Types Of Assets Research Articles

A Taxonomy of Assets for the Development of Software-Intensive Products and Services

Context: Developing software-intensive products or services involves utilising many artefacts that are either part of the offering or part of enabling their development. These artefacts, if valuable and used more than once by the development organisation, can be seen as assets such as test cases, code, requirements, and documentation. As such, assets are often reused, updated, and become a base or even necessity for product development and evolution over time, constituting an investment. Assets are not well understood beyond code-based ones in the area of technical debt. Thus most asset types are often overlooked, and their state, which is subject to degradation over time, has not been much studied. Method: To address the problem, we conducted industrial focus groups with five companies and a literature review. The results were analysed qualitatively and summarised in a taxonomy. Results: We created a structured, extendable taxonomy of assets. The taxonomy contains 57 assets. Conclusions: The taxonomy serves as foundations for defining and identifying assets as a concept. It provides the foundation for studies into asset degradation and subsequent asset management. The taxonomy also includes code-based assets and thus can be helpful in further research into investigating degradation and debt concepts.

The Mysteries of NFT Taxation and the Problem of Crypto Asset Tax Evasion

Cryptocurrencies have long captured the attention of the financial world, revolutionizing how the world does business by providing virtually costless transactions. More recently, however, a new digital token has taken its place on the world stage. Known as NFTs, non-fungible tokens have allowed for the reinvention of modern finance infrastructure consisting of sophisticated trading and loaning systems for different asset types. Despite cryptocurrencies’ and NFTs’ novelty and popularity, they are not immune to the U.S. Tax Code. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has provided guidance on the tax framework of cryptocurrencies, but the taxation of NFTs is still relatively unclear, leaving taxpayers to rely largely on the cryptocurrency tax framework to address NFT taxation. The cryptocurrency framework, however, does not fully address all issues that may arise in NFT taxation. Virtual currencies have drawn much excitement, sparking the popularity of cryptocurrencies and NFT investors but have also drawn the scrutiny and worry of tax regulators. The U.S. has been experiencing a significant tax gap between the money taxpayers make from the transactions of these crypto assets and the amount of taxes paid to the IRS. Specifically, to blame for this tax gap are the novelty of these crypto assets, their inherent anonymity, their cross-border nature, and their independence from governmental or financial institutions. This article discusses the taxation of cryptocurrencies, its influence on a potential NFT-specific tax framework, why crypto assets are the weapon of choice for tax evaders, and the possible solutions the U.S. can pursue to remedy crypto asset tax evasion.

АНАЛІЗ ТОРГІВЛІ ДЕРИВАТИВНИМИ КОНТРАКТАМИ НА МІЖНАРОДНИХ БІРЖАХ

The article highlights the organizational principles of operations on international exchanges in modern conditions of deepening stock exchange consolidation and competition between existing stock exchange alliances. It was established that the global influence on the increase in price volatility of international and national commodity and financial markets became especially noticeable as a result of the war in Ukraine. Today, the prices of many types of commodity and financial assets that are traded on the world's leading stock exchanges have become extremely volatile. Derivative contracts still serve as the main tool in ensuring the minimization of price risks in the conditions of modern uncertainties and risks. It was noted that the organization of derivative contracts exchange trading requires the presence of a well-coordinated exchange infrastructure, in particular, an electronic exchange platform and a settlement and clearing mechanism. The theoretical essence of the exchange derivative contract is highlighted, as well as the classification of the types of derivative contracts on the exchange and over-the-counter markets. Proposed a theoretical definition of exchange-traded derivative contract as standardized term contracts concluded on the exchange and providing for obligations or the right to buy and sell underlying assets in the future. Currently, two types of derivative contracts are most actively traded on exchange platforms: futures and options. The current state of international trade in exchange derivative contracts is analyzed. An analysis of the derivative contracts trade evaluation on the leading commodity and financial exchanges indicates an acceleration of the growth rate in 2021. Thus, according to the statistical reports of the Futures Industry Association, a new number of trade volumes was recorded on derivative contracts international exchanges in 2021, which amounted to 62.58 billion transactions, which increased by a third compared to last year. The main trends in the international exchange market of derivative contracts are established and the main directions of the development of modern exchange trading in commodity and financial derivative contracts in the conditions of increasing level of influence of globalization are highlighted.

Complexity between Aging and the Structure of Financial Market: Empirical Evidence from Microdata

By empirically testing the scale and structure hypotheses of aging’s impacts on the financial market using Tobit, FRM, and Heckman selection models, this paper proves that the number and proportion of elderly family members change the structure of families’ financial assets, though without significant effects on their overall size. Specifically, aging increases the share of cash and deposits in families’ total financial assets and decreases both the quantity and percentage of investment in risky assets. One more family member aged sixty and over, the risky assets decline by 5, 500RMB and its share decreases by 8.8 percent. A Heckman two‐step model verifies the robustness of our results. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that aging plays different roles in different types of financial assets.

What Users Tweet on NFTs: Mining Twitter to Understand NFT-Related Concerns Using a Topic Modeling Approach

Non-fungible token (NFT) trade has grown drastically over recent years. While scholarship on the technical aspects and potential applications of NFTs has been steadily increasing, less attention has been directed to the human perception of or attitudes toward this new type of digital asset. The aim of this research is to investigate what concerns are expressed in relation to non-fungible tokens by those who engage with NFTs on the social media platform Twitter. In this study, data was gathered through online social media data mining of NFT-related posts on Twitter. Two datasets (with 18,373 and 36,354 individual tweet records, respectively) were obtained. Topic modeling was used as a method of data analysis. Our results reveal 19 overall themes of concerns around NFTs as expressed on Twitter, which broadly fall into two categories: concerns about attacks and threats by third parties; and concerns about trading and the role of marketplaces. Overall, this study offers a better understanding of the expressions of concern, uncertainty, and the perception of possible barriers related to NFT trading. These findings contribute to theoretical insight and can, moreover, function as a basis for developing practical design and policy interventions.

Modern problems of attracting the investment resources in the economy of Ukraine

The large-scale war between Ukraine and Russia has generated an economic crisis that won’t be overcome without the attraction of external donor funds. The threat caused by the severe bombing of cities and destruction of infrastructure and many companies forced a lot of foreign investors to partially stop investment. These steps had to be taken since a range of companies lost their resources, and there was nothing to invest in. Indeed, the interpretation of the nature of investment resources provides that they include all types of monetary and other assets involved in investment in investment objects. The investment process stops with the loss of the investment object. Therefore, such a short-term period of investment suspension is totally reasonable and logical. The article aims to identify the main problems of attracting investment resources and substantiate the directions of their minimization and elimination. The main features of the current development stage of the Ukrainian economy are characterized in the context of changing principles and directions of their further functioning. The features of the impact of present hostilities on the development of some economic sectors are analyzed. The main attention is focused on the interest of foreign business in the stabilization of the situation in Ukraine since the conflicts lead to significant losses for investors who establish companies here and put lots of money. The article reveals the threats caused by active hostilities and growing international saturation of the domestic market with different food products. It describes the stages directed at the creation of investment resources for both the companies and the country as a whole. The authors characterize modern challenges and specify the measures related to the change of additional opportunities to improve the investment climate in Ukraine and attract foreign direct investment in the priority sectors of the national economy more actively.

Types of crypto assets and their features

Types of crypto assets and their features

ОСНОВИ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ТА ЗБУТОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ У БІРЖОВІЙ СФЕРІ

The article examines the basics of business and sales activities in the stock market. Namely, an attempt is made to characterize the relationship between entrepreneurship and stock market activity through the sale of manufactured products, since the production and sale of products is not only through regular consumers and intermediaries. Various views of scientists in the field of business, sales and stock exchange activity are considered. Namely, sales activity in a generalized sense consists in the process of promoting finished products to the market with the aim of obtaining business profit. And the economic and legal nature of entrepreneurship focuses on such a feature of entrepreneurship as making a profit. Features of commodity exchanges aimed at obtaining guarantees by business entities, minimizing price risks and increasing the competitiveness of goods. An analysis of entrepreneurship was made by the number of active economic entities by types of economic activity, as well as the volume of products produced by them. Which can be followed by positive dynamics, since in recent years there has been an increase in the number of economic entities and the volume of manufactured products. The essence of the exchange, which consists in providing the most favorable conditions for concluding commodity contracts, is briefly disclosed and described. The main sales channels for international stock markets are considered. It was found that the agricultural products traded in the country are mostly grain. but fruit and vegetable products, meat, milk, and sunflower are traded on separate exchanges. Scientists note that significant growth is observed on stock exchanges in Brazil, China, and India, which is also reflected in the structure of the international stock market by geographic region. It is noted that with the trend of growth of general trading activity on the world stock markets, the share of a certain type of stock exchange assets during the studied period remains almost unchanged. It was determined that the world stock market is a dynamic structure, with the help of which Ukrainian manufacturers can enter the world trade space.

Methodological foundations of land asset identification in the context of sustainable development of functional types of territories

The article addresses the problems of land asset identification in the context of sustainable development of functional types of territories. Efficient regulation of land and property relations appears to be an essential condition for the comprehensive development of a territorial community based on reliable and systematic information on land resources within its territory. The article substantiates that in conditions of transition to territory-oriented development policy based on the capacity stimulation in the territories of various functional types, the conceptual foundations of the territorial community’s land asset identification include the methodological unity of legal regulation in land valuation and systemic comprehensiveness of the data in the State Land Cadaster. The retrospective analysis of the nature of legal settlement of the assets concept shows various options of modern interpretation of the category in Ukrainian legal documents and the bottlenecks in the regulation of land asset definition as an economic-legal standard. The article proves the lack of administrative and/or statistical information on the quantitative and qualitative land accounting at the level of territorial communities as the main entities of comprehensive development of territories of various functional types. The land asset nature and types are determined. The article offers the recording of the following definitions in national legislation: “land assets”, “tangible land asset”, and “intangible land asset”. The methodological approach to comprehensive actualization of normative and export monetary assessment of land assets in the course of the introduction of online services in the State Land Cadaster based on Blockchain technology is substantiated. The automatic formation of the monetary valuation of land assets on the current date by the software of the State Land Cadaster without the development and approval of the respective technical documents must secure the accessibility of land asset identification in monetary terms at the level of a territorial community or fair land asset cost in accounting, financial, and other records.

USING A NEURAL NETWORK FOR PRICE PREDICTION OF VIRTUAL ASSETS

Due to the structure of recurrent neural networks, they are used for the prediction tasks, such as price prediction. The price prediction tasks are based on the historical data of price movements during the specified period. This data can be used for training the recurrent neural network for price prediction. Expected, that the neural network will recognize specific patterns in sequential data and will be able to predict the next trends etc. From the 2021 year, virtual assets such as Bitcoin increase their popularity all around the world. Virtual assets such as Bitcoin are classified as highly volatile assets. For this type of asset, the prediction task is so important, due to the ability to make a long and a short position several times per day, week, etc. Using the recurrent neural network, against the ARIMA methods, can help to include the other data except for the price history. For example, it can you the history of several operations for these assets per day, the price history of the other virtual assets, that can have some relations with, etc. In this article, as a first step, work was focused on properly formatting the price history data for achieving the lowest prediction error. Also, the idea is to create a framework for working with different virtual assets for prediction. The problem with using a neural network for prediction is that absolute values of virtual assets price are not stationary. And the neural network training process stuck between the minimum and maximum values of training data. It creates a problem, where the trained neural network cannot handle the data, that is bigger than the trained and it always tried to predict the value in the trained range. This work, investigated the neural network for single prediction only. Also, was compared the two possible ways to format the data to the stationary data. Key words : recurrent neural networks, prediction, virtual assets.

ABC/XYZ Inventory Management Model in a Construction Material Warehouse

Accounting monitoring stocks of raw materials and supplies plays an important role in the business of every major company. Since inventories are one of the most expensive types of company assets, accounting for more than 50% of total invested capital, optimal inventory management should be an integral part of every company's business. In order to get complete results, this paper applies the ABC method, XYZ method, as well as the cross ABC XYZ method. The goal is to reduce costs of keeping the inventory as much as possible, while maintaining a level of service customers requires. The process of assortment planning, ordering and inventory management in the construction material warehouse is analyzed. The importance of monitoring inventory movements in order to achieve optimal amount of inventory, as well as the obtained results and guidelines for future operations is presented.

IMPLEMENTASI ZAKAT ASN DI KUALA BARU ACEH

Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam that must be fulfilled for Muslims who have reached their haul and nisab. The types of assets that must be paid for zakat continue to grow from only five types, namely zakat, gold, silver, agriculture, trade, livestock, and rikaz, while nowadays there are more professions that generate a lot of money, including income from State Civil Apparatus (ASN). Given the large amount of income of an ASN, it is necessary to study the implementation and nisab of ASN zakat. Therefore, this study will discuss how the implementation of ASN Zakat and what the nisab is so that someone pays zakat and what percentage must be issued in Kuala Baru District, Aceh Singkil Regency. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. The results of the discussion found that the people of Gunung Meriah District issued their zakat at the time of class IIIc and deducted it when they received their salary.

Restoration heralds’ new management challenges for coral reefs

The allocation and management of spatially-bound property rights is a central policy instrument used in the management of natural resources in high-income, especially western nations. In such nations the establishment of strong property rights regimes is considered to be one of the main factors attributing to the advancement of western nations during the last two centuries. Such rights feature attributes including exclusivity, transferability and enforceability for rights-holders. The design of these packages of rights are tied to specific types of assets or land and sea uses. Therefore, as uses change, the specifics of the package of rights often change in response. The activity of coral reef restoration is expanding rapidly in response to the continued loss of coral cover, health and condition of the world’s coral reefs. Therefore by definition, as this activity increases globally the management regimes used to govern coral reefs will in many cases need to adapt to this increasing activity. It is therefore expected that increasing calls to strengthen rights-regimes will begin to occur as many reef restoration activities, despite mostly occurring in low-income nations, are led from or by entities from high-income and mostly western nations who are accustomed to strong rights-based management. However, management approaches in many low-income nations that host coral reefs are often based on more customary and traditional management instruments. Therefore, communities hosting increased reef restoration activities need to consider very carefully how best to manage these activities as they increase in order to avoid unwanted and unintended consequences of the imposition of governance and management instruments widely used in the western world.

Technological Characteristic of Futures Based on Virtual Assets

A virtual asset is a type of asset which does not have a material representation, although its value is reflected in a real currency. Due to their nature, the price of digital assets is usually highly volatile, especially with futures, which are derivative financial contracts. This is the most important contributing factor to the problem of the low usability of digital-based contracts in enterprise operations.Previously existing virtual assets included photography, logos, illustrations, animations, audiovisual media, etc. However, virtually all of such assets required a third-party platform for exchange to currency. The necessity of having a trusted by both sides mediator greatly limited the ease of use, and ultimately restricted the number of such transactions. Still, popularity of digital assets only grew, as evidenced by an explosive growth of software applications in the 2000s, as well as blockchain-based asset space in the 2010s.The newest and most promising solution developed is based on cryptoassets. Underlying usage of block- chain technology for the transactions checking and storage ensures clarity in virtual assets’ value history. Smart contracts written for the Ethereum platform, as an example, provide a highly trustful way of express- ing predefined conditions of a certain transaction. This allows safe and calculated enterprise usage, and also eliminates the need of having a mutually trusted third-party. The transactions are fully automated and happen at the same time as the pre-defined external conditions are met.Ethereum was chosen as an exemplary platform due to its high flexibility and amount of existing development. Even now, further advancements are being explored by its founder and community. Besides Ether, it is also used nоn-fungible tokens, decentralized finance, and enterprise blockchain solutions. Another important point is how much more nature friendly it is compared to main competitors, due to energy-efficiency of the mining process, enforced by the platform itself. This makes it ideal for responsible usage as well as further research.This article explores the digital assets usage, as well as explains cryptoassets technological background, in order to highlight the recent developments in the area of futures based on virtual assets, using certain Ether implementation as an example, which offers perpetual futures.

Energy demand and production forecasting in Pakistan

Pakistan has been in severe energy crises since the year 2004. Major reasons behind energy crises are lack of use of modeling tools in power planning and policy development, dependence on imported energy sources and poor governance. In this paper, electricity demand forecasting for Pakistan up to the year 2030 and a proposal for utilizing domestic energy resources, such as, coal, natural gas, and solar resources available in Baluchistan province of Pakistan for the electricity needs of the country are presented. Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) software is used to develop energy demand model for Pakistan that forecasts energy demand under two scenarios, i.e., baseline scenario and energy conservation scenario for the period from 2018 to 2030. Electrical power generation capacity of coal, natural gas and solar resources is also calculated considering the capacity factor of each type of energy asset using MATLAB. This work suggests that Pakistan's energy demand forecast is 399 TWh under the baseline scenario and 312 TWh under the energy conservation scenario. The power generation potential of domestic energy assets available in Baluchistan is 500.041 TWh in total, which includes Natural Gas 392.768 TWh, Solar 84.935 TWh and Coal 22.338 TWh. This research would help relevant government departments in Pakistan for power capacity development as per the required energy demand and alleviate energy crises in Pakistan.

Livelihood Assets and Income Generating Activities: A Comparative Analysis in the Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Areas of Jharkhand

The main objective of the article is to identify different types of livelihood assets, income generating activities (IGAs) and choices of these activities by households across social groups in the Fifth and non-Fifth Scheduled areas of Jharkhand in eastern India. It is based on a primary survey of 785 households randomly selected across caste and Scheduled Tribe groups in Giridih and Latehar districts of Jharkhand. K-means clustering is applied for determination of latent class activity clusters and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) model used for understanding the importance of livelihood assets in determining livelihood activity cluster (LC) for income generation. Further, discriminant analysis is applied to obtain probability of choice of individual households in determining livelihood generating activity. The analysis shows that forest-based activity remains a better livelihood support system in the Fifth Scheduled areas, which is less significant and further diminishing in the non-Fifth Scheduled areas. Rural households engaged in a diverse set of IGAs to obtain additional income to reduce risk and maintain a balanced consumption. Occupational transition is marked by the decline of agriculture and increasing reliance on daily-wage activities as the primary source of income. Other traditional livelihood activities such as animal husbandry and the collection of forest produce have less scope for income in the absence of institutional support.

Market Efficiency and Volatility Spillover in Bitcoin and Ethereum Prices: Comparisons during the Pre-COVID-19 Period and COVID-19 Pandemic

Purpose – This study attempts to establish if the markets for the two most popular cryptocurrencies in the world, Bitcoin and Ethereum, follow weak-form market efficiency across various landmarks in time. Design/Methodology/Approach – Traditional testing for establishing weak-form market efficiency rests on whether the price series exhibits a random walk process, which implies that future prices cannot be predicted. However, not all random walk series automatically imply weak-form market efficiency, since some asset price behaviors may exhibit non-constant variance. In such cases, the GARCH model can be used to test for the presence of market efficiency. Since structural breaks in the prices of both cryptocurrencies are common, tests for market efficiency were carried out using sub-temporal price windows. In both price series, the last time window coincided with the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic period. Findings – Results of the GARCH analyses showed that the volatility and persistence parameters (α and β, respectively) in the Bitcoin and Ethereum models were all statistically significant, implying that prices in their sub-temporal markets were generally weak-form inefficient. The observed market inefficiency in both cryptocurrencies can be attributed to various factors like the price manipulation of crypto whales, security issues, and increased media attention, which led to inflows of information that helped big investors beat and gain from the market by successfully predicting the trend in future prices. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic period, both cryptocurrencies’ prices were observed to rise significantly, similar to the case of the 2017 Bitcoin price bubble. A cointegrating regression between Bitcoin and Ethereum prices during this period, however, showed a spurious relationship. Despite the absence of a long run relationship between these two price series, the current price bubbles in the cryptocurrency markets are speculated to be tied together. Research Implications – Players in the cryptocurrency market must always be cautious in making investment decisions regarding this type of asset since the markets are generally price inefficient and risky; any idiosyncratic decision that may be triggered by a price bubble burst in one cryptocurrency market may or may not serve as a signal that the other market will do the same. Since the Bitcoin and Ethereum prices were shown to exhibit volatility spillover and persistence, investors can use this information to make informed decisions as to whether to invest in these cryptocurrencies despite the huge risks that are magnified during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Implementation Strategies and Performance of Non-Governmental Organization Projects in Rwanda: A Case of Faith Victory Association Projects, Kayonza District

The general objective of this study is to assess the effect of implementation strategies on performance of NGO projects with specific reference to Gikuriro project implemented by Faith Victory Association in Kayonza. The specific objectives were to examine the community empowerment, capacity building and community participation on performance of NGO projects. The study played a significant role to various people including researcher, the management of the project itself, government and academic researchers. When conducting this study, a descriptive research design with two mixed methods such quantitative and qualitative approach was used. The target population was project beneficiaries who were given questionnaires and the project administrators as well as staff who were interviewed. In total the total target population was 13250 people, from whom a sample of 400 was selected using Sloven’s formula. The study used a stratified random sampling technique and data were collected using questionnaires and interviews .The analysis of data was done using SPSS version 22.0 and Microsoft Excel. Both inferential (correlation and regression analysis)and descriptive statistics(mean and standard deviation) were used. The findings pertaining research objectives showed that the community empowerment, capacity building and community participation affect performance of NGO projects. On community empowerment 95% of the respondents Community training, Farmer learning schools, Village NS as capacity building strategies affected performance of NGO projects. The study findings further showed that 89%) of respondents community empowerment through saving groups affected performance of NGO projects. The study findings showed the community participation in utilities or consumable types agriculture was e 61% community participation animal type of assets wwas24% community participation in agricultural tools represent 47% while community participation in house and land 54.8%. When assessing the relationship between implementation strategies and performance of NGO projects with specific reference to Gikuriro project implemented by Faith Victory Association in Kayonza, the study findings showed that there is a significant relationship between implementation strategies and performance of NGO projects presented a positive correlation with p-value (r = 0.092, p = 0.067), (r = -0.008, p = 0.000), (r = 0.016, p = 0.000), (r = 0.042, p = 0.000), (r = 0.006. p = 0.000) and (r = -0.036, p = 0.000). The study concludes that community empowerment, capacity building and community participation on performance of NGO projects are important strategies for ensuring project sustainability. The study, recommended that NGO funded projects in Kayonza District should be have clear guiding implementation strategies and procedure, community participation strategy in place and integrating monitoring in their implementation strategies at all stages.

Modification of the remaining useful life equation for pipes and plate processing of offshore oil platforms

Incorporation of an adequate maintenance program related to the ageing of industrial facilities occurring in offshore oil platforms is vital to reduce costs and avoid catastrophic failures. In the present work, a set of components (i. e. pipes, plates, and elbows) were removed from offshore oil platforms from different processes with 20 years of uninterrupted operation. The component's characterization consisted of chemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties. A collection of results was made to evidence several indicators to keep track of crucial deviations of processing components. These indicators should be taken into account when actions must be taken to guarantee the mechanical integrity of the studied components. From 68 studied samples, 16 samples did not fulfill their chemical composition, 37 samples showed a banded microstructure, 36 samples did not fulfill their mechanical properties, and all of them showed the presence of non – metallic inclusions associated with a pitting corrosion mechanism. These results compilation allow for modification of the remaining useful life equation, RUL, (used to calculate the remaining useful life of a variety of asset types). Thus, the outcome of the modified equation indicates where and when it is necessary to remove components before its catastrophic failure.

Does Corporate Social Responsibility Vary by Real Estate Asset Types? Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

This paper investigates how real estate investment trusts’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) (REITs) varies by two intrinsic firm factors: real estate asset types and REITs’ financial aspirations. We develop a conceptual model to demonstrate the theoretical role of these intrinsic firm factors in moderating CSR. Using a database containing the Morgan Stanley Capital International CSR rating index, we test REITs from 19 countries for variations of their CSR performance across each of the three pillars of CSR: environment, social, and governance (ES&G) by real estate asset types from 2009 to 2016. The results show that REITs focusing on less market-transparent real assets relying heavily on intensive human-based services and physical capital in property management like hotels and hospitals exhibit a poorer performance in environmental responsibility, social responsibility, and overall CSR score. We found no significant difference between the REITs in their governance responsibility with respect to the real estate asset types. We found that moderation by financial aspiration in establishing their CSR strategies varies by the types of real estate asset that REITs focus on, with the maximum positive impact on REITS with hotel holdings and negative impact on REITs with office and retail assets.