suggested an inverse association between dietary protein intake and BP, but evidence was inconclusive. Only four studies examined the effects of vegetable or animal protein intake, but with inconsistent results. In conclusion, the literature, to date provides insufficient evidence for effects of protein intake on BP, insulin sensitivity or blood lipids in children. Future studies could be improved by adequately adjusting for key confounders such as energy intake and obesity.

Association of protein intake with the change of lean mass among elderly women: The Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention - Fracture Prevention Study (OSTPRE-FPS).

Low protein intake can lead to declined lean mass (LM) in elderly. We examined the associations of total protein (TP), animal protein (AP) and plant protein (PP) intakes with LM. The association of TP intake with LM change was further evaluated according to weight change status. This cross-sectional and prospective cohort study included 554 women aged 68 (sd 1·9) years from the Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention - Fracture Prevention Study (OSTPRE-FPS). The intervention group (n 270) received daily cholecalciferol (800IU; 20 μg) and Ca (1000mg) for 3 years while the control group received neither supplementation nor placebo (n 282). Participants filled out a questionnaire on lifestyle factors and a 3-d food record in 2002 and underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition measurements at baseline and 3 years. Multiple linear regressions evaluated the association between protein intake and LM, adjusting for relevant covariates. At the baseline TP and AP intakes were positively associated with LM and trunk LM, TP was associated also with appendicular LM (aLM). Follow-up results showed that in the total population and the intervention group, higher TP and AP were associated with increased LM and aLM (P≤0·050). No such associations were observed in the control group. PP intake was also associated with aLM change in the total population. Overall, the associations were independent of fat mass. Further, among weight maintainers, TP intake was positively associated with LM, aLM and trunk LM changes (P≤0·020). In conclusion, dietary TP, especially AP, intake may be a modifiable risk factor for sarcopenia by preserving LM in the elderly.

Combined Increases in Muscle-Strengthening Activity Frequency and Protein Intake Reveal Graded Relationship with Fat-Free Mass Percentage in U.S. Adults, NHANES (1999-2004).

Age-related loss of muscle mass and related ailments are of concern due to associations with disabilities and morbidity as well as constituting a substantial healthcare burden. Muscle-strengthening activities and adequate protein ingestion are recommended for all-age adults in an effort to stave off age-related muscle atrophy. Muscle building abilities decline with age but most research focuses on muscle wasting in the elderly. To examine the independent and combined associations of protein intake (g∙kg-1∙day-1) and muscle-strengthening frequency (times∙week-1, MSF) on fat-free mass percentage (FFM%). This cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample with data from the non-institutionalized persons in the United States participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (cycles 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004) consisted of male (n=2,499) and female (n=2,373) participants 20-49 years of age for analyses. MSF was determined by self-report and protein intake was calculated from a 24-hour recall. Differences in FFM% from bioelectrical impedance analysis was estimated using multiple linear regression models controlling for education, race-ethnicity, standing height, and total Caloric intake. One unit increase in MSF or protein intake (β-coefficient, ±E) was associated with significantly more FFM% in males (0.6±0.1%; 3.5±0.4%) and females (0.4±0.1%; 5.9±0.4%). Independent of protein intake, males and females with MSF=0 had mean ±SE FFM% of 74.4±0.4 and 60.7±0.3, respectively, while mean ±SE FFM% of males and females who met the recommendation of ≥2 times per week were 77.9±0.5 and 63.0±0.4. Independent of MSF, males and females with protein intakes below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g∙kg-1∙day-1 had mean ±SE FFM% of 74.0±0.6 and 58.2±0.6, respectively, while mean ±SE FFM% of those whose intakes exceeded the recommendation were 75.6±0.4 and 62.0±0.4. The subgroup with the highest mean ±SE FFM% (80.9 ±0.73) comprised males with MSF ≥2 times per week who also consumed >1.4 g∙kg-1∙day-1. The MSF-protein intake dose relationship with FFM% suggests that performing muscle-strengthening activities >2 times per week while consuming protein above the RDA may result in more fat-free mass and slow age-related losses of muscle mass.

Protein intake and kidney function in the middle-age population: contrast between cross-sectional and longitudinal data

Protein intake is considered a determinant of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Urinary urea is an objective marker of protein intake. The population-based study investigated, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, the association of protein intake with GFR, indexed by estimated GFR (eGFR). Data were collected on overnight urinary urea, serum creatinine (S-cr), eGFR and other variables in 1522 men and women aged 45-64 years who participated in the Gubbio study (baseline). S-Cr, eGFR and other variables were re-assessed in 1144 of the 1425 survivors after 12-year follow-up. At baseline, mean ± SD was 84.0 ± 11.4 mL/min × 1.73 m(2) for eGFR calculated by CKD-Epi equation and 1.34 ± 0.57 g/day per kg of ideal weight for protein intake assessed by measurements of overnight urine excretion of urea nitrogen. Cross-sectional analyses of baseline data indicated a positive correlation of protein intake with eGFR (R = 0.180, P < 0.001). In multi-variable regression, 1 g/day higher protein intake related to 4.7 mL/min × 1.73 m(2) higher eGFR [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.7/5.7]. At follow-up, mean ± SD of 12-year eGFR change was -11.6 ± 9.0 mL/min × 1.73 m(2). Baseline protein intake correlated with more negative eGFR change (R = -0.251, P < 0.001). In multi-variable regression, 1 g/day higher protein intake related to -4.1 mL/min × 1.73 m(2) more negative eGFR change (95% CI = -5.1/-3.1) and to 1.78 risk for incidence of eGFR < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m(2) (95% CI = 1.15/2.78). In middle-aged adults, high protein intake is associated cross-sectionally with higher GFR but longitudinally with greater GFR decline over time.

The association of protein intake (PI) and antral follicle count (AFC) among women undergoing infertility treatments

The association of protein intake (PI) and antral follicle count (AFC) among women undergoing infertility treatments

Longitudinal Association between Animal and Vegetable Protein Intake and Obesity among Men in the United States: The Chicago Western Electric Study

Background Literature on the association of protein intake with body weight is inconsistent. Little is known about the relation of long-term protein intake to obesity. Objective This study aimed to determine the association between protein intake and obesity. Design A cohort of 1,730 employed white men aged 40 to 55 years from the Chicago Western Electric Study was followed from 1958 to 1966. Diet was assessed twice with Burke's comprehensive diet history method at two baseline examinations; height, weight, and other covariates were measured annually by trained interviewers. Generalized estimating equation was used to examine the relation of baseline total, animal, and vegetable protein intake to likelihood of being overweight or obese at sequential annual examinations. Results Dietary animal protein was positively related to overweight and obesity across 7 years of follow up. With adjustment for potential confounders (age, education, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, energy, carbohydrate and saturated fat intake, and history of diabetes or other chronic disease), the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for obesity were 4.62 (2.68 to 7.98) ( P for trend <0.01) for participants in the highest compared to the lowest quartile of animal protein and 0.58 (0.36, 0.95) ( P for trend=0.053) for those in the highest quartile of vegetable protein intake. A statistically significant, positive association was seen between animal protein intake and obesity; those in higher quartiles of vegetable protein intake had lower odds of being obese. Conclusions These results indicate that animal and vegetable protein may relate differently to occurrence of obesity in the long run.

Association of Protein Intake and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

Association of Protein Intake and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

Dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome in a cohort of Japanese ancestry.

The present study examined the association between dietary factors and metabolic syndrome in a 7-year follow-up of Japanese-Brazilians. In 1993, a survey estimated the prevalence of diabetes in a Japanese-Brazilian population aged 40-79 years. From 647 subjects studied at baseline, 394 (60.9 %) participated in a second survey (2000); after exclusion of subjects with self-reported diseases, 23.4 % (n 151) were included in the present analysis. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria modified for Asians. Food intake was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. At baseline, mean ages were 56.1 (sd 9.7) and 54.7 (sd 10.6) years for men and women, respectively. Similar cumulative incidence rates of the metabolic syndrome were found in both sexes (36.9 (95 % CI 26.6, 48.1)% for men and 38.8 (95 % CI 27.1, 51.4) % for women). In 1993, mean values of blood pressure, waist circumference for men and 2 h plasma glucose for both sexes were higher among subjects who developed metabolic syndrome when compared with those who did not. Comparisons of nutrient intakes between subsets of subjects who developed or did not develop metabolic syndrome showed an association of protein intake with the syndrome only in men (96.4 (sd 56.8) v. 74.3 (sd 26.0) g/d; P<0.05). Odds ratios of the metabolic syndrome across tertiles of food groups intake showed that among men the highest tertile of red meat consumption was associated with a 4.7-fold increase in risk of developing the syndrome, after adjustments for confounders. However, the statistical significance of this model disappeared when saturated fatty acids were added. The data raised the possibility of a role of red meat consumption for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in Japanese-Brazilian men. The present findings may have implications for the prevention of metabolic syndrome in this high-risk population.

Normalization of Protein Intake by Body Weight and the Associations of Protein Intake With Nutritional Status and Survival

To examine the associations of total protein intake (TPI) and dietary protein intake (DPI) with baseline nutrition and subsequent mortality. Retrospective analysis of incident dialysis patients. National cohort from The United States Renal Data System data. Incident dialysis patients (n = 5,059) with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urea clearances reported on form 2728. TPI was calculated from BUN and urea clearance. DPI was defined as TPI divided by weight. Urinary creatinine (UCr) calculated from creatinine clearance and serum creatinine was used as a marker of muscle mass. The associations of TPI and DPI with each of serum albumin < or = 3.3 g/dL (50th percentile), UCr < or = 0.56 g/d (25th percentile), body mass index < 18.5, and death were examined. Compared with patients in the highest quartile of TPI (> 60.2 g/d), those in the lowest quartile (< or = 32.4 g/d) had 1.89-fold higher odds (P < .001) of low serum albumin, 10.22-fold higher odds (P < .001) of low UCr, and 3.83-fold higher odds (P < .001) of low body mass index in multivariable logistic regression models, and an 18% increase (P < .001) in hazard of death. Compared with patients with DPI > 1.2 g/kg/d, those with DPI < 0.8 g/kg/d had nonsignificantly higher odds of low serum albumin, 2.38-fold higher odds (P < .001) of low UCr, and 0.44-fold lower odds (P < .001) of low body mass index, and a 15% (P = .04) decrease in hazard of death. Higher TPI is associated with better nutrition at baseline and subsequent survival. Normalization of TPI by body weight provides contradictory information on nutritional status as well as survival.