Preference Assessment Research Articles

Projection of Care Partners’ Preferences in the Proxy Assessments of Everyday Preferences for Persons With Cognitive Impairment

Bias in surrogate decision-making can occur when proxy decision-makers overestimate the degree to which their preferences are shared by others, resulting in a projection of their beliefs onto others. The purpose of this study is to assess projection of care partners' preferences onto surrogate assessments of everyday preferences for persons with cognitive impairment (CI) and to address clinical and demographic factors as predictors of projection. The sample included 116 dyads of persons with CI (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale score ≥ 0.5) and their care partners. The Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory (PELI) was used to assess importance of preferences among persons with CI. Care partners completed two separate PELI assessments: one from the perspective of the persons with CI (i.e., acting as a surrogate decision-maker) and one from their own perspective. To assess for projection of care partners' preferences onto surrogate assessments of preferences for persons with CI, two-step regression with multivariable-adjusted general linear models was used. Significant projection was noted within the PELI domains of autonomous choice, personal growth, and keeping a routine (p < 0.005). More significant cognitive impairment was associated with increased projection within the PELI domains of autonomous choice and personal growth (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that projection of care partners' own preferences may be a significant source of bias in proxy decision-making regarding everyday preferences for persons with CI, particularly for those with more significant CI.

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Food Perceptions, Food Preferences, Diet Quality, and Health in a Food Desert Campus.

The sensory properties of foods guide food choices and intake, importantly determining nutritional and health status. In communities that have inconsistent access to nutritious foods, such as food deserts, food taste perceptions and preferences have yet to be explored. The purpose of this study was to examine how taster status (supertaster vs. non-taster) and food security status (high or marginal vs. low or very low) influences food taste intensities, food preferences and perceptions, and diet quality in a cohort of students from a food desert campus in the Central Valley of California. Moreover, the complex relationship of socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and sex on cardiometabolic and cognitive health warrants further examination. Two hundred fifty participants (aged 18-24 years) living in a food desert campus were recruited in 2018 for this cross-sectional study where participants underwent taste tests on selected fruits, vegetables, and nuts, and clinical tests (anthropometrics, blood glucose, blood pressure, and endothelial function), cognitive function tests (memory and attention), diet quality assessment (Healthy Eating Index (HEI)), and food preference and perception assessments. Food taste intensities were influenced by sex with bitter and umami taste intensities of several foods being perceived more intensely by males. Moreover, food liking was largely influenced by ethnicity with Hispanics having higher liking ratings for several foods compared with non-Hispanics. Both, Hispanics and females, had higher total fruit HEI scores and lower attention scores than non-Hispanics and males, respectively. Females also had lower blood pressure, reactive hyperemia index, and fasting blood glucose. Food-insecure individuals rated cost and convenience as more important factors for overall food consumption and had lower attention scores than those with higher food-security status. Future research should consider the complex interactions of factors such as taste and flavor perception, sex, ethnicity, prior exposure to foods, and other environmental factors when studying food preferences and health in young adults.

Projection in Proxy Assessments of Everyday Preferences for Persons with Cognitive Impairment

AbstractBackgroundA source of bias in surrogate decision‐making has been articulated alternatively as the false consensus effect, assumed similarity, and attributive/social projection by which proxies overestimate the degree that their values and preferences are shared by others, resulting in a projection of their own beliefs onto others in the process of surrogate decision‐making. The aims of this study are to assess for projection of proxies’ preferences onto surrogate assessments of everyday preferences for persons with cognitive impairment (CI) and to address cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptom burden as predictors of projection.MethodThe sample included 116 dyads of persons with CI (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale score ≥ 0.5) and their care partners. The Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory (PELI) was used to assess importance of preferences among persons with CI. Care partners completed two separate PELI assessments: one from the perspective of the persons with CI (i.e., acting as a surrogate decision‐maker) and one from their own perspective. To assess for projection of care partners’ preferences onto surrogate assessments of preferences for persons with CI, two‐step regression with multivariable‐adjusted general linear models was used.ResultSignificant projection effects were noted within the PELI domains of autonomous choice, personal growth, and keeping a routine (p &lt; 0.0005). More significant cognitive impairment was associated with increased projection effects within the PELI domains of autonomous choice and personal growth (p &lt; 0.01)ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that projection effects of care partners own preferences may be a significant source of bias in everyday proxy decision‐making for persons with CI, particularly for those with more significant CI.

Expertise-Structure and Risk-Appetite-Integrated Two-Tiered Collective Opinion Generation Framework for Large-Scale Group Decision Making

The generation of collective preference assessments occupies a critical position in deriving accurate and reliable alternative rankings in the context of large-scale group decision making (LSGDM). In general, the collective opinion generation framework entails the following three phases, which are clustering analysis, weighting clusters, and preference aggregation. However, the clustering of experts has been frequently based on preference similarities among them without taking into account individual opinions in which knowledge elicitation plays a crucial role. The traditional collective opinion generation framework suffering from this drawback may result in unreliable decision outcomes. To this end, we propose an expertise-structure and risk-appetite-integrated two-tiered collective opinion generation framework to address this concern. The first tier of the two-tiered collective opinion generation framework divides the entire expert group into several subgroups based on individual expertise structures, which are extracted from hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS)-based preference assessments, and it then weighs the resulting clusters in accordance with the overall expertise levels. The second-tier clusters the first-tier subgroups conditioned on the indicator of individual assessment similarities and gathers the generated subgroup preference constructs in the use of the risk appetite-oriented power average operator. In addition, the notion of proportional HFLTSs was introduced to manifest collective evaluations in second-tier subgroups to eliminate information loss and distortion. The effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed collective opinion generation algorithm are eventually illustrated by a case study and a comparison analysis.

Trajectory of Functional Recovery from 6 to 12 Months in Persons Hospitalized for Severe SARS-CoV-2 Illness

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To identify distinct post-acute COVID-19 phenotypes among adults hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and describe multidimensional outcomes and trajectories at 6 and 12 months post-hospitalization. <h3>Design</h3> Prospective, longitudinal data collection in functional, physical, cognitive, and psychological domains at 3, 6, and 12 months post-hospitalization. Retrospective data collection from the acute care and post-acute care settings. <h3>Setting</h3> Acute care and post-acute telephone follow-up. <h3>Participants</h3> English- and Spanish- speaking adults, with decision-making capacity, admitted for inpatient rehabilitation following inpatient rehabilitation for acute COVID-19 related illness (N = 61). <h3>Interventions</h3> N/A. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Physical, cognitive, and psychological symptoms; self-reported employment status and assistance with ADLs. <h3>Results</h3> Median age 60.8 years; 59% male; 72.1% white; 72.1% non-Hispanic; 26.2% preferred assessment in Spanish. 83% required mechanical ventilation in acute care. Comorbidities were common. We found a high prevalence of persistent symptoms at 6- and 12- months across physical, cognitive, and emotional health outcome domains. Three post-acute phenotypes were identified at 6 months; a "minimally symptomatic" subgroup with minimal symptom endorsement across all domains relative to other subjects (22.95%, n = 14), a "predominantly physical symptoms" subgroup (47.54%, n = 29), and a "globally symptomatic" subgroup (29.51%, n = 18). A similar pattern for phenotypes emerges at 12-months, with 67.21% of subjects falling into the same phenotype at both time points. In the Predominantly Physical Symptom phenotype, 31.0% declined into the Globally Symptomatic Phenotype and 10.3% improved. In the Globally Symptomatic phenotype, 11.1% of participants transitioned to the Minimally Symptomatic phenotype and 16.7% to the Predominantly Physical Symptom phenotype. Compared to premorbid level of employment (50.8%), 24.6% of participants were employed at 12-months. Phenotype at 6-months was a significant predictor of employment at 12-months (B = 2.26, p = .05, OR = 9.6). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Persons with severe COVID-19 illness experience persistent functional limitations and reduced employment up to 12 months post-hospitalization. Distinct recovery subgroups were found suggesting the need for comprehensive assessment and tailored treatment for recovery. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest.

Modeling and optimization of technical processes in agricultural transport systems

The paper deals with the problem of optimizing the maintenance of vehicles in agricultural technical systems. The criterion is associated with the minimum mathematical expectation of vehicle losses during the total waiting time for all components. We consider the set of situations that arise in the course of making decisions regarding the growth of resource efficiency of the agricultural technical system. The procedures related to determining the assessment of preferences in the course of multiple choice are considered. On the base of proposed algorithm, it is possible to determine the preference of alternatives with a rational choice of a system of measures to ensure the resource efficiency of the functioning of the service structure for agricultural transport vehicles in the technical system. The example of modeling is shown.

PP32 Assessment Of Preferences For Treatment: A Discrete Choice Experiment Among Italian Patients With Prostate Cancer

IntroductionThe integrated patient-centered, evidence-based approach to care recognizes the role of patient preferences. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was developed with the aim of identifying the preferences of men with prostate cancer in Italy regarding the different risk-benefit factors of various treatment options.MethodsThe DCE was developed with the support of prostate cancer patients and oncologists and was based on a targeted scoping review. The final DCE included 26 choice sets divided into two blocks. The first block focused on all prostate cancer patients (both metastatic and non-metastatic), while the second block aimed to assess preferences for patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Patients were asked to choose from ten attributes in the first block and six in the second block. The aim was to identify attributes and levels with a statistically significant impact on patient preferences. Preference estimates were calculated using a conditional logit regression model and the results were stratified by cancer stage (metastatic or non-metastatic) in the first block.ResultsA total of 202 patients (mean age 72 years) completed the DCE. In the first block, the most important attribute was quality of life (QoL), particularly for patients with metastatic cancer. The other three attributes found to be significant, in order of relevance to patients, were the risks of experiencing cognitive impairment, hematologic complications, and fatigue. For patients with mHSPC, QoL was the strongest determinant of preference. The risk of experiencing fatigue was also a relevant attribute, followed by skin irritation.ConclusionsThis study shows that the effect of treatment on QoL was the most important attribute for patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. Specific risk factors play a different role in the choice of treatment depending on cancer type, with the risk of experiencing fatigue being valued by all groups. Identifying and understanding patients’ preferences related to treatments for prostate cancer will help physicians identify the best treatment strategy.

An evaluation of the teach-back method for training new skills.

There are several effective training packages (e.g., behavioral skills training, video modeling, and self-instruction packages) available to train staff. Despite their efficacy, these training procedures require substantial time or preplanning and resources to create materials. Teach-back, an empirically validated method used in the healthcare setting to enhance communication between clinicians and patients, does not require any preplanning or materials. However, this method has yet to be investigated in the context of training and supervision. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of teach-back in training participants to implement preference assessments and a token economy. The teach-back method improved procedural integrity to at least 88%, and the addition of vocal-verbal feedback resulted in all participants achieving 100% integrity in all skills. We discuss the implications of these findings.

동기조작(MO)이 자폐스펙트럼장애 학생의 자발적인 정보 맨드에 미치는 영향*

The current study investigated effects of motivating operation on mand for information in a middle school student with autism spectrum disorders(ASD). Teaching students to mand for information can help them learn advanced language skills, increase their communications skills, and aid in decreasing challenging behaviors. However, students with ASD often do not learn to mand for information without structured teaching. The target responses of this study were mands for information using “what”, “where” and “which” and used a multiple probe design across behaviors to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Target items were selected from high preferred items identified during preference assessments prior to the experiment. During the base line, target items were presented for abolishing operation(AO) of the items. A correct response was immediately reinforced by manded information about items. If the participant emitted no response or an incorrect response during the 5 s delay, the echoic prompt was provided by the instructor. During the intervention condition, the procedures were same as the baseline procedure except absense of the AO, thus EO was in effect for the target items. The EO procedure was effective on increasing mands for information and the participant were able to generalize this skill to novel items.

Consistency of photo and field surveys in measuring the attractiveness of forest stands

Assessments of human environmental perceptions are partly based on visible features, roles and functioning of the environment, and partly on personal, cultural, social and experience-based values. Assessment research has often been done by showing photos of the environment to respondents, although in situ visits are considered more reliable in reflecting the true characteristics of the environment. We tested the similarity of attractiveness perceptions of 110 respondents between surveys based on photos and field visits in Eastern Finnish managed Scots pine forests. We found a strong correlation between photo and field views of matching forests. Outdoor NGO members gave on average higher scores than other respondents in photo than in field assessments. Moreover, respondents having a neutral or a positive attitude to forest management gave higher scores in photo than in field assessments, whereas respondents with a negative attitude evaluated the environments in the opposite way. The scores based on walk-through visits to gap-felled stands fell between snapshot scores for gaps and retained parts of these same stands. In conclusion, photos seem to accurately reflect the characteristics of structurally simple pine forests, but in more complex stands, several photos or other assessment techniques are required. We conclude that, in general, photos can be used in forest preference assessments, but evaluations of structurally complex environments would benefit from advanced 3D illustration technologies. We assess the similarity of attractiveness perceptions of citizens obtained using photo and field surveys, and examine the role of forest-stand complexity in determining the attractiveness experience. Our paper is methodological. Assessments of human environmental perceptions are based on visible features, roles and functioning of the environment, and personal, cultural, social and experience-based values. Assessment research has often been done by showing photos of the environment to respondents, whereas in situ visits are considered more reliable in reflecting the true characteristics of the environment. We tested the similarity of attractiveness perceptions of 110 respondents between surveys based on photos and field visits in Eastern Finnish managed Scots pine forests. We found (1) a strong correlation between photo and field views of matching forests; (2) outdoor NGO members gave on average higher scores than other respondents in photo than in field assessments; (3) respondents having a neutral or a positive attitude to forest management gave higher scores in photo than in field assessments, whereas negative respondents evaluated the environments in an opposite way; (4) the scores based on walk-through visits to gap-felled stands were intermediate between snapshot scores for gaps and retained parts of these same stands. Photos seem to accurately reflect the characteristics of structurally simple pine forests, but in more complex stands, several photos or other assessment techniques are required. At a general level, photo-based assessments of aesthetic perception can be applied in forest-use research.

Measuring person-centred care in German nursing homes – exploring the construct validity of the Dementia Policy Questionnaire: a cross-sectional study of a secondary data set

BackgroundTo ensure the sustainable implementation of dementia-specific person-centred care (PCC) in nursing homes, internal policies are crucial. The preliminary German Dementia Policy Questionnaire, which features 19 dichotomous items, assesses the existence of and evaluates these policies. This article reports the results of an exploration of the construct validity of the preliminary Dementia Policy Questionnaire.MethodsThis study is a cross-sectional study that references a secondary data set drawn from a national survey study of a randomized, stratified sample of 134 nursing homes in Germany. To explore the construct validity of the preliminary Dementia Policy Questionnaire, we conducted an adjusted multiple correspondence analysis of the pretested 19-item assessment. We included data assessed using the preliminary Dementia Policy Questionnaire from 134 care units associated with 134 nursing homes; these data were collected via telephone interviews with nursing home administrators or their representatives.ResultsTwo items assessing visitor regulations and regulations regarding the inclusion of residents in staff selection were less frequent and were therefore excluded from the adjusted multiple correspondence analysis. In total, nine items were assigned to two dimensions. The items assigned to the first dimension assess existing regulations for PCC as well as existing regulations regarding the involvement of the resident, relatives and the multiprofessional team in the collection of information concerning preferences, case conferences or decision making. The items assigned to the second dimension assess existing regulations regarding the systematic assessment of resident preferences and their requirements.ConclusionThe study produces exploratory evidence concerning the preliminary Dementia Policy Questionnaire. Since the dimensions of the items included in this questionnaire cannot be conceptualized clearly, the instrument in its current state requires further development.

The Effectiveness of Mathematics Learning Using Online Media During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused the learning process to be hampered and cannot be carried out face-to-face. Therefore, a solution is needed for this problem. One alternative to overcome this problem is online learning. This study aims to describe the effectiveness of online learning using online media during the Covid-19 pandemic in Mathematics courses. The subjects of this study were 51 students in the Faculty of Science and Technology, Nahdlatul Ulama University, Purwokerto. They were from five different study programs, namely Agrotechnology, Mathematics, Biology, Fisheries Science, and Agricultural Biosystems Engineering, who had taken mathematics courses. This study was carried out in June – August 2021. This study used closed, semi-closed, and open-ended questionnaires as research instruments. Then, the data collection procedure was done through Google Forms. The data obtained were then selected using purposive sampling. To get valid and reliable data, triangulation was applied in this study. Triangulation was carried out through interviews with five students whose data were selected randomly. The researchers used descriptive statistics as the data analysis. The study found that the activities most often carried out by students during Study From Home (SFH) are playing on cellphones or laptops, doing assignments, working, and sleeping. Then, related to online learning, students prefer to use WhatsApp Group media and lectures. The preferred assignments or assessments are individual assignments and quizzes. Furthermore, the learning model most favored by students is the face-to-face learning model because students consider online learning ineffective. The results of this study can be used as a reference in choosing the suitable model, method, and learning media. Therefore, online learning can be held effectively and easily accepted by students during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Assessment of Garlic Production Constraints and Trait Preferences in Garlic Cultivar Development in Two Woredas, Sidama Region, Ethiopia

Garlic (Allium sativium L.) is the major food and cash crop in the highland regions of Ethiopia. However, farmers are not integrated into the garlic breeding process. The objectives of this assessment were to identify farmers’ key garlic production constraints and establish preferred traits in garlic cultivar development in the two woredas of Sidama Region (Ethiopia). A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) study was conducted through a structured survey involving 36 households in Malga and Gorche woredas. A structured survey used a questionnaire which was administered to farmers to collect information on key production constraints, varieties of garlic seed used for production, seed source etc., according to the assessment result of this study, the cultivar used for garlic production is the local variety in the two woredas. Hence, the most important garlic production constraints are lack of high yielding cultivars, garlic disease and insects. To conclude active farmer participation in early breeding stages is critical for a successful garlic breeding program. Based on the assessment it is possible to recommend that high yielder garlic variety, disease tolerance, insect resistant and cultivars having high dry matter content are the most important parameters preferred by farmers, which helps them to produce maximum products and serve as a source of income to many rural farmers.

Assessment of Spine Patient Preferences for the Location of Surgery Between a Hospital and an Ambulatory Surgical Center in the Time of COVID-19: An Analysis of Patient Surveys.

Introduction There has been a recent increase in the number of spinal procedures that can be performed in ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs). Studies have found that patients who undergo procedures at ASCs tend to have lower complication rates following procedures, including lower infection rates. Furthermore, ASCs offer significantly lower costs of procedures to patients and health insurance companies as compared to the costs of procedures performed in a hospital. Despite precautions and screening in place by ASCs, patients may be hesitant to undergo procedures outside of the hospital. Conversely, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has created hesitancy for many to go to the hospital for caredue to the presence of COVID patients. Objective To assess patient preferences in the location of elective spine procedures between ASCs and hospitals, the authors conducted a survey of spine surgery candidates in a single practice. Methods A survey measuring patient age, vaccination status, fear of contracting COVID-19, and preference of surgery location was given to spinal surgery candidates at a single practice between fall 2021 and winter 2022. Statistical differences between the means of response groups were measured by a two-sample Z-score test. Results A total of 58 surveys were completed by patients. No difference in preference was observed by age. A difference was observed between genders, with 66% of females preferring ASCs to 40% of males (α=0.03). Patients with a fear of contracting COVID-19 preferred to have their procedure performed in an ASC. No difference was observed in location due to vaccination status, but unvaccinated patients had a significantly lower fear of contracting COVID-19(α=0.02). Conclusion The differences in patient preferences have no clear cause, highlighting the need for better patient education in regardto the risks and benefits of each location of surgery. The fear of contracting COVID-19 on the day of surgery appears to be more ideological than rational for unvaccinated patients, who had less fear of contracting COVID-19 than vaccinated patients, despite being more likely to contract COVID-19 than vaccinated patients.

An Investigation of Students’ Preferences, Satisfaction and Performance in Online Assessment Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Türkiye

This study aimed to discuss the online/e- assessment methods applied in the education faculties of state universities during the Covid-19 pandemic and to reveal student satisfaction and achievement in such methods. Accordingly, the relationships between student grades, the preferred method, and student satisfaction levels were examined by residential region and gender. The study was conducted on 371 university students from seven universities in different geographical regions of Turkey. A survey design, one of the quantitative research methods, was preferred in the study. The analysis results showed that the most preferred online assessment methods by the academics during the Covid-19 pandemic included homework (93%), timed online examinations (92%), and online presentation (76%). When students’ attitudes towards those assessment methods were examined, we found that students’ favorite online assessment method was homework (71%), and timed online examinations (46%) and online presentations (31%) were the least preferred methods. Besides, the students received the highest grades (76 and above) by doing online homework (72%), online presentations (69%), and projects (62%). They received the lowest scores in online examinations (50%).

Analysis of four measures of positional bias within a multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment

AbstractPositional bias is a pattern of responding to a specific location that can be influenced by response effort and/or prior learning history. Prior research on positional bias within stimulus preference assessments have focused primarily on its use in paired stimulus assessments due to the complex nature of the multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessment. The present study is a secondary data analysis that utilized four different methods to measure side and center bias in a MSWO preference assessment for 19 young children with autism spectrum disorder. Participants displayed varying degrees of biased responding but collectively engaged in minimal biased responding. This study includes an analysis of the four methodologies, discussion of general patterns of responding, and general recommendations for the application of these methodologies in future research.

Effects of and preference for student- and teacher-implemented good behavior game in early elementary classes.

Disruptive behavior during instruction is a common problem in elementary classrooms. One intervention to reduce disruptive behavior is the Good Behavior Game (GBG). In this study, the students of 2 early elementary classrooms experienced 3 versions of the GBG: experimenter-implemented, teacher-implemented, and student-implemented. The effects of the GBG on disruptive behavior and peer interactions were evaluated using a combined reversal and multielement design. Student preference for conditions was assessed via a group arrangement of a concurrent-chains preference assessment. All versions of the game reduced disruptive behavior compared to baseline, but the rate of disruptive behavior was slightly higher during the teacher-implemented sessions in Class 1. Few peer interactions occurred during the game; however, negative interactions increased slightly in both classes during the GBG. Students overwhelmingly preferred the student-implemented version of the game. This study provides support for student implementation of the GBG and offers an approach to student shared governance in the classroom.

What If You Can't Ask Them? Psychometric Properties of a Behavioral Assessment of Sibling Relationship Quality.

Building on studies of preferences for social interaction in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) we sought to provide a way for siblings with ASD to express their perspective about the quality of their sibling relationships. We developed a behavioral assessment of sibling relationship preference (Sibling Relationship Assessment [SRA]) and examined the psychometric properties of test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and convergent validity. The SRA was feasible to administer and revealed expected differences between sibling dyads with one sibling with ASD compared to typically-developing sibling dyads. We found strong positive correlations for inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability and convergent validity. The SRA provides a way to assess the perspective of the sibling with ASD that taps one characteristic, preference for spending time with one's sibling, of the quality of sibling relationships.

The Effects of Email Performance-Based Feedback on Teacher Candidate Implementation of a Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement Preference Assessment.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10864-022-09496-z.

University Students’ Perception and Satisfaction with Online Formative Assessment: A Case of University of Kabianga, Kenya

Online assessment is an evaluation of a person's abilities, behaviors, and characteristics conducted over the Internet by use of available web technologies such as Learning Management Systems (LMS). Online assessments support a variety of question types and provide tailored feedback useful in improving learning and academic achievement of the learners. Online teaching and assessment had not been popular in some parts of the world, prior the COVID-19 pandemic. However with the pandemic, learning was taken online necessitating the need to make a move towards the computerization of assessment. In Kenya, this was done in a hurry without training learners on how to handle both online learning and assessment. As a result many students were apprehensive of these processes and were resisting the shift. This study provides University of Kabianga second year students’ perspective on formative online assessment. Study was based on the Constructivist Theory of learning which holds that, learners construct knowledge and learn best when engaged in learning experiences rather than passively receiving information. Only an experience can facilitate students to construct their own knowledge. Students in this study were exposed to online assessment for the first time and their perception and satisfaction was given in a feedback survey tool emended in the LMS. Analysis of students’ feedback indicated that they were satisfied and preferred online assessment to the face-to-face written assessments. Keywords: Online Assessment, Perception, Formative Assessment DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-32-09 Publication date: November 30 th 2022