Rough Assessment Research Articles

Comparison of dry and liquid carbon dioxide cutting conditions based on machining performance and life cycle assessment for end milling GFRP

In the present scenario, citizens’ concern about environment preservation creates a necessity to mature more ecological and energy-efficient manufacturing processes and materials. The usage of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) is one of the emerging materials to replace the traditional metallic alloys in the automotive and aircraft industries. However, it has been comprehended to arise a sustainable substitute to conventional emulsion-based coolants in machining processes for dropping the destructive effects on the ecosystem without degrading the machining performance. So, in this study, the comparison of the two sustainable cutting fluid approaches, i.e., dry and LCO2, has been presented based on machining performance indicators like temperature, modulus of cutting force, tool wear, surface roughness, power consumption, and life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis for end milling of GFRP. The cutting condition of LCO2 has been found to be superior in terms of machining performance by providing 80% of lower cutting zone temperature, tool wear, 5% lower modulus of cutting force, and reduced surface roughness with 9% lower power consumption that has been observed in the case of LCO2 in comparison with dry machining. However, to compress the CO2 for converting in liquid form, a higher amount of energy and natural resources is consumed resulting in a higher impact on the environment in comparison with dry machining. Considering the 18 impact categories of ReCiPe midpoint (H) 2016, 95% higher values of impacts have been observed in the case of LCO2 in comparison with dry machining.

The Microhardness and Surface Roughness Assessment of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites Treated with and without the Application of an Oxygen-Inhibited Layer and a Polishing System: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to assess the microhardness and surface roughness of bulk-fill resin composites treated with and without the application of an oxygen-inhibited layer (OIL) and a polishing system. This in vitro experimental study consisted of 72 resin composite blocks divided into three groups: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill, Opus Bulk Fill APS, and Filtek Bulk Fill. Each resin composite group was further divided into two subgroups: with and without OIL control. Subsequently, surface roughness and microhardness were measured before and after polishing. A t-test was used to compare independent and related measures. For the intergroup comparison of variation before and after polishing, the Kruskal–Wallis test with Bonferroni post hoc was used considering a significance level of p < 0.05. When comparing surface roughness, significant differences were observed between Opus Bulk Fill resin composite with and without OIL control (p = 0.003) before polishing. The same occurred when comparing Tetric N-Ceram resin composite with and without OIL control (p = 0.039) after polishing. In addition, the surface roughness of Filtek Bulk Fill, Opus Bulk Fill, and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill resin composites, with and without OIL control, decreased significantly after polishing (p < 0.001), while surface microhardness significantly increased (p < 0.05), with the exception of Opus Bulk Fill resin with OIL control (p = 0.413). In conclusion, OIL control and polishing significantly improved the surface roughness and surface microhardness of Filtek Bulk Fill and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill resin composites. However, in the case of Opus Bulk Fill resin composite, only its surface roughness was significantly improved.

Predicting Perceived Vocal Roughness Using a Bio-Inspired Computational Model of Auditory Temporal Envelope Processing.

Vocal roughness is often present in many voice disorders but the assessment of roughness mainly depends on the subjective auditory-perceptual evaluation and lacks acoustic correlates. This study aimed to apply the concept of roughness in general sound quality perception to vocal roughness assessment and to characterize the relationship between vocal roughness and temporal envelop fluctuation measures obtained from an auditory model. Ten /ɑ/ recordings with a wide range of roughness were selected from an existing database. Ten listeners rated the roughness of the recordings in a single-variable matching task. Temporal envelope fluctuations of the recordings were analyzed with an auditory processing model of amplitude modulation that utilizes a modulation filterbank of different modulation frequencies. Pitch strength and the smoothed cepstral peak prominence were also obtained for comparison. Individual simple regression models yielded envelope standard deviation from a modulation filter with a low center frequency (64.3 Hz) as a statistically significant predictor of vocal roughness with a strong coefficient of determination (r 2 = .80). Pitch strength and CPPS were not significant predictors of roughness. This result supports the possible utility of envelope fluctuation measures from an auditory model as objective correlates of vocal roughness.

Assessment of Surface Roughness in Milling of Beech Using a Response Surface Methodology and an Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System

This work focused on changes in surface roughness under different cutting conditions for improving the cutting quality of beech wood during milling. A response surface methodology and an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system were adopted to model and establish the relationship between milling conditions and surface roughness. Moreover, the significant impact of each factor and two-factor interactions on surface roughness were explored by analysis of variance. The specific objective of this work was to find milling parameters for minimum surface roughness, and the optimal milling condition was determined to be a rake angle of 15°, a spindle speed of 3357 r/min and a depth of cut of 0.62 mm. These parameters are suggested to be used in actual machining of beech wood with respect of smoothness surface.

Comments on the mass sheet degeneracy in cosmography analyses

We make a number of comments regarding modeling degeneracies in strong lensing measurements of the Hubble parameter H 0. The first point concerns the impact of weak lensing associated with different segments of the line of sight. We show that external convergence terms associated with the lens-source and observer-lens segments need to be included in cosmographic modeling, in addition to the usual observer-source term, to avoid systematic bias in the inferred value of H 0. Specifically, we show how an incomplete account of some line of sight terms biases stellar kinematics as well as ray tracing simulation methods to alleviate the mass sheet degeneracy.The second point concerns the use of imaging data for multiple strongly-lensed sources in a given system.We show that the mass sheet degeneracy is not fully resolved by the availability of multiple sources: some degeneracy remains because of differential external convergence between the different sources.Similarly, differential external convergence also complicates the use of multiple sources in addressing the approximate mass sheet degeneracy associated with a local (“internal”) core component in lens galaxies. This internal-external degeneracy is amplified by the non-monotonicity of the angular diameter distance as a function of redshift.For a rough assessment of the weak lensing effects, we provide estimates of external convergence using the nonlinear matter power spectrum, paying attention to non-equal time correlators.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Fluorapatite/Hydroxyapatite-Containing Glass Carbomer Filling Material

Background: This study was designed to determine the effects of various finishing and polishing systems on the surface roughness and color stability of a glass carbomer filling material containing fluorapatite/hydroxyapatite particles. Materials and Methods: A glass carbomer filling material (with and without protecting coat [gloss] n = 100) and a microhybrid resin-based composite (n = 50) were tested in the study. No finishing and polishing was applied to ten samples for each material. The remaining samples were finished and polished with OneGloss, Enhance/PoGo, Identoflex, and Sof-Lex discs, and stored in a coffee solution. Surface roughness assessments were made with a profilometer. Color measures (L* a* b*) were calculated with a colorimeter on the periods of different staining procedures. For the data analysis, two-way analysis of variance was employed. For multiple comparisons, Bonferroni adjustment was used (P &lt; 0.05). Results: The lowest and highest Ra values were found in the group of microhybrid resin-based composite with Mylar strip (0.17 ± 0.04, P &lt; 0.05) and in the group of glass carbomer with gloss with Mylar strip (1.17 ± 0.30, P &lt; 0.05), respectively. The ΔE* and ΔL* values of the glass carbomer with gloss were higher than the other groups. The microhybrid resin-based composite showed less change in all parameters. Conclusion: The results showed that the glass carbomer did not provide a high level of color stability and surface roughness like the microhybrid resin-based composite. On the other hand, the glass carbomer material was affected negatively by the gloss application.

Comparison of surface roughness of root cementum and orthodontically induced root resorption craters from high- and low-fluoridation areas: a 3D confocal microscopy study

BackgroundFluoride has a major role in strengthening the structure of enamel against acids. Despite differences between caries and root resorption processes, both events inherently involve acidic dissolution of dental tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of water fluoridation levels on the surface roughness of root cementum and resorption craters. The findings provided more insight into the influence of fluoride on the surfaces of intact cementum surface and resorption craters.MethodsTwenty-eight orthodontic patients were recruited from two cities in Turkey, with high (≥ 2 ppm) and low (≤ 0.05 ppm) water fluoridation. These patients needed bilateral maxillary first premolar extraction as part of their orthodontic treatment and were allocated into two study groups (n = 14 in each group) based on water fluoridation exposure level: the high-fluoride group (HF) and low-fluoride group (LF). 150 g of buccal tipping forces was applied to all maxillary first premolar teeth for 12 weeks with a beta-titanium spring which was reactivated every 4 weeks. All maxillary premolars were removed at the end of the experiment for surface roughness assessment using three-dimensional confocal microscopy and the associated software. The buccal root surface and the largest buccal resorption crater were investigated.ResultsResorption craters were significantly rougher in LF group compared to HF group (p = 0.002). Craters were rougher than the intact root surfaces (p = 0.000). Cervical and apical regions were significantly rougher than the middle region (p = 0.000 and p = 0.024, respectively).ConclusionsHigher water fluoridation level of ≥ 2 ppm resulted in significantly smoother root resorption craters than low water fluoridation level of ≤ 0.05 ppm when the teeth were subjected to 150 g of buccal tipping force. Fluoride seems to have a protective role at the interface of root resorption, and further mineral or histological studies may shed light on the exact protective process against root resorption.

Patient satisfaction and clinical assessment of surface roughness and wear of enamel antagonists for polished versus glazed posterior lithium disilicate glass ceramic crowns

To compare surface roughness of glazed versus polished lithium disilicate crowns as well as wear of enamel antagonists. Methodology: Twenty-two full coverage crowns were fabricated for posterior teeth. Scaling and polishing was performed for all the patients one week prior to preparation. The patients were divided into two groups according to crown finishing. Group 1(control group) fabricated from IPS e.max glazed crowns and Group 2 (intervention group) fabricated from IPS e.max polished crowns. The preparation was standardized with supra-gingival, chamfer finish line for all teeth. Fabrication of the crowns was done using lost wax press technique. The restorations were glazed with e.max ceram glazing liquid; an even layer was applied on the entire surface of the crown using a brush. Polishing was performed using EVE abrasive rubbers. Polishing of each crown was performed with rubbers of three different grains, beginning with the most abrasive one (light crimson) for shaping, then an intermediate one (crimson) for pre polishing, and the last, a less abrasive one (yellow)for high shine polishing. Self-adhesive cement was used for both groups. Roughness of crowns as well as opposing teeth wear were measured using non contact 3D profilometer, patient satisfaction was evaluated in the form of questionnaire.

A low-cost approach for the estimation of rock joint roughness using photogrammetry

To evaluate the possibility of utilizing commercially available devices for making joint roughness estimates, a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera and a smartphone were used to reconstruct the three-dimensional models of 10 rock-joint specimens. The accuracy and efficiency were considered in investigating the performance of photogrammetry on the point clouds production and joint roughness estimation in the laboratory. Additionally, a handheld laser scanner was used in collecting high-resolution point clouds of the same specimens as reference data for evaluating the photogrammetry measurement accuracy. The interval for image capture was set at 8° with consideration for the data quality, point density, and computation time. The iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was used to compare the surface topographies of the rock joints produced via photogrammetry and laser scanning. The point clouds generated by photogrammetry agreed with the laser-scanning results, with a small average difference (0.005 mm for the DSLR camera and 0.006 mm for the smartphone). Furthermore, two- and three-dimensional surface parameters were calculated using the three different sources of point clouds, which were in good agreement in the joint roughness estimates when comparing photogrammetry and laser scanning results. Comparative analyses revealed that both DSLR camera photogrammetry and smartphone photogrammetry can produce accurate point clouds of rock joints for roughness assessment; however, point clouds generated by the DSLR camera had higher accuracies than those generated by the smartphone.

Assessing tactile acuity in oral tissues: Challenges of stimulus development

The human oral cavity is comprised of a variety of mechanosensitive structures likely involved in food texture perception. However, studies evaluating oral tactile acuity are often limited to the tongue, which may miss relevant contributions coming from other oral tissues. To address this knowledge gap, the relative acuities of three oral soft tissues, the tongue, the hard palate, and the gums, were assessed in adults (n = 90) using the forced-choice staircase technique. It was hypothesized the tongue would show superior acuity over the more keratinized surfaces due to its flexible nature and thinner epidermis, while the palate would be superior to the gums due to the palate’s high density of mechanoreceptive endings. Discrimination acuities for the tissues were assessed using three different sets of stimuli previously adapted for use on the tongue, punctate-pressure (F; 0.0044–0.010 g), edge-sharpness (∡; 90.0–135.0°), and surface roughness (Ra; 0.177–0.465 μm), via a just-noticeable-difference (JND) task. Participants were found to have significantly lower JNDs with their tongues for all percepts tested (p ≤ 0.019, all), while discrimination thresholds on the palate were only significantly lower than those seen on the gums in the roughness assessment condition (p = 0.013). Both the gums and palate, however, showed similar acuity to previously obtained sensitivity values for the fingertip for all tested percepts. These findings do suggest that all tissues are highly sensitive and likely critical for texture perception, but the lack of significant difference between the palate and gums may also be partially attributable to the stimuli being ill-suited for use in palate assessments. While all stimuli used were well-suited for use in lingual evaluations, the palate’s curved geometry and limited accessibility made application and evaluation of both the punctate-pressure and edge sharpness stimuli challenging. Further adaptation of stimuli to optimize them for use on more-rigid tissues could provide further insight into the relative acuity of these different tissues.

Efficacy of chemical and photoactivated disinfectants against Candida Albicans and assessment of hardness, roughness, and mass loss of acrylic denture base resin

AimThe present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of hematoporphyrin derivative, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), glutaraldehyde (GaH), and a chlorhexidine (CHX) on mass loss (ML), microhardness, and surface roughness (Ra) of acrylic denture base colonized with C. Albicans. Material and methodsA total of 40 heat cure acrylic resin dentures were fabricated and inoculated by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of C. Albicans in an in-vitro situation. Specimens were divided into four groups (n = 10) based on the method of disinfection. Hematoporphyrin derivatives, 1% NaOCl, 2% GaH, and 4% CHX.The pre and post candida (CFU/ml) counts were recorded before and after immersion. ML, microhardness, and Ra of acrylic denture were also assessed. Statistical analysis was executed for CFU/mL (log10) for exposed C. Albicans by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple tests (p > 0.05). For normality of the data, Dunnet's Simultaneous test was performed. ResultsIn terms of candida strain analysis, pretreatment to posttreatment comparisons revealed a reduction in mean Candida count in all groups (p < 0.05). The highest ML value after post candida disinfection of acrylic denture was observed in 2% GaH (1.587 ± 0.25) treated specimens. The least microhardness value was found in group 1 when treated with hematoporphyrin (0.97 ± 0.22 VHN) which was significantly different from other groups (p < 0.05). Group 1 surface treated with hematoporphyrin derivate (1.84 ± 0.22 μm) showed the highest Ra values (p < 0.05). ConclusionAcrylic denture base resin colonized with C. Albicans when treated with a chemical disinfectant of 4% chlorhexidine displayed the highest antimicrobial efficacy with reduced mass loss, less surface roughness, and maximum denture hardness

Study on Importance Analysis and Uncertainty Analysis of Fire Probabilistic Safety Assessment in Domestic Nuclear Power Plants

In Korea, the first of fire Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) was conducted for Hanbit nuclear power plant in 1992. The fire probabilistic safety assessment of a domestic power plant was applied to the methodology and data presented in TR-105928 published in 1995 by EPRI, which separately addresses accident scenarios and conditional core damage frequency. In terms of importance analysis, they performed only a rough assessment of fire area and detailed scenarios that can have a significant impact on the Core Damage Frequency (CDF), but they do not perform uncertainty analysis. In this paper, we present a method for performing importance analysis and uncertainty analysis through a combination of the Minimum Cut Set (MCS) resulting in core damage to nuclear power plants and basic events that form an accident scenario. Based on this, we also presented insights into the basic events that were significantly derived from the fire event probabilistic safety assessment through analysis of switchgear rooms in reference nuclear power plants, and conducted a uncertainty analysis of the CDF. This paper is expected to be available for future Risk-Informed Decision Making (RIDM).

Rough assessment of the consideration of spatial planning tools in the municipal plans for adaptation to climate change. An example of selected Polish cities

The subject of the study whose results are presented in this paper is an attempt at assessing the consideration of spatial planning tools in the municipal plans for adaptation to climate change, performed on the sample of fifteen Polish cities with populations of over 100,000. The assessment was performed using a three-step descriptive analysis. The first stage consisted of identifying the thematic areas of such adaptation for which spatial planning tools had been used. The second stage, done against the background of a general review of spatial planning tools, involved identifying the tools that could be assigned to the already identified thematic areas of urban adaptation to climate change. The number of tools used was totalled at the third and final stage, and synthetic analysis of the tools used was performed using a set of selected criteria.The study is the first, basic attempt to empirically verify the hypothesis that spatial planning and spatial policy play a critical role in adapting cities to climate change, as stated in the subject literature.

Assessment of Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Glazed Versus Polished Pressed Zirconia Reinforced Lithium Silicate Restorations Under Different pH Oral Media (An In-Vitro Study)

Assessment of Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Glazed Versus Polished Pressed Zirconia Reinforced Lithium Silicate Restorations Under Different pH Oral Media (An In-Vitro Study)

Fire resistance of RC columns with regard to spalling of concrete

At date a common agreement seems to be established among researchers that for a proper prediction of fire-induced concrete spalling on structural fire resistance a fully-coupled thermo-hygro-mechanical model should be used in general. Such sophisticated models may engage complex systems of equations. For everyday practical applications, however, the accompanying computational procedures may be found to time-consuming. Proper input material data such as permeability tensor and diffusion coefficients may be found difficult to define as well, especially for modern special-type concretes. Thus, simplified procedures for rough assessments of spalling are still desirable. For reinforced concrete (RC) columns, one of such is proposed here. The model combines two essential analyses, i.e. a hydro-thermal and a mechanical analysis, and runs them separately but simultaneously. For rough estimation of spalling different semi-empirical criteria are used. They consider concrete pore pressure, velocity of spalled-off pieces and buckling length of delaminated concrete. The proposed model is validated against experimental data and shows promising results. In the final part of the paper, the model is implemented in an investigation of the effects of different spalling scenarios on a fire-engulfed column. This shows that spalling may reduce its ultimate fire resistance as much as by 70%.

A systematically integrated recycling and upgrading technology for waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic module

Efficient resource recovery and reutilization are important for overcoming the immense challenges associated with waste photovoltaic module management and the limited raw material supplies, but these processes are significantly impeded by the low recycling efficiency and poor profitability of current technologies. Here, an integrated crystalline silicon cell regeneration technique is proposed by skillfully combining the sequential processes of nondestructive silicon cell recovery, wafer prepurification, one-step ultrapurification and texturing using metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE), and intrasystem reutilization of recovered materials. High-purity and intact silicon wafers are successfully recovered, and various anti-reflection textures including the intriguing dual-scale micro/nano structure are controllably constructed simultaneously by applying a single-step MACE process. The favorable thickness (165 μm), resistivity (1.02–2.28 Ω•cm) and carrier lifetime (1.12–2.47 μs) of the recovered silicon wafers, along with their ultralow reflectivity (5–15%) compared with commercial silicon wafers, make them excellent viable options for high-efficient photovoltaic module production. A rough economic assessment reveals that this integrated strategy presents a lower production cost than that of a conventional recovery process or the price of silicon wafer from industrial production process, and the fully recovered Al frame, tempered glass, Cu ribbons, and high-purity Ag and Al powders can be reused within the system for solar cell regeneration and as catalysts for MACE, resulting in economic viability and high resource sustainability.

A Prospective, Multicenter Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of Poly-L-Lactic Acid for the Treatment of Contour Deformities of the Buttock Regions.

There is a significant emphasis on minimally invasive whole-body rejuvenation throughout the world. Recently, gluteal aesthetics have become an increasingly common patient concern. Although the application of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) to the face is already well known, there are relatively fewer publications on its use in other corporeal regions. This study aims to extend previous findings by evaluating the efficacy and safety of PLLA in the treatment of contour (including lifting) deformities of the buttock region. This was a prospective, multicenter (3 sites), single cohort, open-label clinical trial. Thirty female subjects were treated with PLLA in the bilateral buttocks, with three treatment sessions, each spaced one month apart and followed for six months after completion of the treatment regimen. At each visit, various safety and clinical efficacy parameters were collected, these included: Global Assessment of Improvement Scale (GAIS), subject satisfaction, skin hydration, elasticity, scaliness, roughness, and 3-dimensional imagery. Six months following the last treatment, 84.00% of patients were rated as having &ldquo;improved&rdquo; or more on the physician assessed GAIS, accompanied by a 96.00% patient satisfaction rate. Approximately three vials of PLLA, per buttock and treatment were used. There were no serious adverse events throughout the duration of the trial, nor adverse events related to the investigational device. The most common subject-reported adverse events included pain during treatment (Mean: 70.97%) and bruising (Mean: 28.80%). Objective improvements were persistent after treatment in measurements of skin elasticity (improved 63.5% - 82.5% from weeks 16-32), hydration (increased ~11 Corneometer&reg; units by week 16), roughness (decreased 36.95% at week 32), and scaliness (desquamation; decreased 60.41% at week 32). PLLA is safe and effective for the indication of buttock contouring and improving parameters of skin health. PLLA can provide long-lasting effects with a high level of patient and physician satisfaction. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(3):304-308. doi:10.36849/JDD.5924.

Assessment of Ride Quality and Road Roughness by Measuring the Response from a Vehicle Mounted Android Smartphone

Road surface roughness is considered as one of the most important aspect in functional condition of roads indicating to riding comfort in both transverse and longitudinal direction. For all highway projects maintaining proper surface evenness has been a mandatory requirement from the government of India. In this study, pavement unevenness was estimated using an android-based smartphone and system rely on the movement of a suspension system in response to the unevenness of the road surface travelled by a vehicle. Roughness index (RI) is an indicator to measure the standard road roughness. Conventional way of measuring RI involves usage of bump integrator, profilometer and roughometer. Present study proposes an alternative method to measure roughness using smartphones. The study was carried out in 2 different locations and 3 different smartphones to obtain the magnitude of deflections. Data collected using standard fifth wheel bump integrator is used for validation. Data collected through smartphone i.e., accelerometer sensor details was given as input to Fast Fourier transforms (FFT) to find the magnitude of deflection on the road. The results obtained from smartphones was then correlated with the existing roughness index data collected by standard fifth wheel bump integrator to establish an equation to predict RI using an android mobile.

Does Soil Drying in a Lab Affect Arsenic Speciation in Strongly Contaminated Soils?

This study examined the changes in extractability and fractionation of arsenic (As) that can be caused by the drying of strongly polluted anoxic soil samples. Two untreated and manure-amended soils were incubated for 7 and 21 days in flooded conditions. Thereafter, As water- and 1 M NH4NO3-extractability and As fractionation in a 5-step sequential extraction according to Wenzel were examined in fresh, oven-dried and air-dried samples. Soil treatment with manure considerably affected the results of the sequential extraction. Air-drying caused a significant decrease in As extractability with 1 M NH4NO3 and in As concentrations in the F1 fraction. The highest reduction of extractability (30–41%) was found in manure-treated soils. Oven-drying resulted in a smaller reduction (5–34%) of As extractability. These effects were explained by opposing processes of As mobilization and immobilization. Sequential extraction did not allow for balancing As redistribution due to drying, as As loss from the F1 fraction was smaller than the confidence intervals in the other fractions. The results showed that for the precise determination of As extractability in anoxic soils, fresh samples should be analyzed. However, oven-dried samples may be used for a rough assessment of environmental risk, As the order of magnitude of easily soluble As did not change due to drying.

APPLICABILITY OF A HANDHELD LaBr3(Ce) SPECTROMETER FOR INTERNAL RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION EXAMINATION IN RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

In case of a nuclear or radiological emergency, there may be a very large population of individuals being affected by radiation exposure. Rapid and on-site examinations of possible internal radioactive contaminations are required for early dose assessment and large-scale screening. With the appropriate methodology, early dose information of internal exposure can be instantly obtained by a handheld spectrometer only. In this study, we extended the use of a handheld LaBr3 spectrometer to rough internal dose assessment. A family of real source BOMAB phantoms was applied for efficiency calibration of different detecting geometries. Detecting limits of several nuclides of major concern was also investigated. The result of this study can be used for initial dose assessment and medical triage during the first response of nuclear and radiological emergencies.