Assessment Of Food Intake Research Articles

Assessment of nutritional status of obese women

Assessment of nutritional status of obese women was carried out with an objective to assess nutritional status by assessment of anthropometric measurements, food and nutrient intake by 24 hours recall method. Total 210 obese women of age group 30 to 60 years from overweight (120) and obese (90) areas of Parbhani district of Maharashtra was purposively selected. The general information, anthropometric measurements, dietary pattern by 24 hour recall method by the obese women were obtained through a well- structured interview schedule. Results of the study revealed that the mean value of weight of women was 82.44± 9.25 and the mean value of body height of women was150.6± 5.95, respectively. The BMI of women subjects was 33.22± 4.358, mid upper arm circumference (34.89 ± 3.916). The skinfold thickness of selected women was 20.87± 2.808. The mean values of waist and hip circumference of the subjects were 94.43 ± 3.26 and 114.2 ± 3.54, respectively. The intake of all the nutrients were significantly higher than RDA’s among overweight and obese women except for calcium intake was significantly lower than RDA’s. In conclusion, the study stated that all the respondents were having more than normal BMI. The intake of all the nutrients were significantly higher than RDA’s except calcium intake. The extra amount of energy associated with sedentary lifestyle might had resulted in positive energy balance, ultimately leading to deposition of fat in the adipose tissue. Findings regarding food consumption frequencies concluded that the consumption of calorie rich foods such as bakery products, nuts, oilseeds and dry fruits, soft drinks, sago, street foods and fried items was practiced by studied women which might have resulted in creation of positive energy balance among them.

Plasma Metabolite Response to Simple, Refined and Unrefined Carbohydrate-Enriched Diets in Older Adults—Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Food intake data collected using subjective tools are prone to inaccuracies and biases. An objective assessment of food intake, such as metabolomic profiling, may offer a more accurate method if unique metabolites can be identified. To explore this option, we used samples generated from a randomized and controlled cross-over trial during which participants (N = 10; 65 ± 8 year, BMI, 29.8 ± 3.2 kg/m2) consumed each of the three diets enriched in different types of carbohydrate. Plasma metabolite concentrations were measured at the end of each diet phase using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Participants were provided, in random order, with diets enriched in three carbohydrate types (simple carbohydrate (SC), refined carbohydrate (RC) and unrefined carbohydrate (URC)) for 4.5 weeks per phase and separated by two-week washout periods. Data were analyzed using partial least square-discrimination analysis, receiver operating characteristics (ROC curve) and hierarchical analysis. Among the known metabolites, 3-methylhistidine, phenylethylamine, cysteine, betaine and pipecolic acid were identified as biomarkers in the URC diet compared to the RC diet, and the later three metabolites were differentiated and compared to SC diet. Hierarchical analysis indicated that the plasma metabolites at the end of each diet phase were more strongly clustered by the participant than the carbohydrate type. Hence, although differences in plasma metabolite concentrations were observed after participants consumed diets differing in carbohydrate type, individual variation was a stronger predictor of plasma metabolite concentrations than dietary carbohydrate type. These findings limited the potential of metabolic profiling to address this variable.

Choline Intake and Sensory Processing Symptoms in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

ObjectivesSensory processing differences are frequently experienced by both children and adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can greatly influence quality of life. Evidence exists to suggest a potential relationship of one carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients with core diagnostic aspects of autism, but little is known about OCM nutrients in relation to sensory processing symptoms in autism. This study sought to observe associations between OCM nutrient intake and sensory assessment scores in school-age children with ASD.MethodsFamilies with a child aged 6–10 with ASD were recruited, and a parent completed all questionnaires on their child's behalf (n = 28). The Harvard Youth and Adolescent food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess nutrient intake, and the Child Sensory Profile 2 (SP2) was used to assess sensory processing across 13 sensory domains. Linear regression models were developed for all sensory domains with respect to intake of each individual OCM micronutrient (categorized as lower or higher than the median intake, to account for skewing). The following nutrients were included: choline, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, folate, and zinc. Models were adjusted for age and use of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication.ResultsIntake exceeded the DRI values for the OCM nutrients, with 26 of 28 the children's intake meeting the DRI for each nutrient except choline (11 of 28). Regression analysis showed that dietary choline intake was positively associated with SP2 scores in the avoider, visual, and touch domains (p < 0.05), and was approaching significance in the seeker, auditory, and conduct domains (p < 0.10). Regression analysis of the other OCM nutrients did not produce significant associations with any SP2 score.ConclusionsInitial results from this small observational study suggest that nutritional intake of choline may be associated with sensory processing symptoms in children with ASD, which identifies choline as a potential nutritional support in future studies. Additional research is first needed to confirm these findings in a larger sample, and to explore directionality of potential relationships.Funding SourcesAmerican Egg Board/Egg Nutrition Center.

Tripartite of Malnutrition: Co-existence of Underweight, Overweight and Micronutrient Deficiency Among Children in Kisumu County, Kenya

ObjectivesThis study aim was to assess the status of underweight, overweight and micronutrient deficiency among children in Kisumu County, Kenya. Challenges facing Kenyan government include childhood underweight, overweight and micronutrient deficiencies. These forms of malnutrition have existed in several regions of the world with their consequences spreading to old age. A total of 11% of Kenyan children are underweight while 4% are overweight. Micronutrient deficiency affects 2 billion people worldwide with iron and Vitamin A Deficiency affecting 60% and 70% of children in Sub Saharan Africa respectively. Only 72% of Kenyan children consume diets rich in Vitamin A. MethodsCross sectional study was used that recruited 384 children aged less than 2 years. Anthropometric measurements assessed nutritional status while food frequency questionnaire assessed nutrient intake of children. STATA V.14 analyzed data. Bivariate analysis linked outcome and independent variables while multinomial logistic regression assessed factors influencing malnutritional status of children. ResultsA total of 23% of children were underweight while 30% were overweight. Only 10% consumed carbohydrate adequate diets while 31% consumed foods rich in iron. Children aged between 19 and 24 months had 80% higher risks of being overweight compared to those aged below 6 months while those living in permanent houses had 40% lower risks of being overweight compared to those living in temporary houses. Those with inadequate carbohydrate and iron intake had 20% and 80% lower risks respectively of being overweight compared to those with adequate intake. ConclusionsIn Kisumu county, 23% of children were underweight while 30% were overweight. Only 31% consumed diets rich in iron sources. Mothers’ income, type of housing and micronutrient intake were associated with nutritional status of children. Interventions and policies to target this early age as is window period of opportunity. Funding SourcesThis research was supported by the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa “CARTA”.

Impact of Dietary Assessment Methods on Reports of DS Product Use and Nutrient Intakes Among DS Users

ObjectivesReliable dietary assessment tools for assessing nutrient intake from foods/beverages and dietary supplements (DS) are critical for population-level monitoring; yet, different tools vary in their strengths and weaknesses for assessing intake from foods/beverages, and less is known about the performance of these tools in measuring intake from DS. The Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP (IDATA) cohort study was designed to evaluate the measurement error structure of 24-hr dietary recall (24 HR) and food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data, inclusive of DS information. The objective of the study was to compare DS data reported on 24 HRs and frequency-based questionnaires from the IDATA study among U.S. adults (aged 50–74 y; n = 795).MethodsDS information was collected over 12 months among adults who participated in IDATA and completed up to 6 Automated Self-Administered 24 HRs (ASA24s; 2011 version) and 2 FFQs (i.e., Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) II), which queried information on DS usage, frequency, and amount of DS taken. Prevalence of use by product type and estimated nutrient intakes from DS for selected nutrients (i.e., calcium, magnesium, vitamins C and D) were compared between the 2nd DHQ II and the average of ≥2 ASA24s using the kappa coefficient to quantify agreement and paired t-tests to compare mean nutrient intakes.ResultsThe majority of U.S. adult DS users who participated in IDATA reported DS use on the DHQ (84%) and on ≥2 ASA24s (84%). Among the DS products reported on ≥2 ASA24s and the DHQ, agreement between the two methods ranged from κ = 0.06 (multivitamin) to κ = 0.70 (calcium and vitamin D), with substantial agreement present (κ ≥ 0.61) for iron, omega-3, fish oil, multivitamin-mineral, potassium, vitamin C, and vitamin E products. When evaluating differences in mean nutrient intake reported on ≥2 ASA24s and on the DHQ, no significant differences in calcium or vitamin C intake were observed; however, for vitamin D, large variation in intake was observed between the DHQ (8.3 μg/d) and ≥2 ASA24s (19.9 μg/d).ConclusionsCurrently, no consensus exists on the best method for measuring intake from DS. The comparability of 24 HRs and frequency-based dietary assessment methods in measuring the prevalence of use of and estimating nutrient intakes from DS varies by the nutrient of interest, and the type of DS product consumed.Funding SourcesN/A.

Características maternas e infantis correlacionadas à frequência do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados por crianças de 6 a 24 meses

Abstract Objectives: to verify the correlation between the consumption of ultra-processed food among mothers and children under two years of age and the main characteristics related to this consumption. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in public health services. Three 24-hour recalls were applied to assess food intake. The ultra-processed food was grouped into: sugary drinks; meat; sauces and creams; dairy products; snacks; pastas; and mucilage. Themother’s body mass index and waist/hip ratio, and the child’s weight/height, height/age, weight/age and body mass index/age were calculated. The children’s ultra-process frequency as correlated with: anthropometric dyadic variables; ultra-process frequency on breastfeeding. The children’s average ultra-process intake was compared to pacifier, bottle, breastfeeding and socioeconomic status. Linear regression models were conducted. Results: 172 pairs were evaluated. Similarity was found in the mothers and children’s consumption of ultra-processed products. The higher frequency of ultra-processed products was correlated with older child and the higher body mass/age index and weight/age index. Of the 39 ultra-processed food present in the mothers’ diet, 22 were correlated to child’s Conclusion: the consumption of ultra-processed food by children is similar to their mothers and correlates with higher z-score values of weight/age and body mass/age index.

Longitudinal Association of Dietary Energy Density with Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults from CHNS 1993-2018.

Few studies have explored the longitudinal association between dietary energy density and waist circumference and abdominal obesity in adults in China. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between dietary energy density and waist circumference and abdominal obesity in Chinese residents aged 18–64. Using data from the CHNS from 1993 to 2018, 25,817 adult residents aged 18 to 64 were selected for the study. Three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls and home-weighed seasonings were used to assess food intake. A multilevel model was used to analyze the relationship between dietary energy density and waist circumference and abdominal obesity. The results showed that compared with the lowest dietary energy density group, females had an increased risk of abdominal obesity (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.29), and females’ waist circumference increased significantly by 0.24 cm (95% CI: 0.39–1.09) in the highest dietary energy density group. No association between dietary energy density and waist circumference and abdominal obesity was observed in males. This study shows that higher dietary energy density is significantly associated with females’ waist circumference and abdominal obesity. Further research on high dietary energy density and abdominal obesity will provide scientific basis for the effective control of abdominal obesity.

Does Bypass of the Proximal Small Intestine Impact Food Intake, Preference, and Taste Function in Humans? An Experimental Medicine Study Using the Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Liner.

The duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (Endobarrier) is an endoscopic treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It creates exclusion of the proximal small intestine similar to that after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) surgery. The objective of this study was to employ a reductionist approach to determine whether bypass of the proximal intestine is the component conferring the effects of RYGB on food intake and sweet taste preference using the Endobarrier as a research tool. A nested mechanistic study within a large randomised controlled trial compared the impact of lifestyle modification with vs. without Endobarrier insertion in patients with obesity and T2DM. Forty-seven participants were randomised and assessed at several timepoints using direct and indirect assessments of food intake, food preference and taste function. Patients within the Endobarrier group lost numerically more weight compared to the control group. Using food diaries, our results demonstrated similar reductions of food intake in both groups. There were no significant differences in food preference and sensory, appetitive reward, or consummatory reward domain of sweet taste function between groups or changes within groups. In conclusion, the superior weight loss seen in patients with obesity and T2DM who underwent the Endobarrier insertion was not due to a reduction in energy intake or change in food preferences.

Curcumin attenuates LPS-induced sickness behavior and fever in rats by modulating Nrf2 activity

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent inducer of inflammation, triggering behavioral changes and fever. The present study aimed to evaluate whether pretreatment with curcumin prevents the behavioral changes and fever induced by LPS through the modulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). Male Wistar rats received either vehicle or LPS and after 2 h, the behavioral responses were assessed through open field test (OFT), social interaction test, forced swim test (FST), and food intake assessment. The febrile response was assessed by telemetry after vehicle or LPS injection to evaluate the effect of curcumin on the thermoregulatory response during the immunological challenge. The pretreatment with curcumin at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg prevented the reduction of distance traveled on OFT, increased the immobility time of FST, impaired social withdrawal, decreased food intake, and induced fever. In addition, at these doses, it was possible to observe a significant decrease in the plasma levels of cytokines and an increase in Nrf2 translocation to the cell nucleus during the immunological challenge. Our data provide further evidence of curcumin's ability to prevent LPS-induced sickness behavior and fever possibly by a mechanism related to the modulation of Nrf2 translocation.

Novel foods as red meat replacers – an insight using Risk Benefit Assessment methods (the NovRBA project)

The project entitled “Novel foods as red meat replacers – an insight using Risk Benefit Assessment methods (NovRBA)” aimed to develop and test harmonised Risk Benefit Assessment (RBA) methods to estimate the overall health impact of replacing red meat with an edible insect species (a novel food). Based on an appraisal of insect products that are more likely to be consumed in Europe, project participants decided to compare the consumption of a beef patty consisting of 100% minced beef meat (reference scenario) with a patty in which beef meat would be fully replaced by an edible insect dough (alternative scenario). The target population was adults. The RBA steps included the problem definition, the identification, prioritization and selection of components together with associated health outcomes. The assessment included the selection of dose-response relationships based on their internal validity (hazard characterisation) and an exposure assessment of nutrient intake and exposures to microbiological hazards and compounds of toxicological concern associated with the reference and alternative scenarios. All health outcomes were quantified according to the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) composite metric. The project standardised the pivotal step of selecting model components through developing a tiered approach to prioritise components establishing the “long”, the “short” and the “final” list. The final list comprised thirteen nutrients, two heat-resistant spore-forming bacteria and inorganic arsenic. The RBA model was developed using @Risk® add-in software using Monte Carlo simulations considering variability and/or uncertainty. Overall the expected change in DALYs when moving from the reference scenario to the alternative one was estimated to be around 8,753 DALYs (per 100,000 population) saved in Greece, 6,572 DALYs in Denmark and 21,972 DALYs in France. This is mainly due to the overall beneficial nutritional and microbiological impacts. The proposed actions to communicate the project’s findings can be summarised in providing understandable scientific evidence to policy makers; creating opportunities for consumers to engage in-depth with information about insect consumption; making use of multipliers who enjoy a high level of trust and establishing informational exchange with trusted sources.

Untargeted Metabolomic Assay of Prefrail Older Adults after Nutritional Intervention.

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome causing a reduction in the body’s functional reserves. Proper nutrition may be helpful in delaying transitioning older adults from pre-frail to frailty syndrome. The present study evaluates the nutritional status of pre-frail patients who underwent nutritional intervention and metabolomic changes resulting from this intervention. Sixteen pre-frail patients (68.4 ± 5.5 years old; 81.3% women) were enrolled for nutritional intervention, and twenty-nine robust elderly people (69.3 ± 5.3 years old; 82.8% women) were the control group. Pre-frail patients consumed 1.0 g protein/kg BW/day for eight weeks through diet modification and an additional daily intake of a protein powder formula. Taken measurements included: Nutritional anthropometry, assessment of food intake, and blood serum analysis with an untargeted metabolomic assessment. Protein consumption increased by 25.8%; moreover, significant increases in body weight (+1.2 kg; p = 0.023) and muscle mass index (+0.1 kg/m2; p = 0.042) were also observed. The untargeted metabolomic assay showed a significant increase in arachidonic acid (p = 0.038), and valine (p = 0.008) among pre-frail patients. Increased protein consumption is reflected in improved anthropometric and biochemical parameters of pre-frail patients. Moreover, metabolomic assay can be a useful tool in determining compliance with dietary recommendations.

Meal timing across the day modulates daily energy intake in adult patients with type 2 diabetes.

We assessed the association between the timing of meals across the day with diet composition and metabolic parameters in patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Eighty adults (55.2 ± 6.8 years, 45% males) patients with T2D (without insulin therapy) were included. Three non-consecutive dietary records assessed food intake. The onset time of each consumed meal/beverage was identified and assigned to one of three periods of the day: Period 1 (P1, 06:00-11:59 h), Period 2 (P2, 12:00-17:59 h), and Period 3 (P3, 18:00-00:30 h). Energy intake in P1 was lower compared to P2 and P3 (22.8 ± 7.9%, 37.5 ± 9.6%, and 39.7 ± 9.9%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). The same pattern was found for both total protein and fat intake, but carbohydrate intake was similar among periods. Patients with greater daily energy intake (as % of total energy) in P3 showed increased total food consumption, total energy, protein, and fat intake (all P &lt; 0.05). The opposite pattern was observed in patients with greater daily energy intake in P1 (all P &lt; 0.05). Regression analysis showed that daily energy intake was significantly reduced when a higher proportion of carbohydrates was eaten in P1 (vs. P3, P &lt; 0.04). Increased energy intake late during the day is related to increased total food and daily energy intake in patients with T2D. A greater proportion of total carbohydrates eaten early during the day relates to lower total energy intake. Our results suggest that earlier food intake may be a nutritional tool for dietary and metabolic control in these patients.

Nutrient intake differs among persons with celiac disease and gluten-related disorders in the United States

Persons with celiac disease (CD) may develop nutritional deficiencies, while individuals following a gluten-free diet (GFD) may lack essential nutrients. We examined nutrient intake from diet and supplements among persons with CD and GFD in the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2014. Among 15,610 participants 20 years and older, we identified CD based on positive serology for immunoglobulin A against tissue transglutaminase, health care provider diagnosis, and adherence to a GFD. People without CD avoiding gluten (PWAG) adhered to a GFD without a diagnosis of CD. Two 24-h recalls assessed nutrient intake from diet and supplements. Compared to participants without CD or PWAG, persons with diagnosed CD had lower intake of total energy, carbohydrates, fat, and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, persons with undiagnosed CD and positive serology had higher intake of those nutrients, sugar, and protein. Total carbohydrate and sugar intake was lower among PWAG. Persons with diagnosed CD had higher vitamin A and E intake, while those with undiagnosed CD had increased intake of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, alpha-carotene, folic acid, and choline. Higher micronutrient intake with undiagnosed CD was observed more at high latitudes. PWAG had higher beta-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin and lower folic acid intake. In the U.S. population over a 6-year period, total energy and macronutrient intake was decreased among persons with diagnosed CD, while intake of total energy, macronutrients, and multiple micronutrients was increased among persons with undiagnosed CD. Nutriomics studies of multiple analytes measured simultaneously across affected persons and populations are needed to inform screening for malabsorption and treatment strategies.

Acute green tea infusion ingestion effect on energy metabolism, satiety sensation and food intake: A randomized crossover trial.

Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has an effect on energy metabolism, but little is known about its infusion intake impact on satiety responses. This paper aimed at analyzing the effect of green tea on energy expenditure, satiety response, and food intake in humans. The study involved 21 individuals (11 women, 10 men), and consisted of an open-label, crossover, randomized clinical trial (RBR-928HCW). Evaluation of subjects was performed as an acute study on two different days, after having a standardized breakfast accompanied by water or green tea. Indirect calorimetry was used to evaluate resting energy expenditure (REE), and a visual analogue scale to assess satiety. Food records were used to assess food intake along the day of the trial. Acute ingestion of green tea infusion with the standardized breakfast increased REE (p=0.014) by 7.2±11.7% at 240min compared to fasting (mean difference of REE between the time of 240min and fasting:+91±157.6kcal). No significant alterations were observed for substrate oxidation and respiratory quotient compared to the water treatment. A greater feeling of hunger was observed when volunteers ingested green tea (water-828.75±494.2cmmin; green tea-549.8±545.6cmmin; p=0.026). No significant differences were observed regarding food intake energy and macronutrients between treatments. Green tea increased energy expenditure and the subjective response of hunger in healthy individuals. This study is registered in the ReBEC Platform of the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (RBR-928HCW).

Nutrient effects on working memory across the adult lifespan

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the nutrients that influence the performance of working memory, which is greatly affected as age progresses. Method A total of 1646 healthy adults between 21 and 80 years old participated in the study. The daily consumption of 64 nutrients was examined using a food frequency questionnaire that assessed food intake during the previous year. Working memory was measured in the verbal and spatial domains using a computerized task. We examined which nutrients influence working memory across the entire adult lifespan and whether the influence of any of these nutrients on working memory is moderated by individuals’ ages. Results Working memory, across the entire adult lifespan, benefits from the intake of cholesterol, alcohol, gamma- and delta-tocopherol, vitamin B6, and palmitoleic, oleic, alpha linoleic and linoleic acids. Moderator analyses revealed that fats, energy, lactose and sodium negatively influenced working memory in middle-aged and older adults, whereas vitamin D and vitamin C had positive effects on memory beyond 70 years of age. Conclusion Nutrients have the ability to positively or negatively affect working memory, which varies as a function of age.

Nutrient Intake with Early Progressive Enteral Feeding and Growth of Very Low-Birth-Weight Newborns.

Early nutrition is one of the most modifiable factors influencing postnatal growth. Optimal nutrient intakes for very preterm infants remain unknown, and poor postnatal growth is common in this population. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient intake during the first 4 weeks of life with early progressive enteral feeding and its impact on the in-hospital growth of very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. In total, 120 infants with birth weights below 1500 g and gestational ages below 35 weeks were included in the study. Nutrient intakes were assessed daily for the first 28 days. Growth was measured weekly until discharge. Median time of parenteral nutrition support was 6 days. Target enteral nutrient and energy intake were reached at day 10 of life, and remained stable until day 28, with slowly declining protein intake. Median z-scores at discharge were −0.73, −0.49, and −0.31 for weight, length, and head circumference, respectively. Extrauterine growth restriction was observed in 30.3% of the whole cohort. Protein, carbohydrates, and energy intakes correlated positively with weight gain and head circumference growth. Early progressive enteral feeding with human milk is well tolerated in VLBW infants. Target enteral nutrient intake may be reached early and improve in-hospital growth.

Klasifikasi Status Gizi Pada Lansia Menggunakan Learning Vector Quantization 3 (LVQ 3)

The Elderly is someone who has reached the age of 60 years, the main health problem in the elderly is nutritional problems. Nutritional status is a measurement that can assess food intake and the use of nutrients in the body. One of the assessments of nutritional status in the elderly uses anthropometry with the type of measurement of Body Mass Index (BMI). Determination of nutrition is an effort to increase Life Expectancy (UHH). Therefore, a study will be conducted on the classification of nutritional status in the elderly using the Learning Vector Quantization 3 (LVQ 3) method with seven inputs used, namely: gender, age, Bb, Tb, BMI, social status and disease history, and five results of status classification nutritional status, namely inferior nutritional status, poor nutritional status, normal nutritional status, obese nutritional status, and very obese nutritional status. The best parameters used in this study are: learning rate (α) = 0.2, learning rate reduction = 0.4, window (ɛ) = 0.4 and minimum learning rate = 0.001, epoch = 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 with a comparison of the distribution of training and testing data of 80:20 on a total of 599 data. Based on the test results, the number of epoch values affects the accuracy results. The highest accuracy obtained is 86.67%. The calculations using the confusion matrix in this algorithm are 87% accuracy, 83% precision, and 81% recall. The Learning Vector Quantization 3 (LVQ 3) method can use to classify nutritional status in the elderly.

A look on food intake and satiety: from humans to rodent models.

Satiety is a complex state, influenced by numerous factors that go beyond food ingestion. Satiety influences food habits and behavior, thus affecting human health. This review provides an overview of physiological mechanisms involved in satiety and of methodologies to assess food intake and satiety in both animal models and humans. The following topics are highlighted: differences between satiety and satiation; how the central nervous system regulates food intake and satiety; the impact of different macronutrients on satiety; and how the manipulation of food composition might influence overall satiety. Bringing together knowledge on this myriad of satiety mechanisms and how we can study them is useful to better understand and control obesity and other eating disorders.

Tannin as a modulator of rumen microbial profile, apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of lactating goats: A preliminary metagenomic view of goats adaptability to tannin

The aim with this study was to use interdisciplinary techniques and visions in order to identify the modulating effect of tannins on adaptive factors in lactating goats with different genetic patterns, through the assessment of digestibility and nutrient intake, ingestive behavior and rumen metagenome. We used in this study 8 of the Repartida ecotype and 6 of the Canindé breed goats, on average five years old, distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with two genetic groups and two diets. The applied diets were: basal diet and inclusion of 5% commercial tannin extract in basal diet. Intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients were evaluated, based on the quantification of the offered feed and refusals, and bromatological evaluation of samples of the offered feed, refusals and feces. Behavioral data were collected in 24-h continuous visual observations. The ruminal fluid was collected and DNA extraction, sequencing, and evaluation of relative abundance of the rumen microbiome were performed. The data obtained were analyzed statistically, through analysis of variance with 5% significance and, when necessary, a comparison of means test was applied. In this preliminary findings was observed that the genetic group factor caused changes in the number of chews and the relative abundance of microorganisms (P = 0.0290 and P = 0.0051). The diet factor influenced digestibility, which better values were observed for the tannin diet (P = 0.0049), in addition, it promoted changes in the rumen microbiota, with a beneficial modulatory characteristic. The inclusion of 5% tannin extract from Acacia mearnsii modulates the rumen microbiome, improving the apparent digestibility of nutrients without affecting the feed intake of goats from the Repartida and Canindé genetic groups.

The influence of fasting on energy and nutrient intake and their corresponding food sources among 6-23 months old children in rural communities with high burden of stunting from Northern Ethiopia

BackgroundLimited studies in Ethiopia showed that infants and young children are at high risk of inadequate intake of energy and nutrients. However, inclusive assessment of both nutrient intakes and their food sources are lacking. We aimed at assessing energy and nutrient intakes and their food sources during religious fasting and non-fasting periods among 6–23 months old children in Northern Ethiopia.MethodsData for this longitudinal study were collected following repeated multiple-pass 24-h dietary recall technique through face-to-face interviews with primary caregivers. Using a two-stage systematic random sampling method, a total of 570 and 551 children participated respectively in the lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated and compared with WHO daily requirements. All foods that a child consumed on the day preceding the date of data collection were recorded and processed with database software. Chi-square and t- tests were used to analyze the data. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe overall prevalence of child stunting was 41.4%. Almost all of children (99.6%) consumed grains, roots, and tubers. The inadequacy prevalence of energy, protein and eight selected micronutrients (calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C) intake were 96.2, 44.9, and 95.5%, respectively. Calcium and zinc were the highest (100%) deficits observed across all age groups. Although consumption of animal source foods (ASFs) was very low (dairy 10.1%, meat 2.3% and eggs 23.6%), there was significantly higher consumption of meat and eggs during the non-fasting compared to fasting period (p < 0.001).ConclusionsInadequate intake of energy and nutrients was common among 6–23 months old children. Cereals were found to be the main sources of many of the nutrients. The consumption of ASFs among 6–23-month-old children was low which was also affected by the religious fasting period. Hence, strengthening social and behavior change communication, supporting rural households to raise poultry and small ruminants is recommended.