Types Of Assets Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence Security through Input Data Quality Steps

In times of digital transformation, data generation constitutes a new type of asset, as it requires new forms of organizational learning, giving rise to new business models. The focus of all this transformation is Artificial Intelligence (AI), a subfield of Computer Science responsible for creating computational resources with capabilities similar to human reasoning for automated problem-solving. Elements of mathematics and engineering are used to reproduce aspects of human intelligence, as well as insights from other areas such as philosophy, mathematics, economics, neuroscience, psychology, computer engineering, control theory, cybernetics, and linguistics. Hence the name AI. Machines learn to speak, write, interpret data, and solve problems through AI, a tool that is now essential for Industry 4.0, as a transition from industrial society to the knowledge and digital economy. In turn, Generative AI uses multimodal tools to work with elements such as spoken language, images, sounds, body movements, etc. All this technology requires innovations in companies through the adoption of frameworks that enable the selection and storage of qualified data. This original article was developed based on extensive bibliographic research and scientific materials. Its objective is to demonstrate the relevance of data analysis as a way to apply compliance practices to AI. As a result of this research, there was a recognized need for greater attention to input data quality processes for generative AI training.

СПЕЦИФИКА УЧЕТА ЦИФРОВЫХ АКТИВОВ: АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ

This paper examines the nature of the economic category of digital assets with regard to the specificity of reflecting this type of assets in the sphere of accountance. The author assesses the degree of development of the theory of digital assets being a new item of accountancy, summarizes the approaches to their classification presented in scholarly literature. Analyzing the practice of circulation of various digital assets in the digital economy space, the author points out those problems that are linked with their comprehension in the framework of the working accounting model, which is stipulated by imperfection of the statutory law regulating the status of digital assets in Russia, as well as by the absence of sufficient accounting practice. In accordance with the author’s position, the situation of growing distribution of hybrid forms of capital and application of non-financial criteria for the evaluation of effectivity of some economic actors’ business activities, have brought to a necessity to transform the concept of accounting and analyzing activities and developing updated accounting methods based on the principles of virtualization, integration and automation

STUDI IMPLEMENTASI QIYAS DALAM ISTINBATH HUKUM ZAKAT BISNIS DAN INVESTASI SYARIAH

Assets that must be given zakat are all forms of wealth obtained from agricultural products in a halal manner, whether in the form of goods or services. This research is motivated by the diversity of livelihoods which are sources of wealth for Muslims both domestically and abroad in the modern era. The wealth of the Prophet's time was still very limited and there were relatively few types, whereas in modern times there are relatively many types, some of which cannot be touched, making it difficult for Muslims to understand the categories of zakat for the wealth they own. The more diverse the types of assets, the more important it is for contemporary fiqh scholars and Islamic scholars to provide legal certainty regarding the zakat of assets so that all muzakki wealth is clearly known about the zakat obligation. This type of research is normative qualitative, with primary data from journals and books, secondary data on laws and tertiary data from popular dictionaries and encyclopedias. The results of this research are that all Muslim business and investment results must be given zakat if they are within a period of one year (haul) and the amount is worth IDR: 81,000,000.00 (nisobnya). The results of this istinbath on business and investment law determine that zakat is obligatory based on the study of ushul fiqh using the qiyas methodology. Asholnya Tijarah (having added value) is equated with investment results and business results (having added value). The illat is Tijarah, Investment, all types of business both provide added value so the law must be given zakat.

Analisis Penerapan PSAK 16 tentang Perlakuan Akuntansi Aset Tetap pada Perusahaan di Indonesia

The company plays an important role for its main goal, namely the achievement of maximum profit on the investment invested. The company must be able to manage and utilize economic resources that have been invested properly, one form of company investment is in the form of assets as used to support company operations. Every company must have fixed assets, because the role of fixed assets is very large in the company. Of the various types of assets, fixed assets are one of the important assets that support the company's operations. In terms of maximizing the use of fixed assets, a correct and appropriate policy is needed in the management of the company's fixed assets. Therefore, when making decisions, the right information tools are needed about fixed assets, one of which is based on PSAK 16. This study aims to determine the application of PSAK 16 on the accounting treatment of fixed assets in companies in Indonesia. The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative with a literature review approach. The data source used is secondary data that has been analyzed and developed in order to elaborate the research topic. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of fixed assets in companies in Indonesia have generally been in accordance with PSAK No. 16.

Measuring the gender wealth gap in South Africa using individual‐level data

AbstractDespite widespread recognition that assets are important for economic wellbeing and women's empowerment, there is limited research on gender wealth gaps in either developed or developing countries. This is largely due to the lack of individual‐level data on wealth or net worth (i.e. the value of assets less debt). Most surveys that collect information on wealth do so at the household level with only one member responding on behalf of the household, even though most assets and debts are held by individuals. In this paper, we measure the gender wealth gap for South Africa using unique individual‐level data collected in the 2017 National Income Dynamics Survey, a representative household survey covering roughly 22,000 adults. We find that men and women hold different types of assets and debt and that there is a substantial gender gap in the monetary value of their net worth, greater than the gender earnings gap recorded in the same year. In our discussion, we reflect on some of the key challenges in measuring wealth as well as remaining gaps in data collection and research.

Extending the Docstone to Enable a Blockchain-based Service for Customizable Assets and Blockchain Types

Document management ensures the accurate creation and storage of records within diverse organizations, and the process has been significantly enhanced by digitization. In this sense, blockchain has been relevant for meeting document management solution requirements. Nonetheless, there are still challenges in efficiently implementing blockchain infrastructure in organizations. In this context, this article extends previous studies that propose DocStone, an architecture designed to provide and facilitate the integration of blockchain-based assets for the registration and verification of client applications from different domains. In terms of contributions, this solution allows us to configure parameters to create customizable asset templates and select blockchains through a developer-friendly application programming interface. In this study, we discuss and evaluate an adaptation of Docstone’s architecture to support new assets and smart contracts in a custom way and a mechanism that automatically generates mapped IPFS directories for each smart contract. We performed an empirical study evaluating the deployment of smart contracts and data write and read operations using different types of assets. Moreover, we analyzed design decisions for decentralized applications to build DocStone. Notably, the study’s findings reveal that NFTs have higher deployment latency times than documents in Sepolia and Alfajores. However, documents have the lowest latency time on both networks for write and read requests. Alfajores was the blockchain that stood out the most, with the lowest latency of operations.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN THE PROCESS OF DIGITALIZATION OF ASSETS

This article explores the essence of international experience in digital imaging, the need to regulate different types of assets, approaches to legal regulation, prospects for the legal regulation of assets in the digital economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The strategy for this growth must be determined by the private sector, directed by the government, analyzed by civil society and academia through the lens of private international law. The main purpose of the article is to expose the unclear jurisdictions, conflicting laws, and fragmented oversight that create barriers to the accountable management of traditional cross-border finance that are missing in decentralized networks. The authority to regulate stock trading remains contested among national and subnational regulators, resulting in duplicative compliance efforts that are estimated to cost investors large sums of money.

Household portfolios in Türkiye: Results from the household finance and consumption survey

This paper analyzes the distribution of household portfolios in Türkiye using a fresh data set, the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye – Household Finance and Consumption Survey. The empirical analysis concentrates on the motives behind household saving preferences and the distribution of household portfolios. Moreover, the financial situation of households in Türkiye is compared with Euro area countries. First, we find that income and household characteristics are among the leading determinants of households' portfolio choices in Türkiye. Second, we reveal that households’ portfolios are under-diversified, since they own relatively small amounts of financial wealth and hold a few types of financial assets. Furthermore, risky asset categories such as shares of publicly traded companies are rarely included among them. Third, households are more likely to invest in financial assets as their income increases, but the share of financial assets in total wealth remains subdued as household income increases, since at that point real estate wealth becomes dominant. Finally, we discover that households are more likely to be in debt in Türkiye compared to households from the Euro area. Additionally, they are more likely to accumulate non-collateralized debt and also private debt, which is owed to friends and relatives to be repaid. However, the percentage of households with mortgage debt and the share of mortgage debt in total household liabilities are smaller in Türkiye, suggesting that many households have to rely on their own funds or private loans to purchase homes. As a result, we can argue that households need to be encouraged to invest a larger share of their wealth in financial assets to raise household savings and to deepen financial markets in Türkiye.

The Principle Of Inheritance Distribution In Javanese Civil And Customary Law

The division of inheritance is an important process that has significant social, economic and cultural impacts. This research aims to conduct a comparative study between the division of inheritance in civil law and Javanese customary law. The focus of this research is to analyze the similarities, differences, and implications of the two legal systems in the context of inheritance division. This research uses a normative juridical research method. In this research, the author refers to the applicable legal aspects to analyze the division of inheritance in civil law and Javanese customary law. The results of this study reveal fundamental differences in the views and practices of inheritance distribution between formal civil law and Javanese customary law which tends to be more traditional and local. Differences include the administrative process, the types of assets that can be inherited, and the role of the family in the division process. This study has the potential to provide a deeper understanding of the interaction between civil law and customary law in the context of inheritance distribution in Java, and identify ways in which these two legal systems can co-exist or integrate more effectively

American option evaluations using higher moments

PurposeBy using higher moments, this paper extends the quadratic local risk-minimizing approach in a general discrete incomplete financial market. The local optimization subproblems are convex or nonconvex, depending on the moment variants used in the modeling. Inspired by Lai et al. (2006), the authors propose a new multiobjective approach for the combination of moments that is transformed into a multigoal programming problem.Design/methodology/approachThe authors evaluate financial derivatives with American features using local risk-minimizing strategies. The financial structure is in line with Schweizer (1988): the market is discrete, self-financing is not guaranteed, but deviations are controlled and reduced by minimizing the second moment. As for the quadratic approach, the algorithm proceeds backwardly.FindingsIn the context of evaluating American option, a transposition of this multigoal programming leads not only to nonconvex optimization subproblems but also to the undesirable fact that local zero deviations from self-financing are penalized. The analysis shows that issuers should consider some higher moments when evaluating contingent claims because they help reshape the distribution of global cumulative deviations from self-financing.Practical implicationsA detailed numerical analysis that compares all the moments or some combinations of them is performed.Originality/valueThe quadratic approach is extended by exploring other higher moments, positive combinations of moments and variants to enforce asymmetry. This study also investigates the impact of two types of exercise decisions and multiple assets.

Exploring financiers’ beliefs and behaviours at the outset of low-carbon transitions: A shipping case study

Ship financiers play an important role in the shipping industry's transition to a low carbon economy as they shape the financing terms provided to shipowners and the type of assets that are financed, but their transition-related beliefs are unclear. This paper proposes a novel theoretical framework which categorises financiers during low-carbon transitions into five archetypes. It also provides novel empirical insights on the beliefs and ambitions of shipping financiers regarding their future role and the risks to their assets using semi-structured interviews with ten financiers and two shipowners. The results show that the majority of interviewees expressed an ambition to support incumbent shipowners in the transition, but expressed the need for regulation to ensure financiers properly measure climate risks (e.g. the EU taxonomy and differentiated capital requirements for green and brown assets). This highlights the potential, but also the limits, of voluntary initiatives from financiers to promote green investments.

How do energy markets react to climate policy uncertainty? Fossil vs. renewable and low-carbon energy assets

This study examines the impact of climate policy uncertainty (CPU) on fossil-based, as well as renewable and low-carbon-based energy markets. Leveraging advanced techniques such as Wavelet Coherence, Quantile Cross-Spectral, and Quantile-on-Quantile analyses, our study uncovers that CPU is a significant driving force for both types of energy assets, though the effect of CPU on energy assets is time-varying. Noticeably, our findings reveal that CPU exerts a substantial adverse effect on most fossil-based energy commodity futures' returns. However, in normal or bearish markets, fossil energy assets exhibit a relatively stronger performance and display favorable associations with CPU at specific frequencies. Overall, fossil energy assets offer limited hedge opportunities against CPU, depending on quantiles and frequencies. Conversely, CPU favors the renewable and low-emission assets' returns, underscoring their resilience and robust hedging characteristics against CPU. These findings hold significant implications for environmentalists, investors, and policymakers, equipping them with valuable insights to make informed decisions and craft appropriate strategies amidst the backdrop of CPU-induced fluctuations in energy markets.

Digitalization and employment in Europe: the role of firm's size and the complementarity of R&D

The empirical research finds a contingent, slightly positive net effect on the relationship between digitalization and employment, resulting from the automation and reinstatement of jobs, the two countervailing forces revealed by the theoretical literature. We dig down at the features of this relationship, using two waves of Innobarometer surveys to capture the innovation investments of a sample of European enterprises in 2015 and 2016. Adding to previous studies, we identify an inverted U‐shape between degrees of digitalization and employment; this effect is more prominent in small companies with fewer than 50 employees. The effect diminishes for very large companies. In addition, we show complementarity links between research and development (R&D) investments and digital ones proxied by investing in software development and acquiring hardware and software. Specifically, we find support for a positive association between employment and investment in information technology (IT) assets and R&D. On average, companies that invest in both IT and R&D have 11.5% more employees than those that embrace just one. While we observe that small companies that invest in either type of IT asset employ more people, at larger enterprises, the positive effect is only found when they invest in both. The study supports the findings using alternative regression methods, quantile, and Lewbel instrumental variables.

Bushfire Management Strategies: Current Practice, Technological Advancement and Challenges

Bushfires are classified as catastrophic disasters capable of inflicting significant destruction. The key detrimental consequences of bushfires include the loss of human lives, trauma within communities, economic losses and environmental damage. For example, the estimated economic loss from the September 2019 to March 2020 bushfires in New South Wales (Australia) was about AUD 110 billion, including more than 3000 burned houses. There has been a notable increase in both the frequency and intensity of bushfires, as clearly demonstrated by recent bushfire events. Bushfires are an intricate phenomenon that transpires across various spatial and temporal scales. Further, the changing circumstances of landscapes, vegetation patterns, weather conditions and ecosystems account for the complexity. Therefore, continual attention is essential for the development of bushfire management strategies. In this context, this paper undertakes a comprehensive literature review of bushfire management strategies, encompassing aspects such as bushfire prediction, detection, suppression and prevention. Based on the review, a bushfire management framework is proposed that can eliminate or successfully mitigate the consequences of bushfires. Further, the paper delves into the domains of fire weather conditions, the initiation of bushfires and the adverse consequences stemming from these fires. Both terrestrial and aerial remote sensing methods have proven to be effective in predicting and detecting bushfires. Nevertheless, a simple unique solution cannot be proposed for bushfire management. Changing weather conditions, topography and the geographic mix of asset types need to be considered when deciding on bushfire management strategies and their breadth and depth of application.

Public Area Dependance in Winongo Riverbank

The Winongo riverbank as a natural asset, the settlement has public facilities to support people’s activities such as economic, social, cultural, and physical facilities (infrastructure). This research area is the Winongo riverbank within the administrative boundaries of the city of Yogyakarta. Despite public space facilities’ inadequate quality, user interest is still very high. This study aims to determine the significance of the influence of user perceptions on place quality regarding public area dependence. The research methods were by using questionnaires, which were shared to 200 respondents who are residents of settlements on the Winongo riverbank who are using the public area. Assessment of attachment patterns is associated with existing physical conditions (assets) and activity (attachment). The result shows that the pattern of asset utilization is formed by several factors, such as integration in accessibility, security, and asset type. The factors of comfort, liveability, facilities, and infrastructure have little influence on the intensity of the attachment. Activity in the asset that is not valuable can occur due to the absence of adequate infrastructure. However, because of the large number of visitors, the activities that occur in these assets can become embryos or generators, forming a new asset for urban livelihood.

Identification of Digital Intellectual Assets and Features of Their Commercialization

The need to identify, define the types, specifics and features of the commercialization of digital intellectual assets is due to the prevailing realities and the opportunities for additional income associated with the digitalization of the economy and the legislative consolidation of new objects of civil turnover — digital rights. The purpose of the work is to characterize digital intellectual assets as objects of commercialization, to identify the features and conditions of its implementation, as well as factors affecting the type and amount of license fees for the transfer of rights to these assets. The methodological basis of the research was the categorical apparatus of management methods in the field of intellectual property and digital rights, methods of classification, statistical and comparative analysis, a systematic approach, scientific works of leading domestic and foreign scientists in the field of evaluation of intellectual property and digital assets. Results of the study are as follows: two interpretations of digital intellectual assets have been identified: 1) as rights to intellectual property objects that exist and have value in digital form; 2) as digital rights to intellectual property objects, the disposal of which is carried out exclusively in an information system based on blockchain technology; the typologization of digital intellectual assets with the allocation of separate types within each interpretation is carried out; the features of commercialization of digital intellectual assets, factors influencing the choice of the type and amount of license remuneration are revealed. The findings can be used in practice by the management of companies when developing strategies for managing new types of assets in order to increase the efficiency of their commercialization.

Understanding the Impact of Intangible Capital on Entrepreneurship at the Regional Level

AbstractThis paper uses new data for the Spanish case on investment in intangible assets broken down by regions and by type of assets to calibrate the importance of intangible capital for entrepreneurship as a main concern but also to understand which region-specific factors drive entrepreneurship. These new data allow to fill a gap in the literature and contribute to the field of technological entrepreneurial intent by linking entrepreneurship to digitalization and intangible assets of the economy. To this end, the paper presents an index obtained by Principal Component Analysis to measure the regional endowment of intangible capital and analyzes whether the determinants of regional entrepreneurship are driven differently in large and small firms. Using different econometric approaches, the paper finds that for small firms, entrepreneurship is directly related to a prosperity-pull context and the expectation of economic gain. For large firms, the rate of entrepreneurship is also explained by the resources available to firms, such as endowment of intangible capital, stage of technological development, and human capital, as well as the demographic composition of each region.

Assessing social equity considerations within transportation asset management

The impacts of transportation systems on people and communities are substantial but challenging to quantify. It requires significant effort and attention for transportation agencies to improve how social concepts such as equity are effectively incorporated into transportation asset management (TAM) plans and practices. This study, therefore, looked at TAM plans and practices to assess the current application of equity and suggested ways to improve equity incorporation into TAM at the state level. A content analysis was done on the 2019 TAM plans from all U.S. states, D.C., and Puerto Rico, and the results showed that equity-related words were rarely mentioned. This indicated that TAM is one of the sectors where equity is still marginalized, and there is a strong need to improve the incorporation of equity into TAM. The study then identified several equity definitions and measures that fit the context of pavement management and, as a result, TAM. Pavement management was used for demonstration purposes as pavements are a major type of asset managed by all state Departments of Transportation (DOTs). Definitions and measures were identified by reviewing documents from the USDOT and FHWA and three sustainability rating systems widely used in transportation: Envision, Greenroads, and INVEST. In addition to these definitions and measures, this study discussed several available guides and tools that would help agencies bring equity considerations into TAM, specifically at the state level. The results indicated that although some resources provide equity definitions and measures that can be used in TAM, more work is needed to develop them to match the practices and approaches used in this sector.

Portfolio Optimization Using 0-1 Knapsack Quadratic Programming Model: A Case Study

Portfolio management is critical to selecting the right mix of investments which produces the best of results for any business entity. Using the 0-1 Knapsack quadratic model together with the mean-variance approach, this study sought to determine the optimal asset mix for TCF Microfinance bank. Five asset types were evaluated at a 70% target return. After three iterations, an optimal portfolio mix constituting of three out of the five assets was achieved, which exceeded the predetermined benchmark by 49.3% and at a risk value of less than 5%. This optimal investment can easily be practically applied.

Analisis Historis Kebijakan Umar bin Abdul Aziz dalam Pengelolaan Zakat

Umar bin Abdul Aziz (717 AD) is a caliph who should be remembered in history, especially in the management of zakat. During his leadership, zakat management underwent a very impressive reform. All types of assets owned by the people must be subject to zakat. The system and management of zakat were handled very professionally at that time. The types of assets and assets that are subject to zakat are becoming increasingly diverse. Umar bin Abdul Aziz was the first person obliged to issue zakat from assets from business income or service results, including salaries, honoraria, income from various professions, and various other mustafad malls. So, during his sovereignty, very abundant zakat funds were stored in Baitul Mal. Even the amil zakat officers find it difficult to find the poor who will be given zakat. Several factors influenced the success of zakat management and management during the time of Umar ibn Abdul Aziz. First, there is mutual awareness and maximum empowerment of Baitul Mal. Second, the responsibility of a leader is supported by the awareness of the people in creating solidarity, welfare, and empowerment among the people. Third, awareness of muzakki (zakat payers) who are relatively capable materially and have high loyalty for the benefit of the people.