Thoughtful Assessment Research Articles

The Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview: Development and preliminary validation of a modified clinical interview for the assessment of suicidal thoughts and behavior in autistic adults.

People with a diagnosis of autism are at increased risk of death by suicide. There is a need for clinical instruments that are adapted to the needs of autistic people. In this study, we modified and evaluated a clinical suicide interview (Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview) for use with autistic people who do not have an intellectual disability. Autistic people helped us to modify the original version of the instrument by improving the questions, providing explanations for difficult terms or concepts, and recommending that we use different rating scales. Our results support the use of Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview for assessing autistic adults without intellectual disability for suicidal thoughts and behavior. In the future, we will test how well Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview works in clinical settings and with different clinical populations.

Birth in the Operating Room for Immediate Cardiac Surgery: A Rare but Effective Strategy.

Background: With significant advancements in fetal cardiac imaging, patients with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) carrying a high risk for postnatal demise are now being diagnosed earlier. We sought to assess an interdisciplinary strategy for delivering these children in an operating room (OR) adjacent to a cardiac OR for immediate surgery or stabilization. Methods: All children prenatally diagnosed with CHD at risk for immediate postnatal hemodynamic instability and cardiogenic shock who were delivered in the operating room (OR) between 2012 and 2023 in which the senior author was consulted were included. Results: Eight patients were identified. Six (75%) patients were operated on day-of-life zero, all requiring obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) repair. Of these six patients, 2 (33%) required a simultaneous Norwood procedure, 2 (33%) required pulmonary artery unifocalization and modified Blalock-Taussig-Thomas shunt, and 2 (33%) patients had repair of obstructed mixed TAPVR. The remaining 2 patients potentially planned for immediate surgery had nonimmune hydrops fetalis and went into cardiogenic shock at 12 and 72 hours postnatally, requiring a novel Norwood procedure with left-ventricular exclusion for severe aortic/mitral valve insufficiency. The median ventilation and inpatient durations were 19 [IQR: 11-26] days and 41 [IQR: 32-128] days, respectively. Three(38%) patients required one or more in-hospital reoperations. Subsequent staged procedures included Glenn (n = 5), Fontan (n = 3), biventricular repair (n = 2), ventricular assist device placement (n = 1), and heart transplant (n = 1). Median follow-up was 5.7 [IQR:1.3-7.8] years. The five-year postoperative survival was 88% (n = 7/8). Conclusion: While children with these diagnoses have historically had poor survival, the strategy of birth in the OR adjacent to a cardiac OR where emergent surgery is planned is a potentially promising strategy with excellent clinical outcomes. However, this is a high-resource strategy whose feasibility in any program requires thoughtful assessment.

A STEP INTO THE FUTURE (review of the book “Russian economy: who is to blame? What to do?”)

The review provides an overview of the main ideas of the book with the catchy title “Russian Economy: Who is to Blame? What to do?”, prepared by a team of authors under the leadership of Doctor of Economics, Professor S. I. Kretov. The monograph’s breakthrough ideas are noted, including the proposal to form a new contour of the circulation sphere, based on Free Sovereign Development Certificates (USSR rubles with demurrage). The authors’ proposals will make it possible to form a sovereign circulation system, which assumes the priority of the production sector and serves its needs. The ideas expressed deserve their thoughtful critical assessment by the academic and professional community, testing in model industries and, I hope, subsequent implementation. Separately, the relevance of the proposals made back in 2021 is noted, as well as their practical value for solving the problems of developing the Russian economy.

Building Holistic Education: Lessons from Al-Ghazali for the Modern Era

This study describes al-Ghazali's thoughts on Islamic religious education. Where al-Ghazali's thoughts in the field of education emphasize more that education is a way to bring his servants closer to Allah SWT, with the main goal of obtaining happiness both in this world and in the hereafter and this will be very useful in fast-paced times, in seeking a information, because in this day and age many people are more concerned with high intelligence education with the hope that the smarter a person is, the more successful that person will be in the future. However, society forgets that in life it does not only require high intelligence, but also requires qualified ethics, and this will be obtained by someone by getting closer to the Creator. The method used in this research is library research, the author conducts an assessment of al-Ghazali's thoughts in viewing Islamic education through various related books and journals, which makes it easier for the writer to complete this research.

Assessment of Automatic Thoughts and Self Esteem Among Substance Using Adults

Abstract: In order to better understand how altering one's ideas might improve one's self-esteem and help one cope with substance misuse issues, this study looked at the relationship between automatic thoughts and self-esteem in adult substance users. In order to participate in the study, a sample of 95 persons who use drugs filled out self-report questionnaires measuring their automatic thought patterns and self-esteem. The findings showed that among adults who use drugs, automatic thoughts and levels of self-esteem are significantly correlated. In particular, people with greater levels of self-esteem were more likely to report having good automatic thoughts, whereas people with lower levels of self-esteem were more likely to report having negative automatic thoughts. Additionally, the results indicated that treating and changing automatic negative beliefs could be a useful intervention technique for enhancing self-worth and supporting the treatment of substance misuse problems.

An Assessment of Turkish Forest Fire Workers' Thoughts on Occupational Health and Safety

Forest fire workers (FFWs) operate in very difficult working conditions; they transport heavy equipment on rough and steep terrain and are exposed to high levels of noise, heat, stress, and smoke. Working in different fire sensitivity degree regions (FSDRs), FFWs experience occupational health and safety (OHS) problems as they are involved in dangerous and risky tasks. In Türkiye, which is a high risk country in terms of forest fires, there is no comprehensive and well-documented data regarding what FFWs think about OHS, taking into account all FSDRs. In this study, the views of FFWs in Türkiye regarding OHS training, first aid training, the personal protective equipment (PPE) used by FFWs, the quality of the equipment and ergonomic suitability levels were investigated. The Body Mass Index (BMI) parameters of FFWs were also calculated. In addition, occupational accidents experienced by FFWs and the relationship between these occupational accidents and taking on additional duties were examined with the Spearman ranking correlation coefficient. 962 FFWs participated in the survey, which consisted of four sections and 20 questions. Whether the data obtained differs between the four FSDRs was examined with the Chi-Square test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. There was a statistical difference between FFWs operating in the FSDRs in terms of OHS and first aid training. The quality of the majority of PPE and equipment used statistically differed between FFWs operating in the FSDRs. There was a statistical difference between FFWs operating in the FSDRs in terms of work accidents. Occupational accidents of FFWs and the relationship between these and taking on additional duties were examined and a positive correlation was found between the occupational accidents of FFWs and the additional duties assigned to them. The average height of the FFWs was 175.03 cm. and the average weight was 81.01 kg. 1.46% of the FFWs were underweight, 37.42% were of normal weight, 44.39% were overweight, 16.73% were obese. Although the health checks of the workers were carried out regularly, the BMI values were not at normal rates. Even though FFWs in Türkiye participate in OHS training at a high level, they cannot adequately reflect this training in their experiences. Regarding first aid, the level of participation or education was not sufficient. The General Directorate of Forestry (GDF) should increase the effectiveness of OHS training received by FFWs and their inspections on this issue.

Effects of frequent assessments on the severity of suicidal thoughts: an ecological momentary assessment study.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in research using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to explore suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). Meanwhile, concerns have been raised regarding the potential impacts of frequent and intense STBs assessments on the study participants. From November 2021 to June 2023, a total of 83 adolescent and young adult outpatients (Mage = 21.0, SDage = 6.3, 71.1% female), who were diagnosed with mood disorders, were recruited from three psychiatric clinics in China. Smartphone-based EMA was used to measure suicidal thoughts three times per day at randomly selected times. We examined the change of suicidal thoughts in each measurement and within 1 day to evaluate potential adverse effects using Bayesian multilevel models. The 3,105 effective surveys were nested in 83 participants (median follow-up days: 14 days). The results of two-level models indicated that suicidal thoughts decreased during the monitoring period. However, this effect varied among different individuals in the two-level model. Our findings did not support the notion that repeated assessment of suicidal thoughts is iatrogenic, but future research should continue to investigate the impact of frequent assessment on suicidal thoughts, taking into account individual differences and utilizing larger sample sizes.

HEAVY METALS ASSESSMENT AND ASSOCIATED POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK OF BUILDING SEDIMENT DEPOSITION IN OKPARE CREEK, NIGERIA

Heavy metals concentrations in sediments may pose significant threats to human health and well-being of the general ecosystem. Therefore, it's crucial to conduct a thoughtful assessment of sediment characteristics with regards to heavy metal concentration as a raw material for building in the studied area. Twenty sediment samples were collected (five each fromlocalities) and analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The highest concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, V, Fe and Ni were 6.33, 2.65, 0.45, 1,201, 0.38, 0.00, 1026.39 and 0.65 mg/kg respectively in each of the four localities. The results exceeded both recommended limit and other scientist report of similar environment. Also, the health risk impacts computed were all higher than limits. These high values may be attributed tothe nature of the area geological formation, application of fertilizer to the farmlands and petroleum exploration and production activities. Cd stood out as the main culprit for potential ecological risks. The average contamination level, as indicated by I-geo values ranging from 0.28 to 0.79 mg/kg, raisedconcerns, especially at locality 1. Across the board, I-geo values remained generally low (< 2). Cd and Pb, with an I-geo value of about 1, significantly impacted sediment pollution. Average EF values were from 0.02 to 5.76 which revealed that human activities heavily influenced the sediment, marking them as significantly enriched with observed heavy metals. In particular, Cd played a major role in the sediment's enrichment, indicating a high level of environmental impact.

Gaining Insight into Teenagers' Experiences of Pain after Laparoscopic Surgeries: A Prospective Study.

There is an anecdotal impression that teenage patients report exaggerated postoperative pain scores that do not correlate with their actual level of pain. Nurse and parental perception of teenagers' pain can be complemented by knowledge of patient pain behavior, catastrophizing thoughts about pain, anxiety, and mood level. Two hundred and two patients completed the study-56.4% were female, 89.6% White, 5.4% Black, and 5% were of other races. Patient ages ranged from 11 to 17 years (mean = 13.8; SD = 1.9). The patient, the parent, and the nurse completed multiple questionnaires on day one after laparoscopic surgery to assess patient pain. Teenagers and parents (r = 0.56) have a high level of agreement, and teenagers and nurses (r = 0.47) have a moderate level of agreement on pain scores (p < 0.05). The correlation between patient APBQ (adolescent pain behavior questionnaire) and teenager VAS (visual analog scale) and between nurse APBQ and teenager VAS, while statistically significant (p < 0.05), is weaker (r range = 0.14-0.17). There is a moderate correlation between teenagers' pain scores and their psychological assessments of anxiety, catastrophic thoughts, and mood (r range = 0.26-0.39; p < 0.05). A multi-modal evaluation of postoperative pain can be more informative than only assessing self-reported pain scores.

Measurement invariance of the Depressive Symptom Inventory-Suicidality Scale across race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and plurality of minoritized identities.

Measurement invariance across diverse groups, though crucial for determining the generalizability of a measure, has not yet been tested in many assessments of suicidal thoughts. The present study assessed the measurement invariance and psychometric properties of one such assessment, the Depressive Symptom Inventory-Suicidality Subscale, across multiple identity dimensions in a large data set (n = 1,118) that combined three diverse samples. Findings supported measurement invariance of the scale by race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation when comparing those who were majority-aligning with their minoritized counterparts, as well as good internal consistency and expected convergent validity. The expected one-factor structure fit well for all three of the samples assessed. Overall, the results support measurement invariance and generalizability of the Depressive Symptom Inventory-Suicidality Subscale. Future studies should continue assessing measures of suicidal thoughts and behaviors through testing invariance across identities, especially as it pertains to specific identity subgroups and their intersections. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessment of preoperative anxiety and negative automatic thoughts in patients waiting for corneal transplantation

Introduction and aim. In patients waiting for organ transplantation, increased waiting time can increase anxiety by creating negative automatic thoughts. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between corneal transplant recipients’ negative automatic thoughts and anxiety before organ transplantation. Material and methods. The population of this correlational descriptive study consisted of 108 patients waiting for cornea transplantation in the Eye Bank unit of a hospital in the south east region of Türkiye. The data were obtained from the patients presented to the ophthalmology clinic for transplantation between September and December 2022. A patient information form, the Negative Automatic Thoughts Scale, and the Trait Anxiety Scale were used to collect the data. Percentage distribution, arithmetic mean, logistic regression and correlation analysis were used in the data analysis. Results. It was determined that the mean score of the negative automatic thoughts of the transplant patients participating in the study was 100.69±47.83, and the trait anxiety mean score was 53.06±6.07. There was a positive relationship between neg ative automatic thoughts and trait anxiety at a moderate level, which was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05, r=0.53). Conclusion. It was determined in the study that the patients’ negative automatic thoughts and trait anxiety were high, and their anxiety increased as the negative automatic thoughts increased.

Simultaneous Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Unusual Presentation

The coexistence of Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) is a rare clinical occurrence. Thyroid pathology is reported in 20% to 84% of Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) cases, with malignancies identified in 2% to 20% of instances. We report a case of a 49-year-old woman referred for evaluation of left iliac wing and hip pain with elevated parathyroid hormone levels. Imaging revealed a toxic multinodular goiter with a parathyroid adenoma. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy with parathyroid adenoma excision. Subsequent histological examination unexpectedly identified a papillary thyroid microcarcinoma associated with the parathyroid adenoma. The association between PHPT and PTC is complex, influenced by shared embryological origins and genetic factors. Elevated PTH levels in PHPT may contribute to thyroid cell proliferation, and hypercalcemia is suggested to promote thyroid carcinogenesis. Molecular analyses suggest the involvement of pathways like MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin. The coexistence of PHPT and PTC highlights the necessity for thorough preoperative assessment and the ongoing need for research. While minimally invasive parathyroid surgery is favored, the risks associated with coexisting thyroid pathology should be carefully considered. Routine thyroid ultrasonography in PHPT patients is crucial to exclude nodular thyroid disease, emphasizing the role of research in guiding clinical practices. A balanced approach integrating technical advancements and thoughtful risk assessment is essential in navigating this complex clinical scenario.

Prioritizing sustainable renewable energy systems in Tunisia: An integrated approach using hybrid multi-criteria decision analysis

In recent years, renewable energy technologies (RETs) have become increasingly popular worldwide to achieve energy sufficiency, reduce reliance on conventional fuels, and mitigate their devastating environmental impact. Nonetheless, more appears to have stayed the same in emerging economies, such as Tunisia, as various barriers hampered the implementation of these technologies. Hence, the prime objective of this article is to conduct a thoughtful assessment of four prominent renewable energy options for electricity generation and explore the most potential barriers hindering their development in Tunisia. To do so, a two-stage approach was applied. First, CRiteria Importance Through Inter-Criteria Correlation (CRITIC) and Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) were used to evaluate the considered alternatives, namely solar PV, concentrated solar power (CSP), onshore wind, and biomass. Then, an integrated step-wise assessment ratio analysis and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory approach (SWARA-DEMATEL) was developed to identify the most relevant barriers. The related criteria and barriers were determined based on an exhaustive literature review and experts’ feedback. The obtained results indicated that solar PV and wind were the most promising renewable technologies, while biomass was the worst option. To validate the outcome and demonstrate the effect of changing input data on the final results, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out. As for the key obstacles, political instability, high upfront costs, and market access mechanisms were the most influential barriers. Hence, prioritizing different RETs and analyzing the inherent barriers to their utilization would offer insightful guidance to policymakers, enabling them to establish efficient strategies for overcoming these obstacles, and accelerating the deployment of these technologies in the country.

Multi-method assessment of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among patients in treatment for OCD and related disorders

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) are associated with increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), yet research characterizing suicidality in OCRDs remains limited. A major challenge in assessing STBs is the reliance on explicit self-report. This study utilized multi-method assessment to examine changes in both implicit and explicit STBs in 31 adults receiving partial/residential treatment for OCRDs. Assessments were administered at admission and weekly during treatment. Approximately three-quarters of participants reported lifetime suicidal thoughts, with 16 % reporting a prior suicide attempt. OCD severity was significantly correlated with lifetime suicidal thoughts, and was significantly higher for those with lifetime suicidal thoughts and prior attempts compared to those without. Implicit biases towards death were not associated with OCD severity, and did not predict explicitly endorsed STBs. This is the first study to measure both explicit and implicit STBs in adults with OCRDs. Limitations included small sample size and lack of racial/ethnic diversity. Given the majority had recent suicidal thoughts and one in six had a prior attempt, we emphasize the importance of STB assessment in OCD treatment settings.

Intervening on high-risk responses during ecological momentary assessment of suicidal thoughts: Is there an effect on study data?

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is increasingly used to study suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). There is a potential ethical obligation for researchers to intervene when receiving information about suicidal thoughts in real time. A possible concern, however, is that intervening when receiving responses that indicate high risk for suicide during EMA research may impact how participants respond to questions about suicidal thoughts and thus affect the validity and integrity of collected data. We leveraged data from a study of adults and adolescents (N = 434) recruited during a hospital visit for STBs to examine whether monitoring and intervening on high-risk responses affects subsequent participant responding. Overall, we found mixed support for the notion that intervening on high-risk responses influences participants' ratings. Although we observed some evidence of discontinuity in subsequent responses at the threshold used to trigger response-contingent interventions, it was not clear that such discontinuity was caused by the interventions; lower subsequent responses could be due to effective intervention, participant desire to not be contacted again, or regression to the mean. Importantly, the likelihood of completing surveys did not change from before to after response-contingent intervention. Adolescents were significantly more likely than adults, however, to change their initial suicidal intent ratings from above to below the high-risk threshold after viewing automated response-contingent pop-up messages. Studies explicitly designed to assess the potential impact of intervening on high-risk responses in real-time monitoring research are needed, as this will inform effective, scalable strategies for intervening during moments of high suicide risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

When Copyright Meets Digital Cultural Heritage: Picturing an EU Right to Culture in Freedom of Panorama and Reproduction of Public Domain Art

Over the years, there has been an increasing interest in cultural heritage, particularly within the digital context. This has brought to light numerous opportunities and challenges that however require a careful consideration of fundamental rights, such as the public’s entitlement to participation in cultural life, i.e. the right to culture. Preserving the communal aspect of cultural heritage is pivotal in unlocking the full potential of the right to engage in cultural activities. Within the intricate landscape of norms and policies encompassing diverse and often competing interests, the primary focus of this analysis is on the copyright acquis, which may be optimised for the public’s enjoyment of digital culture. This article aims to establish connections between two EU copyright provisions: the Freedom of Panorama (FoP), a discretionary exception under Art. 5(3)(h) of the Directive on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (InfoSoc), allowing the reproduction of cultural goods visible from public places, and the reproduction of visual artworks in the public domain under Art. 14 of the Directive on copyright in the digital single market (CDSMD). Through a comparative analysis of how certain Member States have implemented these provisions, this article proposes potential paths for a balanced and thoughtful assessment of the interests related to digital cultural heritage that should lead to advancing the right to culture. While it would be wise to consider a supra-national legislative intervention that mandates the FoP exception, Member States should at the same time uphold the scope of Art. 14 of CDSMD, especially when it might be pre-empted by other regulations, such as those governing cultural heritage. By examining the foundations of these two provisions and seeking their nuanced interpretation, the authors anticipate the coexistence of a vital component of the EU right to culture, while acknowledging that the journey toward its comprehensive realization is far from over.

Drive of Capital

Especially during the brief post-revolutionary period before the rise of Stalinism, certain thinkers in the Soviet milieu offered some attention-worthy reflections regarding Freud’s body of work. In particular, Luria and Vygotsky put forward thoughtful Marxism-informed assessments of the metapsychology and methodology of psychoanalysis. And strong cross-resonances are audible between these Soviet thinkers’ reflections and the early stages of Western Marxism’s rapprochement with Freud, starting in texts by Reich and Fenichel and continuing with the Frankfurt School, of whose members Marcuse arguably furnishes the most sophisticated and sustained engagement with analysis. In this essay, I argue that Luria, Vygotsky, Reich, Fenichel, and Marcuse share in common a fundamentally correct insight according to which the theory of drive (Trieb) is a load-bearing pillar for any psychoanalytic Marxism. Moreover, not only is the Freudian metapsychological concept of drive applicable to and productive of Marxism and its form(s) of materialism—echoing Lacan’s claim that Marx invented the symptom, I contend, here and elsewhere, that Marx’s mature critique of political economy already anticipates the later analytic idea of Trieb. In fact, I would go so far as to credit Marx with (also) being the inventor of the analytic drive (albeit avant la lettre).

Supplemental Material for Intervening on High-Risk Responses During Ecological Momentary Assessment of Suicidal Thoughts: Is There an Effect on Study Data?

Supplemental Material for Intervening on High-Risk Responses During Ecological Momentary Assessment of Suicidal Thoughts: Is There an Effect on Study Data?

Cholinesterase inhibitors and falls, syncope and injuries in patients with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are commonly used to treat patients with neurocognitive disorders, who often have an elevated risk of falling. Effective use of these medications requires a thoughtful assessment of risks and benefits. To provide an update on previous reviews and determine the association between cholinesterase inhibitors and falls, syncope, fracture and accidental injuries in patients with neurocognitive disorders. Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and AgeLine were systematically searched through March 2023 to identify all randomised controlled trials of cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) in patients with cognitive impairment. Corresponding authors were contacted for additional data necessary for meta-analysis. Inclusion criteria consisted of adults ≥19years, with a diagnosis of dementia, Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment or traumatic brain injury. Data were extracted in duplicate for the aforementioned primary outcomes and all outcomes were analysed using random-effects meta-analysis. Fifty three studies (30 donepezil, 14 galantamine, 9 rivastigmine) were included providing data on 25, 399 patients. Cholinesterase inhibitors, compared to placebo, were associated with reduced risk of falls (risk ratio [RR] 0.84 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.73-0.96, P = 0.009]) and increased risk of syncope (RR 1.50 [95% CI = 1.02-2.21, P = 0.04]). There was no association with accidental injuries or fractures. In patients with neurocognitive disorders, cholinesterase inhibitors were associated with decreased risk of falls, increased risk of syncope and no association with accidental trauma or fractures. These findings will help clinicians better evaluate risks and benefits of cholinesterase inhibitors.

Age differences in the experience of everyday happiness: The role of thinking about the future.

Happiness can be experienced differently in young as compared to older adulthood, possibly due to shifts in temporal focus and differences in preferences for high- versus low-arousal affective states. The current project aimed to replicate initial evidence on age-related differences in the experience of happiness by investigating the positive affective correlates of everyday happiness; we further explored the role of thinking about the future in moderating such associations. We used daily life assessments from 257 participants (Mage = 48.3, SDage = 24.6; 68% female; 77% Asian [East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian]; 73% postsecondary educated), combining four data sets collected at two locations (Vancouver, Canada; Hong Kong) with different age samples (older and younger adults). Participants provided up to 30 repeated daily life assessments of momentary affective states and thoughts about the future, over 10 days. Results replicate previous findings by showing that happiness was more strongly associated with low-arousal positive affect and more weakly associated with high-arousal positive affect among older compared to younger adults. Engagement in thinking about the future was higher among younger compared to older adults in general, but its role in moderating the association between happiness and positive affect varying in arousal levels was confounded by the age moderation. Separate analyses conducted for each age group indicate different roles of everyday thinking about the future in shaping happiness experiences for different age groups. Age and future thinking-related contours of happiness are discussed in the context of emotional aging theories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).