Professional Associations Research Articles

Relating digitalization and quality management in health care organizations: A systematic review.

Quality management has been established in health care organizations as an important management function for internal quality measurement and external quality reporting. Digitalization processes have recently gained momentum with uncertain outcomes for health care organizations, quality, and the role of quality management. We conduct a systematic review to answer the questions of how the introduction of digital technologies affects quality management as a management function, how quality management is affecting digitalization, which quality management topics are addressed, and which competencies are needed during digitalization. Four databases were searched from 2000 to January 2022. Both empirical and conceptual articles reporting on digital technologies and quality management as a management function, quality reporting, or risk management were included. The studies included were analyzed based on the PICOS and PRISMA approaches. A total of 20 out of 662 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results show that both quality management as a management function as well as the digitalization of quality managements' own work processes are barely visible in the existing research. Only parts of the core tasks of quality management are discussed in connection with digitalization. Core competencies relevant for digitalization processes and quality management are identified. Quality managers require knowledge of digital technologies in order to develop and implement them to support their own work processes and the work processes of health care organizations in general. Currently, research is not guiding this process, which makes it important for quality managers to be able to access local knowledge. In addition, professional associations should develop skill catalogs for quality management education.

Environment, Climate, and Diabetes: An International Topic.

Every person with diabetes is affected by changes in the environment and climate. At the same time, the therapy of many people itself has a negative impact on these factors. One might assume that the relevant professional associations and health organizations, as well as health policymakers, have initiated appropriate activities. The manufacturers of antidiabetic drugs and medical devices used in diabetes therapy are aware of the problems at hand. To what extent they really implement changes in the production, storage, and transport of their products is not easy to assess. In summary, it should be said that the importance of environmental factors for people with diabetes and their therapy is probably still not sufficiently recognized.

P0530 Relationships and sexuality in patients with inflammatory bowel disease – The perspective of healthcare professionals

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a negative impact on intimacy and sexuality related questions, and many IBD-patients experience that the disease impair the possibility of creating relationships. A recent Swedish study revealed that a large part of IBD-patients experience difficulties concerning relationships and sexuality, and many wish for a more active support from healthcare professionals. The aim of this Swedish follow up study was therefore to explore the current situation concerning intimacy and sexuality from the perspective of the healthcare professionals. Methods A digital, anonymous questionnaire was sent to healthcare professionals in Sweden through the different professional associations working with IBD-patients. The questionnaire contained 19 questions concerning problems that patients raise concerning intimacy and sexuality and how they are handled. Results A total of 118 respondents answered the questionnaire, the majority were women (73%), the mean age was 51 years. About half of the respondents (54%) were nurses, while 28% were gastroenterologists, 11% were surgeons, and 7% had another profession. The different professions were overall consistent in their answers why the results are presented for the whole group. Half answered that they raise questions concerning relationships and sexuality on single occasions, while 23% stated that they never raise the topic with their patients (Figure 1). A total of 56% indicated that their patients ask questions concerning intimacy on single occasions, while 19% stated that it never happens (Figure 1). About 16% of the respondents stated that they had access to sexologist and 42% answered that they had possibility to refer to a psychologist or psychotherapist. Many of the responders indicated that IBD-patients rarely raise questions concerning relationships and sexuality. Issues still being raised are mainly concerns about fertility in women, and erection problems in men. According to the healthcare professionals, both male and female patients report decreased sexual desire, a sense of not feeling attractive, and concerns about intestinal leakage. Women, also mentioned concerns regarding pain during intercourse, related to perianal fistulas and abdominal pain. Conclusion Healthcare professionals state that conversations concerning relationships and sexuality rarely happen. The conversations are mainly focused on fertility and erection problems. In our previous study, 78% of the patients stated problems concerning intimacy and 64% requested more active support from the healthcare professionals. Our results indicate a need for an increased knowledge and awareness about these questions among healthcare professionals.

African American pharmacists and the evolution of black professional pharmacy associations.

The histography of Black professional pharmacist associations has largely been ignored. During the Jim Crow era there existed multiple and overlapping spaces within which Black civic and professional voluntary organizations engaged in representation and advocacy, professional support and development, cultural competence, community engagement and education, research and innovation, and diversity and inclusion in the professions. One group that has received minimal to no attention is that of the role of Black professional pharmacy organizations. Through historical review, several key points about Black professional pharmacy organizations will be explored. (This is the second of three papers dealing with key points of black professional pharmacy associations. This paper should be considered as a direct continuation of the preceding paper cited earlier).

African American pharmacists in professional pharmacy associations.

The early participation of African Americans in professional pharmacy associations between the 1870s and the 1970s is explored. The early participation African American pharmacists in the national pharmacy organizations was limited to the American Pharmaceuticals Association (APhA), a small number of the APhA state and local affiliates, and the pharmaceutical section of the national and state Black medical associations. Little to no participation of African American pharmacists as members in other national organizations (e.g., National Association of Retail Druggists (NARD), National Wholesale Druggists Association (NWDA), or the American College of the Apothecaries) occurred before the 1960s. Few African American pharmacists played a leadership role as officers before the 1960s except in the Black professional pharmacy organizations. (This is the first of three papers dealing with key points of black professional pharmacy association).

Getting to the bottom of it: Comparative medical and psychological risk for gonadectomy among individuals with and without presurgical psychological assessment

Background: Presurgical psychological assessments (PPA) can be helpful in assessing for psychological risk factors and identifying medical risk factors that may impede recovery from surgery. Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals seeking medically-necessary, gender-affirming hysterectomy and orchiectomy are recommended to undergo a PPA, yet individuals undergoing this surgery for other medical reasons are not. The present study sought to investigate comparative risk profiles among TGD individuals who underwent a PPA prior to hysterectomy or orchiectomy for gender affirmation compared to cisgender and TGD individuals who underwent hysterectomy or orchiectomy for other medical reasons without a formal assessment. Methods: Retrospective chart review was conducted on 195 patients at an integrated health care system. Medical, psychological, and overall risk scores were tabulated and mean ranks were compared among TGD patients with PPA (n = 43), TGD patients without PPA (n = 27), and cisgender patients (n = 125), none of whom underwent PPA. Results: Significant mean rank differences were found for overall and psychological risk, yet the mean rank scores for TGD patients with PPA group did not differ significantly from the cisgender group. No differences in medical risk scores among the groups were found. Eighty-six percent of TGD individuals with PPA were classified as having good prognosis for surgery. Conclusions: TGD patients who underwent a PPA tended to have low overall risk for surgical outcome, indicating that PPA may not have been necessary for these patients and instead served as an unwarranted barrier to medically-necessary care. It is recommended that health care systems, providers, and third-party payors align requirements for PPA for gonadectomy with the recommendations of the World Professional Association of Transgender Health Standards of Care 8 to remove barriers to medically-necessary care, particularly for surgeries with low complication rates, like hysterectomy and orchiectomy.

Telerehabilitation Policy Report: Interprofessional Policy Principles and Priorities

While the public health emergency is over, telehealth and telepractice will continue to play a pivotal role in supporting health equity for diverse and vulnerable individuals in underserved communities. The American Occupational Therapy Association, the American Physical Therapy Association, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and the American Telemedicine Association are professional associations representing the interests of more than 564,000 rehabilitation services professionals in the United States. These organizations have shared priorities including legislative, regulatory, and state-based advocacy efforts. Continued advocacy and promotion by professional organizations, providers and patients alike is necessary to ensure that all rehabilitation providers are included in any telehealth lists of federally and state approved providers. In addition, key health care industry stakeholders want telehealth to be a permanent option for care delivery and ensure that telehealth will remain widely available to support health equity and access to critical rehabilitation services for all.

Prevalence and associated factors of malaria among the displaced population in refugee camps in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe increased occurrence of malaria among Africa’s displaced communities poses a new humanitarian problem. Understanding malaria epidemiology among the displaced population in African refugee camps is a vital step for implementing effective malaria control and elimination measures. As a result, this study aimed to generate comprehensive and conclusive data from diverse investigations undertaken in Africa.MethodsThis review adhered to PRISMA standards, involving searches across electronic data bases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. In addition, grey literature was retrieved from several professional associations. The quality of selected studies was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Data extraction was executed using Microsoft Excel, and the meta-analysis was performed with STATA 14 software. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of malaria. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to identify heterogeneity, while funnel plots and Egger’s statistical tests assessed the publication bias. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed.ResultsThe overall random-effects pooled prevalence of malaria infection (comprising symptomatic and asymptomatic cases) across all included studies was 35.93% (95% CI 24.71–47.15). This study showed a high level of heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 97.1; P < 0.001). Of the identified Plasmodium species, Plasmodium falciparum constituted 99.3%. The frost plot indicated that the overall prevalence of P. falciparum was 34.94% (95% CI 24.34–45.53). Subgroup analysis revealed significant variation (P < 0.001) in malaria prevalence between asymptomatic and symptomatic cases, with a prevalence of 4.39% (95% CI 2.57–6.21) and 45.10% (95% CI 27.28–62.92), respectively. Lack of insecticide-treated mosquito net utilization (AOR 2.43; 95% CI 1.01–5.88) and living near mosquito breeding sites (AOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.56–4.87) were risk factors of malaria.ConclusionThis study determined that the pooled prevalence of malaria among displaced individuals in refugee camps was high and exhibited variations across different population groups. This signifying there is still a need to improve and recheck existing malaria prevention and control strategies to establish an effective malaria control and elimination programme in Africa.

Healthcare practitioners as accomplices: a qualitative study of gender affirmation in a context of ambiguous regulation in Indonesia

BackgroundThe World Professional Association for Transgender Health guidelines Standards of Care 8 draw on ethical arguments based on individual autonomy, to argue that healthcare and other professionals should be advocates for trans people. Such guidelines presume the presence of medical services for trans people and a degree of consensus on medical ethics. Very little is known, however, about the ethical challenges associated with both providing and accessing trans healthcare, including gender affirmation, in the Global South. In light of the challenges associated with medical and legal gender affirmation in Indonesia, we conducted a qualitative study to understand the views of trans people, healthcare providers, and legal practitioners.MethodsIn this qualitative study, we drew on a participatory methodology to conduct 46 semi-structured interviews between October and December 2023, with trans people (10 trans feminine people and 10 trans masculine people, each interviewed twice) and key informants (three healthcare providers and three lawyers and paralegals). Trans people were a central part of the research team from inception through to analysis and writing. Participants were recruited via community-led sampling. Data analysis of interview data took place through an immersion/crystallisation technique and preliminary inductive coding which highlighted key quotes. We focused on an inductive analysis using participant narratives to identify key concepts in the ethics of gender affirmation in Indonesia.ResultsWe characterize the ethics of supportive healthcare workers, community members, and family members, as that akin to “accomplices,” a concept of ethics used in theories of racial justice which evaluate a willingness to support people to navigate laws and regulations which perpetuate injustices and violence. Overall, both trans people and key informants shared an understanding that the legal status of gender-affirming medical care was particularly ambiguous in Indonesia due to a lack of clarity in both laws and regulations. For trans participants, ethical arguments for the validity of legal and medical gender affirmation was premised on evidence that their gender identity and expression was already recognized within society, even if limited to immediate friends and family. Given that all participants expressed a desire for gender affirmation, but such services were widely unavailable, accomplices played a crucial role in supporting trans people to access healthcare.ConclusionsAn empirical study based on an “ethics from below” helps to show that arguments grounded in autonomy, or based on biomedical evidence, are unlikely to alter unjust laws or facilitate a change to pathologizing guidelines governing understanding of trans people’s healthcare and legal needs in Indonesia. We provide an analysis that is sensitive to the ethics of facilitating gender affirmation in a context where that process is inherently social, and often articulated in relation to a prevailing religious morality.

Increased respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations and ambulatory visits in very preterm infants in the first year of life following discontinuation of access to palivizumab.

From 2002 to 2023, palivizumab was the only intervention to reduce RSV-associated hospitalizations in high-risk infants in Canada, but advances in RSV prevention are drastically changing this landscape. Eligibility criteria for this monoclonal antibody for preterm infants varied over time across each of 10 Canadian provinces and 3 territories. The national professional pediatric association (Canadian Paediatric Society) revised its eligibility recommendations in 2015, removing access for preterm infants 30 to 32 weeks gestation (WG). The province of Nova Scotia (NS) followed these recommendations the next season. To determine if the removal of access to palivizumab in these previously infants was associated with a change in hospital admissions, deaths or ambulatory visits associated with RSV. We identified a retrospective cohort of NS infants born between 30 and 32 WG, without other risk factors for RSV-H, from April 2012 to September 2019 by linking 6 population-based provincial databases, and followed each infant through the first year of life. Episodes of RSV-associated hospitalization, ambulatory visits or death were identified by International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Disorders (ICD) RSV- associated diagnostic codes. Of 4835 infants born during the study period, 250 were 30-32 WG were eligible for the cohort. RSV-H increased about 10-fold following restricted access to palivizumab (0/123, to 9.4%; (95% CI 5.0, 15.9, risk difference 9.4), but no RSV-associated deaths occurred. RSV-A also increased from 5.7% to 17.3% (risk difference 11.6). Discontinuation of access to a prophylactic anti-RSV monoclonal antibody in very preterm infants was associated with a higher risk of RSV-H and RSV-A. Evaluation of healthcare policy change on patient well-being is essential to assess impact and guide future decision making at the population level.

Inclusion in neurological research: empowering people living with neurological diseases.

The value of involving people living with diseases in the research process is increasingly recognized by professional associations and regulatory agencies alike. Patient contributions range from disease prevention and diagnosis to medication planning, and from advocacy to guideline production and clinical trial design. Thanks to the efforts of activists and advocates, new models of patient inclusion in medical research are being developed to replace outdated non-participative and tokenistic paradigms. New modalities of patient participation in research - for example, the introduction of patient experts, who work closely with researchers and clinicians - have progressively empowered individuals who are living with diseases. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the current status of patient involvement in medical research, with a specific focus on neurology. We also discuss the existing and future roles of patient experts in neurological research.

Evaluation of the current status, significance, and availability of prostate MRI und MRI guided biopsy in Germany.

Evaluation of the current status, significance and availability of multiparametric prostate MRI and MRI-guided biopsy in Germany.A voluntary web-based questionnaire with 26 distinct items was emailed to members of the German Radiological Society (DRG) and the Professional Association of German Radiologists (BDR). The questions referred to personal qualification, acquisition, quality, and management of prostate MRI, and assessment of the importance of the method.In total 182 questionnaires were captured from all 10 german postal regions (over 60% of the university hospitals, almost 50% of the maximum care hospitals and approx. 12% of the practices or medical service centers). 43% of the respondents had a Q1 or Q2 quality certificate from the DRG, 10% had a certificate from the BDR, respectively. The majority (90%) criticized inadequate reimbursement of the examination. In 47% MRI cases were discussed in an interdisciplinary tumor board, in 44% case discussions happened rarely, and 12% never had interdisciplinary discussions. On a scale from 0-100 (0%: low; 100%: high) the estimation of the clinical relevance of prostate MRIs received an average of 84% (± 16%) and the estimated approval by urologists was 75% (± 21%). Lacking clinical feedback (59%) and clinical information (42%) were perceived as the largest problems.In this representative survey the respondents estimated multiparametric MRI of the prostate as highly diagnostic and relevant with an increased approval by urologists. There is still a perceived need for continuous professional education of the method for urologists and for more widespread coverage of fusion biopsy. Prostate MRI is currently primarily offered by high volume centers. Current challenges are particularly insufficient interdisciplinary communication and inadequate reimbursement. · Prostate MRI is perceived as highly diagnostic and clinically relevant.The method is currently primarily offered by high volume centers.. · Bigger current problems are insufficient interdisciplinary communication (e.g., clinical information, biopsy results) and inadequate reimbursement.. · Continuous education for urologists and expanded coverage by fusion biopsy are desirable.. · Ullrich T, Boschheidgen M, Schweyen CM et al. Evaluation of the current status, significance, and availability of prostate MRI und MRI guided biopsy in germany. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2416-1343.

Evaluation of the quality, reliability, readability of websites on temporomandibular joint pain

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability, quality, and readability of websites providing information on temporomandibular joint pain. MATERIALS AND METHOD: An internet search was performed on Google Chrome (Google, Mountain View, California, USA) on June 9, 2023, with the keywords “jaw pain” and the links of the first 50 websites were saved. Four different evaluation tools the DISCERN instrument, The Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP), the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark, Readability Index were used to evaluate 37 sites that met the inclusion criteria. SPSS 25 statistical software was used for the statistical analyses and p&amp;lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Within the scope of the study, the first 50 websites were registered and a total of 37 websites met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated. The mean values for DISCERN, EQIP, and the JAMA index were 2.05±0.911, 62.4±11.6 and 0.486±0.692, respectively. In addition, those with high credibility constituted %5.4 (n=2) of the total number of sites and %50 (n=1) of these sites were uploaded by private hospitals, and %50 (n=1) by blogs (web logs). CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the quality, reliability and readability of websites providing information about jaw pain on the internet vary but are at a medium-low level. Professional associations and organizations, such as the Turkish Orthodontic Society (TOD), may conduct similar research and publish the results to ensure the quality and reliability of the information in publicly available online resources.

Experience of Mentoring Healthcare Professionals in Developing Core Competencies and Key Professional Capability Indicators

&lt;p&gt;能力導向醫學教育(competency-based medical education, CBME)在近半個世紀以來，被倡導為醫學教育的主流。為增進醫師以外之各職類醫事人員之學（公）會就各該職類的CBME、可信任專業活動(entrustable professional activities, EPAs)發展之共識，本團隊協同14個職類之學（公）會，擬定其專屬之核心、次核心能力及EPAs，並研訂CBME訓練之展開架構。透過專案小組會議，彙整14職類醫事人員學（公）會代表的建言，以及辦理PGY師資培訓課程的討論回饋，促成各醫事職類發展CBME之共識。惟，各訓練醫院可就學（公）會發展的EPA為基礎，調整修正為符合個別化需求的內容，並據以制定其臨床醫事人員訓練計畫。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;本文希望能為CBME課程的設計者，提供推動CBME訓練的策略規劃及相關經驗。期有助於持續推廣及深化CBME、EPAs的理念與應用，落實CBME理念之訓練模式，達成精進臨床醫事人員訓練之目標。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Competency-based medical education (CBME) has been promoted as the future of medical education for nearly half a century. To establish consensus regarding the development of CBME and entrustable professional activities (EPAs) among professional associations across healthcare disciplines, our team collaborated with 14 healthcare professional associations to propose core competencies, sub-core competencies, and EPAs and design a framework for implementing CBME training. Through task force meetings, feedback from healthcare association representatives, and discussions during PGY faculty training courses, a consensus was reached on CBME development across healthcare disciplines. Training hospitals can modify the EPAs provided by professional associations to meet their specific needs and develop clinical training programs for their trainees.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This article offers strategic planning and relevant insights to facilitate the implementation of CBME curriculums. Strengthening the understanding and application of CBME and EPAs can ensure the effective integration of CBME principles into training models, enhancing educational options for clinical healthcare professionals.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Examining Factors Shaping the Consumption of Televised Ladies Professional Golf Association Events: Attitudes, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Intergroup Dynamics in a Multicultural Context

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the viewing behavior of current Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) audiences, especially whether the growing dominance of golfers from Asian countries plays a role in shaping such behavior. The research investigates the reasons for which existing LPGA viewers watch these tournaments by examining key factors such as attitudes toward watching, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intergroup attitudes. A quantitative survey was distributed to 536 LPGA event viewers in the United States. The survey measured constructs such as watching and intergroup attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to watch. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and test the hypothesized relationships among the variables. The findings indicate that salient beliefs directly and positively affect predictor variables, which in turn positively influence the intention to watch LPGA events. Watching attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly enhance the intention to watch. However, intergroup attitudes toward golfers from Asia negatively affected the intention to watch, highlighting a potential barrier to audience engagement. This study highlights the dynamics of psychological and social factors in shaping LPGA viewership and offers insights for strategies to better engage diverse audience segments.

Best Evidence Summary of Home Enteral Tube Feeding Care Management in the Elderly.

To evaluate and summarize the best evidence of home enteral tube feeding (HETF) care management in the elderly to provide an evidence-based basis for caregivers to implement care interventions. Evidence on HETF care management in the elderly was retrieved from Chinese and international databases, guidelines, and websites of professional associations, including systematic reviews and expert consensuses, using the keywords of home enteral nutrition, home tube feeding, old, elder, home care, etc. The literature considered in this study was published from April 2019 to April 2024. Two trained researchers independently evaluated the quality of the included literature, graded the literature using the JBI evidence pre-grading system, classified and summarized the extracted evidence. A total of 15 articles were included, including 1 clinical decision, 1 guideline, 3 best evidence summaries, 4 systematic reviews, 2 randomized controlled trials, and 4 quasi-experimental studies. 18 pieces of the best evidence were summarized in 3 aspects, including the NST administration, education of caregivers, and selection of nutrition formulas. This study comprehensively summarized the best evidence of home enteral tube feeding care management in the elderly and provided a scientific basis for caregivers to implement care interventions. In home care settings, using evidence-based practices requires developing a comprehensive care management system based on the trinity of hospital, community and home, in order to reduce the incidence of HETF-related complications, improve the quality of life of the elderly with HETF, and provide a practical reference for NST members and caregivers.

Norman B. Anderson (1955-2024).

Memorializes Norman B. Anderson (1924-2024). Norman B. Anderson was born on October 16, 1955, in Greensboro, North Carolina. He died unexpectedly on March 1, 2024, in Durham, North Carolina, while recovering from knee surgeries. In a life of considerable accomplishments, the readers of this journal will note his 13-year leadership as executive vice president and chief executive officer of the American Psychological Association (APA). From 2003 to 2016, Norman led the APA to its ascendant status among behavioral health professional associations. Norman's approach was to lead with a calm, mindful, humble, and graceful demeanor, which made everyone feel seen and heard. Norman began his career in 1985 as an assistant professor at the Duke School of Medicine and was among the first behavioral scientists to study and write about the role of psychosocial stress in the development of hypertension in African Americans. From 1995 to 2000, Norman served as the founding director of the National Institutes of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. After the National Institutes of Health, Norman briefly served on the faculty of the Harvard School of Public Health. He cultivated a profound interior life but was also engaged as a competitive amateur athlete and actively promoted the social activism exemplified by his heroes-Martin Luther King, Jr., Howard Thurman, and others committed to social justice. Norman sought to integrate the active and contemplative dimensions of human experience. He will be deeply missed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

An Analysis of Political Contributions by the American College of Surgeons Professional Association (SurgeonsPAC)

An Analysis of Political Contributions by the American College of Surgeons Professional Association (SurgeonsPAC)

The Grey Areas

This study examines the legal responsibilities and protections for notaries supervising interns in Indonesia, focusing on potential violations and the challenges posed by the differing legal statuses of interns and permanent staff. Employing a normative juridical method with statute and conceptual approaches, this research analyzes Article 16A of Law Number 2 of 2014 on Notary Position, which mandates supervisory duties for notaries but lacks clarity on liability boundaries. The absence of detailed regulations exposes notaries to legal and reputational risks as they may face litigation for interns' misconduct. Inconsistent internship practices across notarial offices further complicates this issue. This study highlights practical challenges, such as managing interns' access to sensitive client information and maintaining confidentiality. These challenges are exacerbated by interns' status as trainees rather than employees, which limits the supervising notary's control and accountability. These findings underscore the need for explicit guidelines to protect notaries from unintended liability while ensuring effective mentorship. Recommendations include implementing specific regulations on supervision, mandatory ethics training for interns, and limited access to protocols. Collaboration with professional associations to establish best practices and maintain a balance between legal responsibilities and training quality is advised. This study contributes to the understanding of professional responsibility in the notarial profession and highlights the importance of clear legal frameworks to support supervisors and maintain public trust.

The Exploration of Music Therapy Professional Competency in Chinese Higher Education

Competency is the core of vocational and professional training. Under the current situation in the development of music therapy higher education in China, this article analyzes the core characteristics and practical application of the competency-based education (CBE) model and puts forward reflections on the development and implementation of the CBE model in music therapy higher education in China. It is suggested that the music therapy professional competencies in Chinese higher education need multidimensional cooperation and mutual concern among colleges and universities, professional associations, and the job market, and the effect of &amp;#x201C;professional competencies&amp;#x201D; on the music therapy profession in China and their contribution to professionalization should be discussed.