Associations Of Lifestyle Risk Factors Research Articles

Interaction between parental myopia and children lifestyle on the incidence of myopia among children aged 6–18 years: a cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the influence of the interaction between parental myopia and lifestyle on myopia among school-age children.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThis study used data from the Tianjin Child and Adolescent...

Impact of lifestyle risk factors on admission to nursing home care: a cohort study of 127 108 people aged 60 years and over

BackgroundLittle is known on how lifestyle factors, individually or in combination, may relate to nursing home admission, an outcome of great societal and economic importance with increased population ageing. The...

Predictability of the Development of Insulin Resistance Based on the Risk Factors Among Female Medical Students at a Private College in Saudi Arabia.

Insulin resistance (IR) is currently an underlying phenomenon in the etiology of mostnon-communicable diseases. IR has been proposed as the key linking factor for the metabolic syndrome disease cluster of glucose intolerance. This study's target was to assess the predictability of risk factors for IR among female medical students Methods: A cross-sectional study involving female medical students was carried out. The sample size was 272, and a suitable non-probability sampling method was employed. A correlation test was done, and a P value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.Each participant underwent assessment of anthropometric measurements and biochemical testing. For assessing lifestyle, validated questionnaires on physical activity, sleep pattern, dietary pattern, and stress were adopted. The anthropometric data such as height, weight, and waist circumference were collected. Biochemical testing involved estimation of the postprandial capillary blood glucose level on campus. Additionally, systolicblood pressure and diastolic blood pressurewere measured. The association of lifestyle risk factors with waist circumference as an indicator of IR was done wherethe majority of those with high waist circumference were physically inactive and more prone to stress which was statistically significant when compared to those with normal waist circumference. However, poor sleep and unhealthy diet were high among those with high waist circumference, but they were not statistically significant. The correlation of waist circumference as an indicator of IR was highly significant with body mass index, postprandial blood sugar, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. A series of unhealthy lifestyle habits was contributable to developing obesity and therefore IR among medical students in Saudi Arabia.

Lifestyle risk factors and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: assessing the influence of reverse causation in a prospective cohort of 457,021 US adults.

Lifestyle risk factors have been associated with increased all-cause and cause-specific mortality, but the influence of reverse causation has been underappreciated as a limitation in epidemiological studies. Prospective cohort study including 457,021 US adults from the National Health Interview Survey 1997-2013 linked to the National Death Index records through December 31, 2015. Multivariable Cox models were performed to examine the association of lifestyle risk factors with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Participants with prevalent diseases and thefirst 2, 5, 10, and 15years of follow-up were excluded to account for reverse causation. During 4,441,609 person-years, we identified 60,323 total deaths. Heavy alcohol drinking (HR 1.12; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.16), smoking (HR 1.78; 95% CI 1.74 to 1.83) and lack of physical activity (HR 1.51; 95% CI 1.47 to 1.54) were associated with increased all-cause mortality. Overweight was associated with lower all-causemortality (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.86 to 0.90). After exclusion of participants with diseases and first 10years of follow-up, associations changed to: heavyalcoholdrinking (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.43), smoking (HR 1.99; 95% CI 1.87 to 2.11), lack of physical activity (HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.27), and overweight (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.10). Methods to account for reverse causation suggest different effects of reverse causation on the associations between lifestyle risk factors and mortality. Exclusion of participants with diseases at baseline, and exclusion of 5-10years of follow-up may be necessary to mitigate reverse causation.

Associations of lifestyle risk factors with overweight or obesity among adolescents: a multicountry analysis

About 35% of the global burden of disease has roots in adolescence. Health in adolescence is an important determinant of health in adulthood. This study aimed to generate risk scores for lifestyle behaviors among adolescents and to estimate the country-specific prevalence of these risk scores. The study also examined the relations of lifestyle risk scores with overweight or obesity among adolescents. We used the most recent data available from 20 nationally representative Global School-based Student Health Surveys. Our analytical sample size was 51,597. The outcome of interest was overweight or obesity. We developed 4 lifestyle risk scores (dietary habits, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and tobacco use), which were used as the exposure variables in this study. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted ORs with 95% CIs. In total, 18.2% of the participants were overweight or obese. Across countries, the percentage of adolescents with unhealthy dietary habits ranged from 76.7% (the Cook Islands) to 94.2% (Timor-Leste), physical inactivity ranged from 47.5% (Bangladesh) to 90.1% (the Philippines), and sedentary behavior ranged from 34.5% (Nepal) to 88.2% (Kuwait). Girls engaged in less physical activity than did boys. Increased odds of overweight or obesity were found among participants with high risk scores for physical inactivity (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.27) and for unhealthy sedentary behavior (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.35) compared with participants with low risk scores. Girls with high tobacco risk scores had higher odds (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.65) of overweight or obesity than did girls with low risk scores for tobacco use, whereas there were no significant differences in risk in boys. Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors were quite prevalent among adolescents, and higher lifestyle risk scores increased the risk of overweight or obesity.

Is Cohort Representativeness Passé? Poststratified Associations of Lifestyle Risk Factors with Mortality in the UK Biobank.

The UK Biobank (UKB) has been used widely to examine associations between lifestyle risk factors and mortality outcomes. It is unknown whether the extremely low UKB response rate (5.5%) and lack of representativeness materially affects the magnitude and direction of effect estimates. We used poststratification to match the UKB sample to the target population in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of lifestyle risk factors (physical inactivity, alcohol intake, smoking, and poor diet). We compared unweighted and poststratified associations between each lifestyle risk factor and a lifestyle index score with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. We also calculated the unweighted to poststratified ratio of HR (RHR) and 95% confidence interval as a marker of effect-size difference. Of 371,974 UKB participants with no missing data, 302,009 had no history of CVD or cancer, corresponding to 3,298,958 person years of follow-up. Protective associations between alcohol use and CVD mortality observed in the unweighted UKB were substantially altered after poststratification, for example, from a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.63 (0.45-0.87) unweighted to 0.99 (0.65-1.50) poststratified for drinking ≥5 times/week versus never drinking. The magnitude of the poststratified all-cause mortality hazard ratio comparing least healthy with healthiest tertile of lifestyle risk factor index was 9% higher (95% confidence interval: 4%, 14%) than the unweighted estimates. Lack of representativeness may distort the associations of alcohol with CVD mortality, and may underestimate health hazards among those with cumulatively the least healthy lifestyles.

Lifestyle risk score and mortality in Korean adults: a population-based cohort study

Individual lifestyle risk factors have been associated with an increased risk of mortality. However, limited evidence is available on the combined association of lifestyle risk factors with mortality in non-Western populations. The analysis included 37,472 participants (aged ≥19 years) in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2007–2014) for whom the data were linked to death certificates/medical records through December 2016. A lifestyle risk score was created using five unhealthy behaviors: current smoking, high-risk alcohol drinking, unhealthy weight, physical inactivity, and insufficient/prolonged sleep. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). During up to 9 years of follow-up, we documented 1,057 total deaths. Compared to individuals with zero lifestyle risk factor, those with 4–5 lifestyle risk factors had 2.01 times (HR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.43–2.82) and 2.59 times (HR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.24–5.40) higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. However, higher lifestyle risk score was not significantly associated with cancer mortality (p-trend >0.05). In stratified analyses, the positive associations tended to be stronger in adults aged <65 years, unemployed, and those with lower levels of education. In conclusion, combined unhealthy lifestyle behaviors were associated with substantially increased risk of total and cardiovascular mortality in Korean adults.

LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS AND BONE MASS IN RECURRENT STONE-FORMING PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN 144 SUBJECTS.

SUMMARYPatients with urolithiasis, particularly hypercalciuria, may have reduced bone mineral density (BMD). There are numerous risk factors contributing to reduction of BMD such as advanced age, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, low calcium intake, etc. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of lifestyle risk factors and daily intake of milk and dairy products with determinants of BMD in a group of recurrent calcium stone formers (RSF) compared with healthy subjects (HS). The study was carried out at the Department of Mineral Research, Faculty of Medicine in Osijek, Croatia. The study included 144 subjects, i.e. 56 RSF and 78 HS. BMD was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. A standard self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data on lifestyle risk factors. Current dietary intake was assessed by personal interview that included questions about milk and dairy product intake. Low BMD was observed in 44.64% of RSF and 35.90% of HS. RSF consumed significantly less milk and dairy products than HS. Calcium restriction in dietary recommendations might be unnecessary due to the impact on bone mineral loss in RSF and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry should be included in the routine evaluation of RSF.

Association of Lifestyle Risk Factors with Metabolic Syndrome Components: A Cross-sectional Study in Eastern India.

Background:Approximately 20%–25% of the world adult population and nearly 30% of Indians have metabolic syndrome disorder. Our objective was designed to find out the association between important nutrients and potential lifestyle risk factors such as diet, physical inactivity, and smoking and alcohol consumption with the number of metabolic syndrome components.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 205 patients of metabolic syndrome were enrolled for this study. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was done on the basis of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (NCEP ATP III 2004). Dietary data were collected with the validated food frequency questionnaire and 24 h dietary recall method, and the nutrient intake was calculated with the specially designed software.Results:Unhealthy dietary habits were seen more among the participants who had more than 3 risk factors. Results showed the odds of taking >5 times junk foods was 3 times higher (odds ratio [OR]: 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61–5.47), and sweet dishes was 2.3 times higher (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.28–4.24) among the participants who had 4–5 risk factors. However, milk and dairy products > 4 servings/day (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.175–1.67) and pulses and legumes more than 2 servings/day (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.25–1.29) was protective against hypertension. Mean carbohydrate, saturated fat, and sodium intake was significantly higher in the participants who had 4–5 metabolic risk factors compared to 3 risk factors (P < 0.0001).Conclusions:It was concluded that low intake of fruits, vegetables, and higher intake of flesh food and inadequate physical activity significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome risk factors.

Contribution of Major Lifestyle Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study

ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to determine the relative contribution of major lifestyle factors on the development of heart failure (HF) in older adults. BackgroundHF incurs high morbidity, mortality, and health care costs among adults ≥65 years of age, which is the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population. MethodsWe prospectively investigated separate and combined associations of lifestyle risk factors with incident HF (1,380 cases) over 21.5 years among 4,490 men and women in the Cardiovascular Health Study, which is a community-based cohort of older adults. Lifestyle factors included 4 dietary patterns (Alternative Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, an American Heart Association 2020 dietary goals score, and a Biologic pattern, which was constructed using previous knowledge of cardiovascular disease dietary risk factors), 4 physical activity metrics (exercise intensity, walking pace, energy expended in leisure activity, and walking distance), alcohol intake, smoking, and obesity. ResultsNo dietary pattern was associated with developing HF (p > 0.05). Walking pace and leisure activity were associated with a 26% and 22% lower risk of HF, respectively (pace >3 mph vs. <2 mph; hazard ratio [HR]: 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63 to 0.86; leisure activity ≥845 kcal/week vs. <845 kcal/week; HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69 to 0.87). Modest alcohol intake, maintaining a body mass index <30 kg/m2, and not smoking were also independently associated with a lower risk of HF. Participants with ≥4 healthy lifestyle factors had a 45% (HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.74) lower risk of HF. Heterogeneity by age, sex, cardiovascular disease, hypertension medication use, and diabetes was not observed. ConclusionsAmong older U.S. adults, physical activity, modest alcohol intake, avoiding obesity, and not smoking, but not dietary patterns, were associated with a lower risk of HF.

Neglected role of hookah and opium in gastric carcinogenesis: A cohort study on risk factors and attributable fractions

A recent study showed an association between hookah/opium use and gastric cancer but no study has investigated the relationship with gastric precancerous lesions. We examined the association between hookah/opium and gastric precancerous lesions and subsequent gastric cancer. In a population-based cohort study, 928 randomly selected, healthy, Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects in Ardabil Province, Iran, were followed for 10 years. The association between baseline precancerous lesions and lifestyle risk factors (including hookah/opium) was analyzed using logistic regression and presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the associations of lifestyle risk factors and endoscopic and histological parameters with incident gastric cancers using Cox regression models. Additionally, the proportion of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors was calculated. During 9,096 person-years of follow-up, 36 new cases of gastric cancer were observed (incidence rate: 3.96/1,000 persons-years). Opium consumption was strongly associated with baseline antral (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2-9.1) and body intestinal metaplasia (OR: 7.3; 95% CI: 2.5-21.5). Opium (HR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7.7), hookah (HR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.7-7.1) and cigarette use (HR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7.5), as well as high salt intake, family history of gastric cancer, gastric ulcer and histological atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia of body were associated with higher risk of gastric cancer. The fraction of cancers attributable jointly to high salt, low fruit intake, smoking (including hookah) and opium was 93% (95% CI: 83-98). Hookah and opium use are risk factors for gastric cancer as well as for precancerous lesions. Hookah, opium, cigarette and high salt intake are important modifiable risk factors in this high-incidence gastric cancer area.

Men’s Health in Northern British Columbia: Analysis and Reporting of Early Intervention Screening Program Data Related to Cardiovascular Health

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Higher rates of T2D are attributable to unhealthy lifestyle factors and a number of clinical and metabolic risk factors. There is paucity of research which investigated the association of lifestyle risk factors and metabolic markers amongst adult men in northern British Columbia (BC). Using a face-to-face screening questionnaire, we assessed the relationships between age, body mass index (BMI), and a number of CVD risk factors in a convenience sample of 123 eligible men recruited from communities across northern BC in February of 2011. In regards to the metabolic risk factors measured through screening blood tests (lipid profiles; blood glucose) responses to the questionnaire were dichotomized into high and low risk categories. These dichotomized variables were subsequently used to determine if significant associations existed with each of the age category variable and a standard BMI categorical variable. There were significant linear relationships between the categorical BMI variable and a number of metabolic risk factors, as well as smoking history. Older age (40+ years) was associated with higher BMI status (overweight/obese). Our findings provide compelling evidence that northern BC men possess a number of clinical, metabolic, and lifestyle risk factors associated with high CV risk. Future studies should examine other sociodemographic variables including occupation status, education attainment, and ethnicity, and other psychosocial determinants which include knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) related to T2D and CV risk profile in adult men working and living in northern BC, Canada.

Lifestyle Risk Factors Predict Disability and Death in Healthy Aging Adults

Background Associations between modifiable health risk factors during middle age with disability and mortality in later life are critical to maximizing longevity while preserving function. Positive health effects of maintenance of normal weight, routine exercise, and nonsmoking are known for the short and intermediate term. We studied the effects of these risk factors into advanced age. Methods A cohort of 2327 college alumnae aged 60 years or more was followed annually (1986-2005) by questionnaires addressing health risk factors, history, and Health Assessment Questionnaire disability. Mortality data were ascertained from the National Death Index. Low-, medium-, and high-risk groups were created on the basis of the number (0, 1, ≥2) of health risk factors (overweight, smoking, inactivity) at baseline. Disability and mortality for each group were estimated from unadjusted data and regression analyses. Multivariable survival analyses estimated time to disability or death. Results The medium- and high-risk groups had higher disability than the low-risk group throughout the study ( P < . 001). Low-risk subjects had onset of moderate disability delayed 8.3 years compared with high-risk subjects. Mortality rates were higher in the high-risk group (384 vs 247 per 10,000 person-years). Multivariable survival analyses showed the number of risk factors to be associated with cumulative disability and increased mortality. Conclusion Seniors with fewer behavioral risk factors during middle age have lower disability and improved survival. These data document that the associations of lifestyle risk factors on health continue into the ninth decade.