Association Of Official Analytical Chemists Research Articles

Trace Elements and Proximate Analysis of <i>Boswellia dalzielii</i> Stem Bark

Boswellia dalzielii (B. dalzielii) Hutch is a tree plant of the Burseraceae family found in Savannah woodlands. The decoction of stem bark has been reported to be useful in treating gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatism, septic sores, and sexual ailments. Additionally, it has demonstrated antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The research was undertaken to evaluate the trace element contents and nutritional contents of the stem bark of B. dalzielii using standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The elemental analysis showed the presence of: Zn (5.82±0.021 mg/kg), Cu (4.22±0.017 mg/kg), Mn (31.24±0.114 mg/kg), and Fe (9.12±0.318 mg/kg), Se (3.13m±0.223 g/kg) Cr (0.0026±0.211 mg/kg), Co (0.00 mg/kg), Mo (0.0016±0.001 mg/kg), Cd (0.0037±0.117 mg/kg), Ni (0.0016±0.324 mg/kg), and I (4.15±0.214 mg/kg). While the proximate analysis revealed the presence of the following: ash content (5.97±0.315%), moisture (6.22±0.115%), protein (18.52±0.018%), fiber 16.2±0.215%), crude fat (6.02±0.002%), and carbohydrate (31.73±0.224%). Trace elements have well-characterized physiological functions within the body. They regulate biological processes, thereby stabilizing the structures of cells when they are supplied at the normal level, but their deficiency leads to different kinds of diseases. The study suggests that the trace elements present in the bark sample of B. dalzielii may be of value and may have prognostic significance in the early diagnosis and therapy evaluation of some diseases, especially various types of cancer, as well as in anti-diabetic agents. The results of the proximate analysis depict the potentiality of the plant as a good source of nutraceuticals.

Microwave-based and convective drying of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata L.): Computational intelligence modeling, thermophysical properties, quality and mid-infrared spectrometry

This study assessed and compared the impact of hot air oven drying (HAD) at 50, 60 and 70 °C and microwave drying (MWD) at 195, 307 and 521 W on the kinetics of thermophysical properties and quality of dried cabbage. The thermophysical properties were computed using established model equations. The proximate composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity (AOC), color and functional groups were analyzed using Association of official analytical chemists (AOAC) test protocol, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectrometry and Attenuated total reflectance coupled to Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), respectively. The moisture ratio was modeled using probabilistic computational intelligence modeling approaches. The results revealed that only density, thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity appeared to be kinetically controlled by moisture content. Stepwise linear regression (SLR) model and Gaussian process regression (GPR) model were more accurate in simulating the moisture ratio. Increasing HAD temperature preserved all of the proximate compositions except carbohydrates. Similarly, increasing MWD power preserved all the proximate compositions except crude fiber. Increasing HAD temperature from 50 to 60 °C and 60–70 °C decreased the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) by 21.31 % and 13.60 %, respectively but increased the AOC from 27.2 to 39.6 %. Increasing MWD power levels from 195 to 307 W and 307–521 W decreased TFC by 13.2 % and 0.7 %, respectively but increased the TPC by 9.72 % and 13.14 %, thus AOC increased from 35.2 to 45.7 %. MWD presented higher AOC relative to HAD. Drying at 50 °C and 307 W gave the highest whitening index in HAD and MWD. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed the formation of new compounds by thermal effect. SLR and GPR were more accurate in modeling the drying kinetics. HAD and MWD affected the quality parameters of cabbage differently, thus the choice of the dryer type will depend on the parameters of interest.

Characterization of Yield and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Selected Wild Indigenous Fruits in Rwanda

A study was carried out to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of wild fruits: Myrianthus holstii and Garcinia buchananii, consumed by rural communities in Rwanda. Although the species have been prioritized for domestication in the country, very little information has been documented on their yield potential, morphological traits, and nutritional compositions. Data were collected from nine fruiting trees for each species in the Bugesera and Nyamagabe districts. All fruits per tree were counted and 10 fruits were harvested for characterization. The proximate composition, vitamins, and minerals were analyzed using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. Analyses of inferential statistics were performed to detect differences in means among the fruits from different populations. The highest yield (279 kg/tree) for M. holstii was recorded in the Musebeya population while the highest (15.12 kg/tree) for G. buchananii was recorded in the Juru populations. The quantities of vitamins A and C in M. holstii fruits ranged from 0.92 mg/100 g to 0.93 mg/100 g and from 19.22 mg/100 g to 19.94 mg/100 g, respectively. The quantities of vitamins A and C in G. buchananii fruits ranged from 0.56 mg/100 g to 0.95 mg/100 g and 33.82 mg/100 g to 34.84 mg/100 g, respectively. The most abundant mineral element recorded in this study was iron (15.95 mg/100 g) found in the M. holstii species and contributing 159.5% of the recommended daily allowance. The results obtained in this work suggest the potential value of G. buchananii and M. holstii for the development of novel products in the food industry. The findings also offer opportunities for tree selection to support their domestication and to reduce pressure on the remaining population in the wild.

Quantification of Total Sulfites in Shrimp by BIOFISH 300/3000 SUL Method, Collaborative Study: Final Action 2021.09.

In December 2021, the BIOFISH 300 SUL method for the determination of total sulfites in shrimp was adopted as First Action Official Method of AnalysisSM by the AOAC INTERNATIONAL. A collaborative study was conducted in February 2023 in order to test the reproducibility of the method. The method is based on the use of a benchtop biosensor device that relates the concentration of sulfite to a quantifiable electric current signal. The sensing element, the Biotest, harbors an enzyme that specifically oxidizes sulfite, and the reaction products are electrochemically detected by the device in less than 3 minutes. The sulfite is extracted from the solid using an aqueous based buffer solution, which ensures that all sulfite is present as a free anion. 11 collaborators participated in the study of nine different shrimp samples. Values of RSDr and RSDR obtained from the statistical analysis of valid data ranged from 2.1-8.1% and 7.5-14.3%, respectively, for shrimp samples above the quantification limit of the method, set at 7 mg/kg. These results showed good repeatability and reproducibility of the method, even at concentrations below the legal threshold for sulfite in food, where the reference Optimised Monier-Williams method shows relatively high imprecision.

Green and fast quantification of Bisphenol A in instant noodles cup using iridium nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrode

This study presents a method for quantifying the endocrine-disrupting compound Bisphenol A (BPA) in food packages. Carbon-supported iridium nanoparticles were synthesized via formic acid reduction and used to modify a glassy carbon electrode, creating the Ir/C/GCE sensor. Employing this sensor in conjunction with square wave voltammetry, a fast and green electroanalytical methodology was developed and subsequently validated for quantifying BPA in instant noodle cup packages. The optimized and validated analytical method exhibited linearity, with low limits of detection and quantification recorded at 0.011 μmol L−1 and 0.037 μmol L−1, respectively. Besides this, it demonstrated good selectivity and accuracy, complying with major validation guidelines, including those from the International Council for Harmonisation, Eurachem, the European Union, and AOAC International. Furthermore, the environmental sustainability of the method was confirmed using the AGREE metric.

Determination of nutrient composition of some selected traditional home- made meals commonly consumed in Syria

Background: Modifying lifestyles through healthy dietary choices, enhanced cooking skills, and improved nutritional knowledge has been established as an effective strategy for reducing obesity and associated chronic diseases. Aims: This study aims to contribute to this effort by investigating the nutritional profiles of commonly consumed Syrian home-cooked meals. The primary objective was to analyze the macronutrient composition (carbohydrates, protein, fat) of five selected Syrian dishes and compare them to a frequently consumed, plant-based modern meal component. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the contribution of these nutrients to daily dietary needs. Methods: Four traditional Syrian vegetarian mixed dishes (grape leaves stuffed with rice, rice with pea broth, bulgur with chickpeas and pasta with tomato sauce) were selected for analysis. These were compared to a modern, plant-based food component (fried potatoes). Proximate analysis, based on standard methods established by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), was used to determine the content of macronutrients. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat exchanges for each meal were calculated using a rounding-off method. Results: All tested traditional dishes exhibited low energy density, with moisture content ranging from 63.16 – 75,63% and ash content ranging from 0.49 – 1.01% ash. Macronutrient compositions revealed carbohydrate contents between 17.43 – 25.41%, fat contents between 0.2 – 2.84%, and protein contents between 2.34 -3.83%. Crude fiber content ranged from 0.15 – 2.17%, and energy density varied from 0.96 – 1.44 Kcal/g. These traditional dishes contributed (63.04 – 75.26%) of total food energy from carbohydrates, (6.48 – 13.85%) from fat and (1.25 – 23.11%) from protein. In contrast, fried potatoes, the modern meal component, displayed medium energy density (1.83 kcal/g), with a distinct macronutrient profile: 60.22% carbohydrate, 1.44% ash, 24.56% fat, 7.26% protein, 4.90% crude fiber, and 1.62% moisture. The energy contribution of fried potatoes was 53.63% from carbohydrates, 35.67% from fat, and 10.70% from protein. Conclusion: This study provides valuable data for the potential development of a Syrian Food Database. The results suggest that incorporating popular Syrian traditional dishes into healthy dietary intervention programs holds promise for promoting better nutrition. Keywords: Nutrient composition; Proximate analysis; Syria; Traditional dishes; Food exchange

Evaluation of Aflatoxins and Heavy Metals Exposure in the Local Feeds of Fish and Shrimp in Bangladesh.

This study aims to comprehensively assess the presence of aflatoxins, pervasive fungal toxins, and heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium) in the local feed of fish and shrimp. Forty-eight samples of the fish and shrimp feed were collected from the Dhaka and Sathkhira districts of Bangladesh respectively. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was used for the heavy metal detection after sample digestion. The standard analytical methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists were followed for analyzing the proximate composition of the feed samples. The findings revealed the high toxic concentration of total aflatoxins particularly in fish feed (196.25 μg/kg). Concurrently, varying concentrations of heavy metals, including lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr), were detected, with the highest levels found in shrimp feed at 3.324 and 174.6 mg/kg, respectively. In comparison, highest contamination of cadmium (Cd) was found in fish feed at 0.398 mg/kg. The outcomes are growing concerns regarding the quality of locally sourced feed and emphasizing the need for prompt corrective actions. Otherwise, neglecting this concern may lead to the possibility of both fish and, ultimately, humans who consume them being vulnerable to the absorption and accumulation of these assessed toxic compounds.

Sorption Isotherm and Effect of Packaging Materials on Proximate, Organoleptic and Lipid Oxidation Quality of Chicken Nuggets Stored at Two Different Temperatures

The study Investigated sorption isotherm features and the effects of packaging materials of both high-density and low-density polyethylene on sensory properties, proximate composition and lipid oxidation of chicken nuggets in storage. Boneless chicken breast was procured from a reputable source and cut into sizeable weight of 50g each to produce the chicken nuggets used for the studies. The experimental setup for sorption isotherm analysis in this study involved using a gravimetric method to equilibrate the product at various relative humidity levels. Five (5g) grams of oven-dried chicken nugget samples of known moisture content were placed in a controlled humidity chamber, and the weight changes of the samples were monitored until equilibrium was reached. GAB equation was used to evaluate the product ware activity and monolayer moisture. Sensory assessment was evaluated using a 9- point hedonic scale while proximate composition of the chicken nuggets samples was determined according to the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay was used to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of lipid oxidation. The investigation showed that sensory qualities, proximate composition and lipid oxidation of chicken nuggets were markedly affected by the variance in temperature settings, with distinct disparities seen among different materials for packaging. Chicken nuggets stored at 25 0C caused a significant loss in organoleptic properties and some nutritional composition such as protein and fat. Storage of chicken nugget at 25 0C and 40 C showed a varied values in malondialdehyde as content ranged from 0.52 to 0.81 for chicken nugget stored at 250 C and 0.17 to 0.43 for the product stored at 40 C across the packaging materials investigated. The water activity and monolayer moisture results of sorption analysis revealed that good packaging materials of very low water vapour transmission rate should be used for storage of chicken nuggets as high-density polyethylene offered a promising alternative than low density polyethylene.

A DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-FRIENDLY DISCHARGE PRINTING PASTE FOR DYED COTTON FABRICS USING HOUSEHOLD BLEACHES

The study ascertained the micro-nutrient composition of cocoyam and sweet potato leaves in melon soups. The study was conducted to identify vitamins and mineral composition in three types of melon soups. The instrument adopted for the study was laboratory analysis of food nutrients using official methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The data for micro nutrients were collected in triplicates from the melon soups in the food analysis laboratory, raw triplicate values of each micro nutrient in the soups were collected and analyzed using ±SD and ANOVA statistics to test the hypotheses 1 – 4. The findings revealed that cocoyam and sweet potato leaves melon soups are as rich as fluted pumpkin leaf melon soup in micro nutrients, such as vitamin A (Iµ) 16.03: 16.80 while fluted pumpkin 19.88; vitamin C (mg) 26.30: 36.89 while fluted pumpkin 28.46; folic acid (mg) 33.44: 40.64 while fluted pumpkin 46.73 among others. For minerals- Na (mg) 29.80: 26.16 while fluted pumpkin 34.19; Fe (mg) 1.41: 1.60 while fluted pumpkin 1.24 K (mg) 36.08: 46.46 while fluted pumpkin 34.57; Ca (mg) 11.19: 8.10 while fluted pumpkin 5.88; Mg (mg) 4.62: 3.53 while fluted pumpkin 2.63 among others. The study also showed that there was a significant difference between the mean values of the micro-nutrients analysis. The study recommended that, the consumption of cocoyam and sweet potato leaves should be encouraged by families in the country, as well be made available in the open market same way the popular vegetables are sold such as fluted pumpkin (Ugu) leaf.

Determination of Bovine Lactoferrin in Powdered Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by Heparin Affinity Extraction and Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC/UV): Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2021.10.

Infant formulas, and pediatric and adult nutritional products, are being fortified with bovine lactoferrin (bLF) due to its beneficial impacts on immune development and gut health. Lactoferrin supplementation into these products requires an analytical method to accurately quantify the concentrations of bLF to meet global regulatory and quality standards. To develop and validate a lactoferrin method capable of meeting the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR®) 2020.005. Powder formula samples are extracted using warm dibasic phosphate buffer, pH 8, then centrifuged at 4°C to remove insoluble proteins, fat, and other solids. The soluble fraction is further purified on a HiTrap heparin solid-phase extraction (SPE) column to isolate bLF from interferences. Samples are filtered, then analyzed by LC-UV using a protein BEH C4 analytical column and quantitated using an external calibrant. The LOQ (2 mg/100 g), repeatability (RSD: 2.0-4.8%), recovery (92.1-97.7%), and analytical range (4-193 mg/100 g) all meet the method requirements as stated in SMPR 2020.005 for lactoferrin. The reported single-laboratory validation (SLV) results demonstrate the ability of this lactoferrin method to meet or exceed the method performance requirements to measure soluble, intact, non-denatured bLF in infant and adult nutritional powder formulas. The use of a heparin affinity column to isolate lactoferrin from bovine milk products combined with a selective analytical chromatographic column provides suitable analyte specificity without requiring proprietary equipment or reagents.

CORRELATION ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS FROM SOIL SAMPLES OF FIVE SELECTED REFUSE DUMPSITES IN LAFIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Thousands of tons of solid wastes are generated and disposed daily in open dumps of most Nigerian cities due to rapid population explosion and commercial activities. In this study, concentrations of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters from 20 soil samples each from selected refuse dumpsites in wet and dry seasons were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard methods. The results showed that during the wet and dry seasons, the concentration of heavy metals, Hg, Cr, Mn were above that of World Health Organisation (WHO), and National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), while that of Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni were below the tolerable limits. The results for physicochemical parameters in wet and dry seasons for nitrates, phosphates and organic matter were above WHO standards. Statistical test at 0.05 probability level (p < 0.05) was used to determine the degree of association between pairs of the variables. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to measure the direct and inverse relationship between these parameters and heavy metal availability. Based on the different variables obtained at the study areas, a multiple linear regression analysis was determined from which a general linear model was formulated. The study recommends appropriate government agencies should as a matter urgency integrate the regular monitoring of waste disposal into the state developmental plan and framework in order to prevent excessive build-up of these metals in humans through the food chain.

Quality assessment of smoked catfishes (Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus longifilis and Synodontis clarias) from selected fish markets in Benue State, Nigeria

The quality assessment of smoked catfish from selected fish markets in Benue state was carried out. Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus spp. and Synodontis spp. each weighing 500g were collected from Abinsi and Wadata markets. The proximate composition, mineral composition and organoleptic assessment were carried out. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods were adopted for the determination of proximate and mineral composition while a 9-point Hedonic scale ranging from 1(dislike extremely) to 9(like extremely) was a procedure for organoleptic quality determination. Results for proximate and mineral compositions showed good standard but varied from market to market. Abinsi fish markets showed that Heterobranchus spp. had 10.16%, 12.74%, 58.98%, 16.42%, 1.71%. Clarias gariepinus had 9.09%, 10.10%, 66.11%, 13.94%, 0.76%. Synodontis spp. had 8.19%, 11.07%, 55.80%, 22.68%, and 2.27% as values for moisture content, ash content, protein content, lipid content and carbohydrates content while Wadata fish market Heterobranchus spp. had 10.34%, 11.89%, 59.48%, 15.71%, and 2.59%. Clarias gariepinus had 8.88%, 11.37%, 68.97%, 10.37%, 0.38%. Synodontis spp. had 8.36%, 12.19%, 56.35%, 21.30%, and 1.81% for moisture content, ash content, protein content, lipid content and carbohydrates content respectively. The mineral composition for Abinsi fish showed that Heterobranchus spp. had 240.33 mg/100g, 395.48 mg/100g, 32.44 mg/100g, 0.03 mg/100g, 0.80 mg/100g, 5.37 mg/100g; Clarias gariepinus had 270.30 mg/100g, 278.05 mg/100g, 32.14 mg/100g, 0.21 mg/100g, 0.30 mg/100g, 5.06 mg/100g; Synodontis spp. had 330.05 mg/100g, 257.78 mg/100g, 34.24 mg/100g, 0.24 mg/100g, 0.40 mg/100g, 6.98 mg/100g; for Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Copper, Zinc and Iron while in Wadata fish market Heterobranchus spp. had 250.30 mg/100g, 127.88 mg/100g, 39.84 mg/100g, 0.39 mg/100g, 0.68 mg/100g, 4.95 mg/100g; Clarias gariepinus had 410.15 mg/100g, 159.33 mg/100g, 33.03 mg/100g, 0.22 mg/100g, 0.60 mg/100g, 5.96 mg/100g; Synodontis spp. had 300.45 mg/100g, 295.48 mg/100g, 33.93 mg/100g, 0.30 mg/100g, 0.71 mg/100g, 12.0 mg/100g; for Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Copper, Zinc and Iron. The sensory evaluation revealed that taste, appearance, texture and odour were accepted by the panellist and significant difference occurred (P<0.05) among samples from both markets. The three catfish species from this study were found to be rich in protein content, Potassium, Calcium, and Sodium with low presence of Copper, Zinc, Iron, lipid and carbohydrate contents.Keywords: Catfishes; markets; quality assessment; smoked

Variation in nutritional composition of Strychnos spinosa Lam. morphotypes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

AbstractFruits of Strychnos spinosa Lam. hold considerable food value within rural communities. However, no study has reported the nutritional profile of S. spinosa morphotypes. Therefore, this study is aimed to determine nutritional variation among the morphotypes. Proximate composition was analyzed using association of official analytical chemists’ methods, and minerals with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The following were the ranges of proximate and nutrient content determined: moisture content (10.29–60.50%); fat (0.95–2.67%); crude protein (2.85–9.19%); ash (4.78–18.05%); carbohydrates (37.39–42.24%); acid detergent fibre (7.94–21.75%), neutral detergent fibre (16.46–42.55%); calcium (0.30–35 mg/100 g); potassium (810–2510 mg/100 g); phosphorus (9–69 mg/100 g); sodium (7–54 mg/100 g); magnesium (9–55 mg/100 g); copper (0.10–2.70 mg/100 g); iron (0.10–5.50 mg/100 g); manganese (0.30–2.43 mg/100 g) and zinc (0.10–0.80 mg/100 g). Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, fat, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, sodium, crude protein showed positive association with principal components. Biplot and dendrogram grouped morphotypes with high and low nutrient content independently. Carbohydrates, protein, calcium, potassium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc content of morphotypes were higher than those in commercialized fruits. This species is promising for domestication and commercialization, and thereby contributes significantly towards food security.

Screening of 152 Veterinary Drug Residues in Animal Source Foods by LC-MS/MS, Multilaboratory Validation Study: Final Action 2020.04.

The presence of veterinary drug residues in food-producing animals and animal products is regulated through the enforcement of maximum residue limits (MRLs). To answer the need of the food sector to monitor these substances in a wide range of food commodities, stakeholders at AOAC INTERNATIONAL identified the need for a reliable confirmatory screening method. Such a qualitative approach is required for compliance checking and to support product release in manufacturing. Data were collected from five independent laboratories that applied the First Action Official Method 2020.04 to demonstrate adequate performance under reproducibility conditions. The probability of detection (POD) was calculated in blank test samples and test samples spiked at the screening target concentration (STC) level, with the objective to achieve PODs ≤10% and ≥90%, respectively. Additionally, the effectiveness of the screening method was evaluated by participating in 92 proficiency tests. Four streams were optimized to screen for 152 veterinary drug residues by LC-MS/MS in a wide variety of food commodities including milk-based ingredients and related products (e.g., milk fractions, infant formula, infant cereals, and baby foods), meat- and fish-based ingredients and related products (fresh, powdered, cooked, infant cereals, and baby foods), and other ingredients based on eggs, animal fat, and animal byproducts. The four streams covered 105 antibiotic residues, anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic agents (stream A), 23 beta-lactams (stream B), 14 aminoglycosides (stream C), and 10 tetracyclines (Stream D). The multilaboratory validation led to PODs at the STC ≥94% and PODs in the blank ≤9%. Further application of the multilaboratory validated method to 92 proficiency tests provided more than 99% satisfactory submitted results (n = 784). The interlaboratory reproducibility determined for this method met the acceptance criteria defined in AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR®) 2018.010. AOAC has approved the method for Final Action status.

Determination of hydroxyl value of vegetable oils‐based polyols through ring‐preopening, solvent‐extraction, and acetylation method

AbstractVegetable oils‐based polyols prepared by epoxidation‐hydroxylation often have the phenomenon of the coexistence of epoxy and hydroxyl groups due to different ring‐opening degrees. The acylation method recommended by the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) standard (D1957‐86) and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard (965.32) is applicable only to fatty alcohols in oils and fats and their derivatives but not to vegetable oils‐based polyols since the residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils‐based polyols lead the tested hydroxyl value (OHV) to be higher than the actual OHV. A method combining ring‐preopening of residual epoxy groups, ether extraction of ring‐preopened vegetable oils‐based polyols, and subsequent acetylation by acetic anhydride‐acetic acid was established for OHV determination of vegetable oils‐based polyols. The accuracy of the method was verified by the known theoretical OHVs of short‐chain alcohols and simulated vegetable oils‐based polyols. The absolute values of relative deviations for OHVs of short‐chain alcohols and simulated vegetable oils‐based polyols were within 1.0% and 3.1%, respectively, which indicates the feasibility of the established method in eliminating the negative effects of residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils‐based polyols on OHV determination as well as accurately determining and evaluating the OHV of vegetable oils‐based polyols. The method can broaden the range of OHV determination up to 1800 mg KOH/g. The ratio of acetic anhydride and acetic acid and reaction time are key factors affecting the complete degree of acetylation, which can be regulated mutually in accurately determining the OHV of vegetable oils‐based polyols according to the practice. It is the first time, to our best knowledge, to establish a method to eliminate the negative effects of residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils‐based polyols on OHV determination. The established method provides a feasible method for polyol industry to accurately evaluate the product quality of vegetable oils‐based polyols.

Profile of stingless bee honey and microbiota produced in West Sumatra, Indonesia, by several species (Apidae, Meliponinae)

Background and Aim: Stingless bees are generally found in tropical countries, including Indonesia. In West Sumatra, stingless bees are known as Galo-galo, consist of several species with different characteristics; however, the properties of honey produced by stingless bees have not yet been explored. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities as well as the microbiota profile of stingless bee honey from the bee species Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica, Tetrigona melanoleuca, and Tetrigona binghami that are intensively developed in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Honey produced by the stingless bee species H. itama, G. thoracica, T. melanoleuca, and T. binghami originating in West Sumatra was examined in the present study. The physicochemical properties (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl technique), total phenols (Folin- Ciocalteu method), antimicrobial activity (Agar-Well diffusion test), total lactic acid bacteria, and microbiota diversity were measured in stingless bee honey samples. Results: Stingless bee species significantly affected the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and total lactic acid bacteria (p = 0.05), except for the crude fiber content. The carbohydrate profiles of honey produced by H. itama and T. binghami were dominated by monosaccharides, whereas those of honey from T. melanoleuca and G. thoracica were dominated by disaccharides. In terms of antioxidant activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] value), there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between honey from H. itama, T. melanoleuca, and T. binghami, but there were significant differences (p > 0.05) between honey from G. thoracica. The honey of G. thoracica and T. melanoleuca had the highest total phenolic content (65.65 ± 14.00 and 69.78 ± 8.06, respectively). In addition, honey from the four stingless bee species showed antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. From the principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) results, it can be concluded that the microbiota profiles of the four stingless bee honey samples differed. Conclusion: The results showed that honey from H. itama, G. thoracica, T. melanoleuca, and T. binghami has different physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and microbiota diversity. By knowing the content of this stingless bee honey, the results of this study can be used as information that this stingless bee honey has the potential as a functional food that is beneficial for health. Keywords: antimicrobial, antioxidant activity, microbiota, physicochemical, stingless bee.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Lethal Concentration of Aqueous Extract of Adansonia digitata Fruit Pulp in Clarias gariepinus

The study was aimed at assessing the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of aqueous extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp (AEADFP) in Clarias gariepinus. Adansonia digitata fruit pulp was obtained at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University (A.B.U), Zaria, Nigeria. Proximate nutrient composition was determined according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Maceration method was employed for Adansonia digitata fruit pulp extraction using distilled water, and thereafter, screened for phytochemical constituents. A total of 200 African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) weighing between 185 ± 5 g (27-36 cm) were used for determination of LC50 of AEADFP using standard procedure at the aquaculture animal house Unite of Department of Veterinary Pathology, A.B.U., Zaria. Twenty (20) fish were used for range finding test, while 180 fish for LC50 evaluation. The experimental fish were observed for clinical signs of toxicity and mortality. The result of proximate nutrient composition of Adansonia digitata fruit revealed the presence of carbohydrate, lipid, protein, ash, moisture, and crude fiber. Qualitative phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenol, terpenoid, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinone, steroids, reducing sugar and alkaloids, while quantitative phytochemical assay showed that total Phenol and alkaloid had highest and lowest concentration, respectively. There was neither mortality nor any clinical sign of toxicity observed for the 96 hours post-administration to AEADFP up to 5000 mg/L. Conclusively, AEADFP had nutritional and bioactive compounds that are important in biological processes. The lethal concentration of AEADFP is above 5000 mg/L; hence, relatively safer for use in medicinal purposes.

Nutritional Composition of Some Selected Commercial Juice Made in Nigeria

Introduction: Nutrient-fortified food play a crucial role in addressing nutritional deficiencies among infants and children, making them more appealing for consumption. Research focuses on baby foods, particularly reconstituted juice drink, which serve as significant sources of essential minerals and vitamins. However, the nutrient composition of these products varies, leading to differences in quality. The objective of this study is to assess the disparities in the nutritional content of various children's juice drink available in the Nigerian market. Methods: Proximate analysis was carried out according to the standard procedure of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) to evaluate the nutritional composition of the selected juice drink. Minerals content were determined using Atomic Absorption and Flame Spectroscopy Techniques. The determination of the Vitamin A content in the samples was conducted following a modified Spectrophotometric Method. For Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), the Vitamin C content in the samples was assessed utilizing a Spectrometric Method coupled with 2,4 Dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) procedures. Results: Examination of the proximate and mineral analyses of ten chosen fruit juice brands revealed notable variations. Capri sonne exhibited the highest moisture content at 94.2%, while Hollandia Yogurt has the lowest at 81.3%. Chapman, Nutri Milk, and Viju Apple Flavor Milk shared the highest ash content at 0.5%, whereas Hollandia Malt, Piko Orange, and Piko Strawberry displayed the lowest at 0.01%. Nestle Malt boasted the highest crude protein concentration at 4.38%, with Capri sonne recorded the lowest at 0.18%. Hollandia Yogurt and Hollandia Malt demonstrated the highest crude fiber content, while Vitavite Multivi, Piko Orange, and Piko Strawberry showed the lowest. Regarding total carbohydrates, Hollandia Yogurt topped the list at 14.6%, while Vitavite Multivi ranked lowest at 6.57%. Nestle Millo contained the highest vitamin C content at 25.7%, whereas Piko Strawberry has the lowest at 3.82%. Caprosonne registered the highest vitamin A content at 0.6%. In terms of mineral analysis, Hollandia Yogurt exhibited the highest sodium percentage at 22.6mg/g, while Nestle led in calcium, iron, and magnesium content at 120.4mg/g, 1.7mg/g, and 25.5mg/g, respectively. It can therefore be inferred from the outcome of this study that, Milo Nestle is the best drink for children due to its higher protein, carbohydrate, vitamins (A and C) and minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Na) contents, followed by Hollandia Malt as compared to other juice studied.

Nutritional Composition and Antinutritional Factors of Five Wild Edible Fruits Grown in the Mekdela District, South of Wollo, Ethiopia.

This study was carried out to determine the mineral content and nutritional properties of five wild fruits Rhus vulgaris, Rosa abyssinica, Rhus natalensis, Euclea racemosa, and Ficus sur. The proximate composition parameters (moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude fat, and crude protein) and antinutritional factors were evaluated using methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and elemental analysis using the atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. Among the five wild edible fruit species, Rhus vulgaris had the highest carbohydrate content (83.3 ± 0.28 g/100 g) and a high total energy (344.5 ± 2.21 kcal/100 g). Euclea racemosa was found to have the maximum ash content (12.8 ± 0.37 g/100 g), protein content (3.22 ± 0.01 g/100 g), and moisture (16.24 ± 0.003 g/100 g), respectively. Rhus natalensis showed the highest fiber content (9.54 ± 0.003 g/100 g). Mineral analysis showed that local wild fruits contained a considerable amount of minerals. The calcium concentration ranged from 99.51 mg/100 g in Euclea racemosa to 160.12 mg/100 g in Ficus sur. Potassium concentration varied from 54.34 mg/100 g in Euclea racemosa to 234 mg/100 g in Rhus vulgaris. Iron ranges from 21.4 mg/100 g in Rosa abyssinica to 41 mg/100 g in Rhus natalensis, and zinc ranges from 2.3 mg/100 g in Rhus vulgaris to 4.2 mg/100 g in Ficus sur. A high saponin content (2.12 mg/100 g) and a low tannin content (0.23 mg/100 g) were obtained in Rosa abyssinica. The phytate content (1.52 mg/100 g) and the oxalate content (0.9 mg/100 g) were high in Rhus natalensis. In conclusion, the present study shows that wild fruits can be used as food supplementation in food in a safe area.

Simultaneous determination of four non paraben preservatives (benzyl alcohol, phenoxyethanol, sodium benzoate, and salicylic acid) in shampoos by an isocratic HPLC method

Salicylic acid (SA), sodium benzoate (SB), phenoxyethanol (PO), and benzyl alcohol (BA) are “non paraben” preservatives commonly used in cosmetic products like shampoos, and often in combination of at least two compounds to assure their antimicrobial effectiveness at low concentrations. In this study, an HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of SA, SB, PO, and BA in commercial shampoos. The method was carried out using an YMC Triart C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with a mixture of methanol and 0.02 M solution of phosphate buffer pH 2.7 (35 : 65, v/v) as mobile phase. The flow rate of mobile phase was maintained at 1.0 mL per minute, the injection volume was 20 µL and the UV detection was done at 208 nm for BA and at 230 nm for SA, SB and PO. The method was fully validated according to requirements on analytical method performance of AOAC International and validation results confirmed its reliability and suitability for intended application. The method was employed to determine the four “non paraben” preservatives in 18 commercial shampoos, finding the actual content of these substances in all samples conformed to their regulatory limits.