Robot-assisted System Research Articles

Robotic-Assisted Surgical Systems for Hip Arthroplasty


 Studies describing the clinical effectiveness of robotic-assisted surgical systems for hip arthroplasty reported variable results, with some findings indicating a benefit of robotic-assisted surgical systems, few findings indicating a benefit of conventional or manual surgical procedures, and most findings describing no difference between interventions.
 Complications of robotic-assisted surgical systems for hip arthroplasty as compared to conventional or manual surgical procedures were generally found to have few differences found between treatment groups.
 Cost-effectiveness evidence describing robotic-assisted surgical systems for hip arthroplasty was scarce, with 1 study identified by this review that bore limited relevance to the Canadian context.
 The quality of currently available evidence describing the clinical effectiveness of robotic-assisted surgical systems for hip arthroplasty is low, indicating the importance of more rigorous research (including randomized controlled trials) addressing this topic.
 Cost-effectiveness evidence relevant to the Canadian and/or public-payer context is needed.

Image-Free Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty Improves Implant Alignment Accuracy: A Cadaveric Study.

Improving resection accuracy and eliminating outliers in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is important to improving patient outcomes regardless of alignment philosophy. Robotic-assisted surgical systems improve resection accuracy and reproducibility compared to conventional instrumentation. Some systems require preoperative imaging while others rely on intraoperative anatomic landmarks. We hypothesized that the alignment accuracy of a novel image-free robotic-assisted surgical system would be equivalent or better than conventional instrumentation with fewer outliers. Forty cadaveric specimens were used in this study. Five orthopedic surgeons performed 8 bilateral TKAs each, using the VELYS Robotic-Assisted System (DePuy Synthes) and conventional instrumentation on contralateral knees. Pre-resection and postresection computed tomography scans, along with optical scans of the implant positions were performed to quantify resection accuracies relative to the alignment targets recorded intraoperatively. The robotic-assisted cohort demonstrated smaller resection errors compared to conventional instrumentation in femoral coronal alignment (0.63° ± 0.50° vs 1.39° ± 0.95°, P < .001), femoral sagittal alignment (1.21° ± 0.90° vs 3.27° ± 2.51°, P < .001), and tibial coronal alignment (0.93° ± 0.72° vs 1.65° ± 1.29°, P= .001). All other resection angle accuracies were equivalent. Similar improvements were found in the femoral implant coronal alignment (0.89° ± 0.82° vs 1.42° ± 1.15°, P= .011), femoral implant sagittal alignment (1.51° ± 1.08° vs 2.49° ± 2.10°, P= .006), and tibial implant coronal alignment (1.31° ± 0.84° vs 2.03° ± 1.44°, P= .004). The robotic-assisted cohort had fewer outliers (errors >3°) for all angular resection alignments. This invitro study demonstrated that image-free robotic-assisted TKA can improve alignment accuracy compared to conventional instrumentation and reduce the incidence of outliers.

3D Vision Based Robot Assisted Electrical Impedance Scanning for Soft Tissue Conductivity Sensing

Advanced Sensing Technologies (ASTs) have a great potential to improve surgical quality and to further develop Surgical Robotic Systems (SRSs), enhancing their technical and autonomy capabilities. Among these sensing techniques, Electrical Bioimpedance (EBI) provides a non-invasive, low-cost, and safe AST for the intraoperative localization of abnormal regions. The current EBI integration into SRS has only been demonstrated in an over-simplified condition (i.e. nearly flat surfaces), which are almost never encountered in real anatomies. <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">To overcome this limitation, we develop a robotic assisted EBI scanning system able to work with tissues’ surfaces of arbitrary shapes, leveraging 3D vision based tissue reconstruction in the scanning process. In addition, we propose a novel model based conductivity estimation method that exploits Finite Element (FE) simulation to compensate for errors introduced by non-planar surfaces and uncertainty in the electrodes’ position. The system is evaluated through experiments in simulation and using ex vivo animal tissues. The experimental results show that the model based method achieves an accuracy of 99% independently of the curvature of the tissue surface, while the previous method achieves an accuracy ranging from 70% to 88% depending on the surface curvature. The obtained results are very promising and show a great potential to be integrated into existing SRSs for identifying different tissues during a robotic surgery without involving any additional tool.

SAR-Connect: A Socially Assistive Robotic System to Support Activity and Social Engagement of Older Adults.

Multi-domain activities that incorporate physical, cognitive, and social stimuli can enhance older adults' overall health and quality of life. Several robotic platforms have been developed to provide these therapies in a quantifiable manner to complement healthcare personnel in resource-strapped long-term care settings. However, these platforms are primarily limited to one-to-one human robot interaction (HRI) and thus do not enhance social interaction. In this paper, we present a novel HRI framework and a realized platform called SAR-Connect to foster robot-mediated social interaction among older adults through carefully designed tasks that also incorporate physical and cognitive stimuli. SAR-Connect seamlessly integrates a humanoid robot with a virtual reality-based activity platform and a multimodal data acquisition module including game interaction, audio, visual and electroencephalography responses of the participants. Results from a laboratory-based user study with older adults indicates the potential of SAR-Connect that showed this system could 1) involve one or multiple older adults to perform multi-domain activities and provide dynamic guidance, 2) engage them in the robot-mediated task and foster human-human interaction, and 3) quantify their social and activity engagement from multiple sensory modalities.

Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Breast Surgery: Recent Evidence with Comparative Clinical Outcomes.

In recent times, robot-assisted surgery has been prominently gaining pace to minimize overall postsurgical complications with minimal traumatization, due to technical advancements in telerobotics and ergonomics. The aim of this review is to explore the efficiency of robot-assisted systems for executing breast surgeries, including microsurgeries, direct-to-implant breast reconstruction, deep inferior epigastric perforators-based surgery, latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction, and nipple-sparing mastectomy. Robot-assisted surgery systems are efficient due to 3D-based visualization, dexterity, and range of motion while executing breast surgery. The review describes the comparative efficiency of robot-assisted surgery in relation to conventional or open surgery, in terms of clinical outcomes, morbidity rates, and overall postsurgical complication rates. Potential cost-effective barriers and technical skills were also delineated as the major limitations associated with these systems in the clinical sector. Furthermore, instrument articulation of robot-assisted surgical systems (for example, da Vinci systems) can enable high accuracy and precision surgery due to its promising ability to mitigate tremors at the time of surgery, and shortened learning curve, making it more beneficial than other open surgery procedures.

Robotic-Assisted Surgical Systems for Knee Arthroplasty

&#x0D; Overall, there was no consensus in the evidence to indicate that robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty provided any superior clinical effectiveness outcomes when compared to conventional techniques.&#x0D; No evidence indicated that robot-assisted knee arthroplasty had worse clinical outcomes than conventional techniques. Evidence did support the association of robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty with decreased length of hospital stay and increased operative time.&#x0D; Further adequately powered studies of short-term and long-term clinical effectiveness for robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty are required to definitively demonstrate any potential benefits for patients requiring knee arthroplasty.&#x0D; Robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty was consistently modelled as cost-effective when clinical inputs included improved quality of life and reduced rates of surgical revisions when compared with conventional techniques. The clinical effectiveness evidence reviewed in this report was unable to adequately support these clinical inputs as accurate.&#x0D;

Robotic assistance for percutaneous needle insertion in the kidney: preclinical proof on a swine animal model

BackgroundWe evaluated the accuracy, safety, and feasibility of a computed tomography (CT)-guided robotic assistance system for percutaneous needle placement in the kidney.MethodsFiducials surgically implanted into the kidneys of two pigs were used as targets for subsequent robotically-assisted needle insertion. Robotically-assisted needle insertions and CT acquisitions were coordinated using respiratory monitoring. An initial scan volume data set was used for needle insertion planning defining skin entry and target point. Then, needle insertion was performed according to robot positioning. The accuracy of needle placement was evaluated upon the distance between the needle tip and the predefined target on a post needle insertion scan. A delayed contrast-enhanced CT scan was acquired to assess safety.ResultsEight needle trajectories were performed with a median procedural time measured from turning on the robotic system to post needle insertion CT scan of 21 min (interquartile range 15.5−26.5 min). Blind review of needle placement accuracy was 2.3 ± 1.2 mm (mean ± standard deviation) in lateral deviation, 0.7 ± 1.7 mm in depth deviation, and 2.8 ± 1.3 mm in three-dimensional Euclidian deviation. All needles were inserted on the first attempt, which determined 100% feasibility, without needle readjustment. The angulation and length of the trajectory did not impact on the needle placement accuracy. Two minor procedure-related complications were encountered: 2 subcapsular haematomas (13 × 6 mm and 35 × 6 mm) in the same animal.ConclusionsRobotically-assisted needle insertion was shown feasible, safe and accurate in a swine kidney model. Further larger studies are needed.

A Brain-Computer Interface for Teleoperation of a Semiautonomous Mobile Robotic Assistive System Using SLAM

The proposed assistive hybrid brain-computer interface (BCI) semiautonomous mobile robotic arm demonstrates a design that is (1) adaptable by observing environmental changes with sensors and deploying alternate solutions and (2) versatile by receiving commands from the user’s brainwave signals through a noninvasive electroencephalogram cap. Composed of three integrated subsystems, a hybrid BCI controller, an omnidirectional mobile base, and a robotic arm, the proposed robot has commands mapped to the user’s brainwaves related to a set of specific physical or mental tasks. The implementation of sensors and the camera systems enable both the mobile base and the arm to be semiautonomous. The mobile base’s SLAM algorithm has obstacle avoidance capability and path planning to assist the robot maneuver safely. The robot arm calculates and deploys the necessary joint movement to pick up or drop off a desired object selected by the user via a brainwave controlled cursor on a camera feed. Validation, testing, and implementation of the subsystems were conducted using Gazebo. Communication between the BCI controller and the subsystems is tested independently. A loop of prerecorded brainwave data related to each specific task is used to ensure that the mobile base command is executed; the same prerecorded file is used to move the robot arm cursor and initiate a pick-up or drop-off action. A final system test is conducted where the BCI controller input moves the cursor and selects a goal point. Successful virtual demonstrations of the assistive robotic arm show the feasibility of restoring movement capability and autonomy for a disabled user.

Assistive Multimodal Robotic System (AMRSys): Security and Privacy Issues, Challenges, and Possible Solutions

Assistive robotic systems could be a suitable solution to support a variety of health and care services, help independent living, and even simulate affection, to reduce loneliness. However, adoption is limited by several issues, as well as user concerns about ethics, data security, and privacy. Other than the common threats related to internet connectivity, personal robotic systems have advanced interaction possibilities, such as audio, video, touch, and gestures, which could be exploited to gain access to private data that are stored in the robot. Therefore, novel, safer methods of interaction should be designed to safeguard users’ privacy. To solicit further research on secure and private multimodal interaction, this article presents a thorough study of the state-of-the-art literature on data security and user privacy in interactive social robotic systems for health and care. In our study, we focus on social robotics to assist older people, which is a global challenge that is receiving a great deal of attention from the robotics and social care communities. This application will have a significant positive impact on the economy and society, but poses various security and privacy issues. This article analyses the key vulnerable areas where data leakage could occur during a multimodal interaction with a personal assistive robotic system. Thus, blockchain with a resource-aware framework, along with a continuous multifactor authentication mechanism, are envisaged as a potential solution for making such systems secure by design; therefore, increasing trust, acceptability, and adoption. Among the key cybersecurity research challenges, it is crucial to create an intelligent mechanism that autonomously determines the right trade-off between continuous user prompts and system usability, according to data types and personal preferences.

HURWA robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty improves component positioning and alignment - A prospective randomized and multicenter study.

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to compare the radiologic and clinical outcomes of HURWA robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to those of conventional TKA.MethodsA total of 150 patients were randomized into two groups – 73 and 77 patients underwent robotic-assisted TKA and conventional TKA, respectively. Preoperative and postoperative Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) score, Knee Society Score (KSS) and range of motion (ROM) were obtained and compared between these two groups. The preoperative and postoperative hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle and the rate of HKA≤3° in the two groups were also compared.ResultsThe postoperative mean HKA angle was 1.801° ​± ​1.608° of varus for the robotic-assisted TKA group and 3.017° ​± ​2.735° of varus for the conventional TKA group; these values were significantly different. The alignment rate for mechanical axis lower than 3° in the robotic-assisted TKA group and the conventional TKA group were 81.2% and 63.5%, respectively. Patients undergone robotic-assisted TKA or conventional TKA had similarly improved knee flexion and functional recovery reflected by WOMAC score, HSS score, SF-36 score and KSS.ConclusionHURWA robotic-assisted TKA is a safe and effective, resulting in better alignment for mechanical axis than conventional TKA. The improvement in knee flexion and functional recovery after HURWA robotic-assisted TKA were similar to those after conventional TKA. However, longer follow-up is needed to determine whether the improved alignment of mechanical axis will produce better long-term clinical outcomes.The translational potential of this articleRecently, the robotic-assisted TKA system has been introduced to clinical practice for TKA. Several robotic-assisted TKA systems, including CASPAR, Tsolution, ROSA, ROBODOC and Mako, have been implemented into clinical application.However, the clinical application of these robotic systems was limited due to their technical complexity, insufficient versatility and increased operative time. Until now, there are still no robotic-assisted TKA systems approved by the National Medical Products Administration of China. Therefore, more robotic-assisted TKA systems need to be designed and improved, particularly in China. Through our randomized, multicenter, single blind and parallel controlled trial, we showed that HURWA robot-assisted TKA system is a safe and effective system for TKA, which had improved knee flexion.

Robotic-assisted plate osteosynthesis of the anterior pelvic ring and acetabulum: an anatomical feasibility study.

Pelvic ring injuries or acetabular fractures present a challenge to trauma surgeons. Recently, endoscopic dissection techniques for visualization of the anterior pelvic ring and acetabulum have been presented. Robotic-assisted surgical systems offer advantages in terms of improved visualization and easier instrument handling. The aim of this pilot anatomic study was to verify the feasibility of robotic-assisted plate osteosynthesis on the anterior pelvic ring and acetabulum. The experiment was performed on a human whole body specimen. The DaVinci system with standard instruments as used in RARP was used. After docking the system, the anterior pelvic ring was first prepared as previously described for the endoscopic techniques. This was followed by dissection of both acetabula analogous to pelvic lymphadenectomy as performed during RARP. After the dissection was performed along the pelvic brim up to the iliosacral joint, the complete anterior column of the acetabulum including quadrilateral surface and incisura ischiadica major could be visualized. Finally, robotic-assisted endoscopic plate osteosynthesis was performed on the symphysis and anterior acetabular column as previously described in the endoscopic techniques. Robotic-assisted plate osteosynthesis of the anterior pelvic ring and acetabulum is feasible with the available robotic-assisted systems. Due to the excellent freedom of movement of the robotic arms, combined with the magnifying 3D visualization of the system, highly accurate preparation of the situs in preparation for plate osteosynthesis can be performed. The question of reduction of dislocated fractures remains open and is the subject of further investigation. Compared with conventional laparoscopy, robotic-assisted preparation nevertheless appears to offer an advantage in view of the complexity of the operation.

Automated Extraction of Anatomical Measurements From Temporal Bone CT Imaging.

Proposed methods of minimally invasive and robot-assisted procedures within the temporal bone require measurements of surgically relevant distances and angles, which often require time-consuming manual segmentation of preoperative imaging. This study aims to describe an automatic segmentation and measurement extraction pipeline of temporal bone cone-beam computed tomography (CT) scans. Descriptive study of temporal bone measurements. Academic institution. A propagation template composed of 16 temporal bone CT scans was formed with relevant anatomical structures and landmarks manually segmented. Next, 52 temporal bone CT scans were autonomously segmented using deformable registration techniques from the Advanced Normalization Tools Python package. Anatomical measurements were extracted via in-house Python algorithms. Extracted measurements were compared to ground truth values from manual segmentations. Paired t test analyses showed no statistical difference between measurements using this pipeline and ground truth measurements from manually segmented images. Mean (SD) malleus manubrium length was 4.39 (0.34) mm. Mean (SD) incus short and long processes were 2.91 (0.18) mm and 3.53 (0.38) mm, respectively. The mean (SD) maximal diameter of the incus long process was 0.74 (0.17) mm. The first and second facial nerve genus had mean (SD) angles of 68.6 (6.7) degrees and 111.1 (5.3) degrees, respectively. The facial recess had a mean (SD) span of 3.21 (0.46) mm. Mean (SD) minimum distance between the external auditory canal and tegmen was 3.79 (1.05) mm. This is the first study to automatically extract relevant temporal bone anatomical measurements from CT scans using segmentation propagation. Measurements from these models can streamline preoperative planning, improve future segmentation techniques, and help develop future image-guided or robot-assisted systems for temporal bone procedures.

AI-driven rehabilitation and assistive robotic system with intelligent PID controller based on RBF neural networks

AI-driven rehabilitation and assistive robotic system with intelligent PID controller based on RBF neural networks

Effect of the acetabular cup positioning and leg length restoration after total hip arthroplasty using robotic-assisted surgery system

Objective: To assess the improvement of the robotic-assisted total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) regarding the acetabular cup positioning and the leg length restoration. Methods: Clinical data of 246 patients undergoing primary unilateral THA from September 2019 to June 2021 in Peking University Third Hospital were retrospectively reviewed, including patients treated with rTHA (n=113) and conventional THA (cTHA) (n=133). Thirty-seven male patients along with 76 females were enrolled into the rTHA group with a mean age of (62±9) years. In comparison, the average age of cTHA group was (60±12) years with 59 males and 74 females. The postoperative inclination and anteversion of the acetabular cup and the rate of acetabular cup within the Lewinnek and Callanan "safe zone" were documented and analyzed. For the patient with normal or surgically restored contralateral hip, the leg length discrepancy was also measured and compared between the two groups. Results: The overall mean postoperative inclination and anteversion was 39.0°±5.5° and 14.1°±5.1°, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the rTHA and cTHA group regarding postoperative inclination (39.3°±2.9° vs 38.7°±7.0°, P=0.383) and anteversion (13.4°±4.3° vs 14.7°±5.6°, P=0.054). In rTHA group, 97.3%(110/113) of the cups were implanted within the Lewinnek"safe zone"(75.9%(101/133) in cTHA group) and 94.7%(107/113) were within the Callanan"safe zone"(66.2%(88/133) in cTHA group), and those were both higher in rTHA group (both P<0.01). There was no significant difference in postoperative leg length discrepancy between the two groups (P=0.445). Meanwhile, 29(23.0%) cases of cTHA group had leg length discrepancy more than 5 mm, and it was 9.7%(9/93) in rTHA group. Conclusion: It indicated the benefit of rTHA in acetabular cup positioning as well as the leg length restoration.

Extreme Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery with a Robot-Assisted System in a Swine Model.

To evaluate the technical aspects of the Da Vinci Xi Surgical System in minimally invasive extreme lateral lumbar interbody fusion (XLIF) surgery in a swine model. Endoscopic discectomy and XLIF cage insertion were performed using a robot-assisted system. The time taken and the pros and cons of each steps were recorded. A total of 4 ports were used for the surgical access; one for the camera, two for bipolar forcepses, and one auxiliary port for modified discectomy. Punch and curette were used for discectomy. The cage was inserted through the auxiliary port. Cage position was manipulated and checked by using the C-arm fluoroscopy. The operative time was 80 minutes. No complications or cage malposition was noted throughout the procedure. This study shows that the robot-assisted XLIF approach is safe and feasible, and helps to protect the neurovascular structures. Moreover, a high image quality was also obtained during the procedure.

A Novel Robotic Control System Mimics Doctor’s Operation to Assist Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objectives: The use of current robotic systems to assist in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) fundamentally differs from performing conventional PCI. To overcome this problem, we developed a novel master-slave robotic control system to assist in PCI, and evaluated its safety and feasibility in the delivery and manipulation of coronary guidewires in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The novel robotic assist PCI system is composed of three parts: 1) a master actuator, which imitates the traditional torque used by surgeons in conventional PCI, 2) a slave actuator, including a guidewire delivery system and force monitoring equipment, and 3) a local area network based communication system. Results: The experiment was performed in six pigs. Both robotic and manual control completed the operation with no device- or procedure-associated complications. An experienced interventional cardiologist who was a first-time user of the novel robotic PCI system was able to advance the guidewire into a distal branch of a coronary artery within a similar time to that required with the manual procedure. Conclusion: This early in vivo experiment with the novel robotic assisted PCI control system demonstrated that its feasibility, safety, and procedural effectiveness are comparable to those of manual operation. The novel robotic-assisted PCI control system required significantly less time to learn than other currently available systems.

Active Suppression Method of Dangerous Behaviors for Robot-Assisted Vascular Interventional Surgery

The procedure of vascular interventional surgery (VIS) is very complicated. It requires doctors to wear the protecting suits and manipulate the flexible instruments (catheters and guidewires) for a long time to complete the treatment, which may fatigue the doctors and lead to misoperation. Besides, the X-ray radiation in the operating room is also bad for doctors&#x2019; health. So, to solve the above challenges, a novel robot-assisted system was developed for VIS, which realizes the separation of the doctor and the operating room; a preliminary method was used on the slave side to reduce the excessive collision force when the tip of the catheter travels through the curved blood vessel, and the active enhancing safety method of the robot-assisted system was proposed to reduce the danger caused by doctors&#x2019; misoperation (dangerous behaviors) during the surgery. Finally, to verify the proposed methods, a series of experiments <i>in vitro</i> were conducted, and experimental results indicated that the method of assisting the deflection of the tip of the catheter has the potential to reduce the excessive collision force, the collision force at the tip of the catheter was reduced by 0.104 N when a misoperation occurred during the operation procedure under the condition of the active enhancing safety method, and the stronger sense of the tactile presence was generated by the master manipulator when the total force of the slave side was greater than 1.0 N. Therefore, based on the above results, we believe that the proposed methods are effective.

A value sensitive design approach for designing AI-based worker assistance systems in manufacturing

Although artificial intelligence has been given an unprecedented amount of attention in both the public and academic domains in the last few years, its convergence with other transformative technologies like cloud computing, robotics, and augmented/virtual reality is predicted to exacerbate its impacts on society. The adoption and integration of these technologies within industry and manufacturing spaces is a fundamental part of what is called Industry 4.0, or the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The impacts of this paradigm shift on the human operators who continue to work alongside and symbiotically with these technologies in the industry bring with it novel ethical issues. Therefore, how to design these technologies for human values becomes the critical area of intervention. This paper takes up the case study of robotic AI-based assistance systems to explore the potential value implications that emerge due to current design practices and use. The design methodology known as Value Sensitive Design (VSD) is proposed as a sufficient starting point for designing these technologies for human values to address these issues.

Adaptive Reference Inverse Optimal Control for Natural Walking With Musculoskeletal Models.

An efficient inverse optimal control method named Adaptive Reference IOC is introduced to study natural walking with musculoskeletal models. Adaptive Reference IOC utilizes efficient inner-loop direct collocation for optimal trajectory prediction along with a gradient-based weight update inspired by structured classification in the outer-loop to achieve about 7 times faster convergence than existing derivative-free methods while maintaining similar outcomes in terms of gait trajectory matching. The proposed method adequately reconstructed the reference data when applied to experimental walking data from ten participants walking at various speeds and stride lengths. The proposed framework can facilitate efficient personalized cost function optimization for specific walking tasks, and provide guidance to personalized reference trajectory design for assistive robotic systems such as lower-limb exoskeletons.

Collaborative spinal robot system for laminectomy: a preliminary study.

The application of robots in the field of pedicle screw placement has achieved great success. However, decompressive laminectomy, a step that is just as critical as pedicle screw placement, does not have a mature robot-assisted system. To address this lack, the authors designed a collaborative spine robot system to assist with laminectomy. In this study, they aimed to investigate the reliability of this novel collaborative spinal robot system and compare it with manual laminectomy (ML). Thirty in vitro porcine lumbar vertebral specimens were obtained as experimental bone specimens. Robot-assisted laminectomy (RAL) was performed on the left side of the lamina (n = 30) and ML was performed on the right side (n = 30). The time required for laminectomy on one side, whether the lamina was penetrated, and the remaining thickness of the lamina were compared between the two groups. The time required for laminectomy on one side was longer in the RAL group than in the ML group (median 326 seconds [IQR 133 seconds] vs 108.5 seconds [IQR 43 seconds], p < 0.001). In the RAL group, complete lamina penetration occurred twice (6.7%), while in the ML group, it occurred 9 times (30%); the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.045). There was no statistically significant difference in the remaining lamina thickness between the two groups (median 1.035 mm [IQR 0.419 mm] vs 1.084 mm [IQR 0.383 mm], p = 0.842). The results of this study confirm the safety of this novel spinal robot system for laminectomy. However, its efficiency requires further improvement.