Assessment Of Microbiological Quality Research Articles

Nutritional and microbiological quality assessment of commercial yogurt sold in different districts of Bangladesh: a food safety issue

The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional and microbial quality of yoghurt from different districts of Bangladesh. Protein content was higher (4.56g/kg) in SB2 (sample Bogura-2), fat content was also higher (5.67g/kg) in SB3 (sample Bogura-3). The acidity found ranged from 0.77% to 0.98%, pH obtained ranged between 3.6 to 4.98 and total solid retained between 23.08 to 26.95 for all samples. Highest Total Viable count (TVC) value was found in SB2 (68.9×104±0.23 CFU/ml) and lowest value was observed in SJ2 (23.01×104±0.43 CFU/ml). No mold and yeast were found in the collected samples during study period that indicates all are follow hygiene procedure but all of the yogurt samples were contaminated with fewer amount (5.6±0.66 to 12.56±0.44 CFU/ml) of coliform. The mean value of acceptability score of yogurt sample was higher (99.2) in SB2 (sample Bogura-2) during the study period. Organoleptically, the overall quality of all yogurt samples was good. Considering the pH, acidity, total solids, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash values for all yogurt samples collected from Bogura had better quality as compared to other samples. From the present study, it was found that all of the samples collected from Bogura district were much better quality compared to other samples in terms of nutritional, biochemical and microbial aspect. All of the samples were found in contaminated with lower amount of coliform so necessary actions should be taken in every step of processing, maturing and marketing to overcome this problem.
 Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2020, 4 (2), 66-72

Microbiological Quality Assessment of Sashimi and Sushi Sold in the Federal District, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of sashimi and sushi sold in the Federal District, Brazil. A total of 54 samples (27 sashimi and 27 sushi) were collected in 25 commercial establishments. Samples were tested for counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, determination of total and thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus counts, and presence of Salmonella. The results showed that 40.7% of sashimi (11/27) and 25.9% of sushi (7/27) samples were unfit for consumption according to Brazilian legislation. Salmonella (genetically confirmed by the invA gene’s presence) was present in 25.9% of the sashimi samples (7/27). Thermotolerant coliforms were positive in 92.5% of sashimi samples (25/27) and 74.0% of sushi samples (20/27), and one sashimi sample was unfit for consumption (≥ 2.0 log MPN g-1). S. aureus bacteria exceeded the acceptable limit of 3.0 log CFU g-1 in 14.9% of sashimi samples (4/27) and 25.9% of sushi samples (7/27). A high count of S. aureus bacteria in some sushi and sashimi samples indicates improper personal hygiene while processing these ready-to-eat foods. Salmonella spp. can occur by improper handling of these foods or by the contact of fish with waters contaminated with sewage. These results can pose a health risk to consumers and indicated the need to improve good hygienic practices in establishments selling sashimi and sushi in Federal District, Brazil.

Skip the Dip—Avoid the Risk? Integrated Microbiological Water Quality Assessment in the South-Eastern Baltic Sea Coastal Waters

The bathing water microbiome consists of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. However, the targets of the Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC) focus exclusively on fecal pollution. This study aims to investigate fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), naturally thriving cyanobacteria, and Vibrio bacteria in the Lithuanian coastal Baltic Sea and Curonian Lagoon bathing sites, combining information into an integrated microbial risk assessment scheme. The results show that officially monitored indicators, such as FIB, do not exceed the acceptable ‘low’ risk threshold. Simultaneously, cyanobacteria and Vibrio cholerae abundance in the Curonian Lagoon sites reveal a ‘high’ probability of adverse health effects. In coastal bathing sites, a positive correlation was found between Escherichia coli, cyanobacterial harmful algae bloom (cHAB), and V. cholerae, indicating that all target microorganisms may occur at the same time, with consequently high risks for the health of bathers. Therefore, implementing new target organisms in national or even regional bathing water monitoring programs is recommended, in order to safeguard the health of beachgoers.

Microbial and antibiotic contaminants in imported and locally produced honey in the Tamale metropolis of the northern region of Ghana

Honey remains a valued natural product and has been used by humans as an important food source, disease treatment, and a healthy sugar source since ancient times. However, recent reports on the adulteration of honey and honey polluted with contaminants like pesticides, heavy metals, microorganisms as well as antibiotics have gained public attention. Thus, this study aimed to assess the quality and safety of imported and locally produced honey by specifically determining microbial and antibiotic contaminants as well as the beekeeping practices of honey producers within some locations of the Tamale metropolis. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to gather information on the sources of honey, knowledge of diseases affecting bees, knowledge of contamination of honey, and knowledge of antibiotics use in honey production from honey producers in the study area. The procedures outlined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission were followed to ascertain the microbial quality of the honey samples. Also, the Premi® test kit was used to determine the presence of antibiotics residue in the honey samples. Only eight honey producers were identified in the study area;they all had knowledge on contamination of honey. Only two (25 %) of the honey producers had knowledge on diseases affecting bees and also the use of antibiotics in beekeeping or honey production. Concerning microbial contaminants, Listeria spp.,Lactobacillus spp., Salmonella spp.,Escherichia coli, Clostridium spp., Campylobacter spp.,and Staphylococcus spp.were the microorganisms enumerated upon microbiological quality assessment of 30 honey samples. Furthermore, 27 (90 %) of the honey samples tested positive for the presence of antibiotics residue of which 6 (85.7 %) were sampled from imported source,whilst the remaining 21 (91.3 %) were locally produced. Microbial and antibiotic contaminants found in the honey sampled in the study area support the hypothesis that honey may not be as pure as might be perceived and this might be a public health concern. Again, since there is no available record on the screening or antibiotic residue in honey found on the Ghanaian market, this research is timely and necessary to provide the basis for intervention policies on the minimum limits of antibiotic residues present in honey.

Microbiological Quality and Safety Assessment of Commercial Ready-to-Eat Side Dishes Sold in Gyeonggi-do

We aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of the ready-to-eat (RTE) side dishes collected from traditional markets, supermarkets, and cafeterias in Gyeonggi-do in 2019. A total of 108 samples were analyzed for total aerobic bacterial counts, coliforms and foodborne pathogens depending on place of purchase and cooking methods. Results show that Bacillus cereus was detected in 14 (12.9%) out of 108 samples of side dishes, while no other foodborne pathogens were detected. The mean detected level (range) of total aerobic bacteria depending on place of purchase was 5.8 log CFU/g (3.0 to 8.2 log CFU/g) for traditional markets, 4.3 log CFU/g (2.4 to 7.8 log CFU/g) for supermarkets, and 3.80 log CFU/g (0.0 to 6.8 log CFU/g) for cafeterias, indicating that there was a significant (P<0.05) difference in total aerobic bacterial counts among places of purchase. Among the samples, the highest counts of total aerobic bacteria and coliforms were detected in saengchae (raw vegetables), followed by namul (seasoned herbs, vegetables), bokkeum (stir-fried foods), and jorim (foods cooked in soy sauce). The growth of total aerobic bacteria in seasoned soybean sprouts was inhibited when the sprouts were stored at 4oC up to 24 h, whereas bacteria rapidly grew at 20 and 35oC after 3 and 6 h, respectively. These results reveal that storage temperature might play a significant role for the microbiological quality of seasoned soybean sprouts when they are sold in markets. Thus, this study suggests that RTE side dishes should be stored at refrigerated temperature when being sold at markets as well as after purchasing to improve their microbiological quality.

Microbiological Quality Assessment of Marketed Broiler Meat in Different Markets of Dhaka City

The present research work was undertaken to assess the bacterial quality and to know the prevalence of zoonotic bacteria from broiler meat samples sold in Krishi market, Bihari camp market, Agargaon market, Taltola market and SAU (Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University) mini bazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to May 2018. After processing of samples primary culture was done in nutrient broth and nutrient agar media then pure culture was obtained from different selective media. Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Total Salmonella Count (TSC) in broiler meat of different broiler markets were determined. Mean of TVC, TCC and TSC for the Krishi market, Agargoan market, Taltola market, Bihari camp market and SAU Mini market were 5.67, 4.32, 2.96 log10 CFU/g, 5.88, 4.64, 3.56 log10 CFU/g, 6.10, 4.68, 3.78 log10 CFU/g, 6.68,4.87, 3.84 log10 CFU/g and 5.84, 4.25, 3.13 log10 CFU/g respectively. The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Were 74% and 42% respectively. E. coli isolates were showed sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (91.6%), Gentamycin (87.5%), Azithromycin (66.66%), and Tetracycline (58%) and resistant to Penicillin (79.16%) then Amoxycillin (75%), Streptomycin (75%) and Ampicillin (58.3%). Highest resistant pattern was showed by Tetracycline (58%), Streptomycin (72.72%), Penicillin (72.72%) and Amoxycillin (63.63%). Highest resistant pattern showed by Amoxycillin (71.42%) and Penicillin (71.42%). This study revealed that broiler meat sold at some local markets of Dhaka city were contaminated with multiple species of multidrug resistant bacteria which may risk for human health.&#x0D; Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 261-266, August 2020

Rapid Microbiological Assessment in Raw Milk: Validation of a Rapid Alternative Method for the Assessment of Microbiological Quality in Raw Milk.

The consumption of dairy products and the dairy industry are one of the main global agri-food sectors for its size, economic importance, and level of technology. Microbiological quality of pasteurized milk or other milk products is dependent on microbiological quality of raw milk. A variety of microbiological count methods is available for monitoring the hygienic quality of raw milk. Among them, the pour plate method is the official essay for counting the number of colony-forming units in milk samples according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) No. 4833-1:2013. The aim of the present study is the validation of the Micro Biological Survey (MBS) method, against the reference plate-count method, for the assessment of the microbiological quality of raw milk. This comparative study, performed in collaboration with the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri (IZSLT), demonstrates the accuracy of this alternative method for the determination of total viable bacterial count in cow’s raw milk. The results obtained with the MBS method highlight its potential as a valid tool for reliable microbiological analysis in dairy industries.

Fecal indicator bacteria, direct pathogen detection, and microbial community analysis provide different microbiological water quality assessment of a tropical urban marine estuary

Urban marine estuaries are often impacted by microbiological contamination that impairs use and affects human health acutely, while limited is known about microbiological water quality in urban marine estuaries in the absence of reported sewage spills. This study used a tropical urban marine estuary, the Ala Wai Canal in Honolulu, Hawaii, as the model system to compare fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations, bacterial pathogen profiles, and microbial community structures. The FIB Escherichia coli exhibited higher geometric mean 132 CFU/100mL (n=28) than those of enterococci (18 CFU/100mL) and Clostridium perfringens (21 CFU/100mL). Amongst the four pathogens targeted by cultivation methods (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus), only was V. parahaemolyticus detected and was detected at high frequency. Microbial community analysis through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing also indicated the high prevalence of Vibrio in the water. The pathogen detection patterns and microbial community structure showed no significant correlation with FIB concentration profiles. Together, the results highlight the limitation of using traditional FIB in assessing water microbiological quality in the tropical urban marine estuary environment, indicating the need for more comprehensive microbial risk assessment approaches such as direct detection of pathogens.

Assessment of microbiological quality and contamination level of Hospital water samples collected from storage points

Drinking water contamination at the level of storage points poses a potential threat to the hospital environment as it can lodge some resistant pathogenic microorganisms that may cause hospital acquired infections. The study analyzed the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of drinking water samples collected from the main water storage points from ten different local hospitals in and around Visakhapatnam using standard protocols. The samples were processed within 2 hours after collection and the identification of pathogenic bacteria was performed through Most Probable Number (MPN) method, cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by Agar well diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In the current study, all the tested ten water samples cross the permissible MPN count indicating that the water samples were not potable for drinking purpose and needs further and better disinfection procedures. Among the isolated pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited highest sensitivity to antibiotics imipenem (50%) and tetracycline (50%) and resistance towards other tested antibiotics, whereas E.coli showed 100% susceptibility to imipenem and 100% resistance to ampicillin. Out of ten isolated strains of Proteus species, majority have exhibited 80% resistance to ampicillin and Tetracycline and 80% sensitivity to imipenem. All the four isolated strains of Shigella species expressed 100% resistance to ampicillin and 75% sensitivity to imipenem, meropenem, azithromycin, linezolid, vancomycin and chloramphenicol. The five isolated strains of Vibrio species showed 100% resistance to ampicillin and 80% sensitivity to imipenem, doxycycline and tetracycline. Greater part of the isolates were multidrug resistant isolates.

Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Imported Broiler Chicken Carcasses Retailed for Sale in Al Beida City, Libya

Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Imported Broiler Chicken Carcasses Retailed for Sale in Al Beida City, Libya

Assessment of biochemical profile among patients of Microbiological Quality Assessment of Bakery Products Available in Lahore, Pakistan

Bakery items are a vital element of a well-balanced diet, and supermarket shelves now stock a wide range of them. Bakery items are the most popular ready-to-eat foods (REF).Objective:To assess the microbial quality of bakery foods (Bread, Cake and patties) and check the total plate count (TPC), bacterial and yeast count Methods:The analysis of the microbial quality of bakery products was determined for three different bakery products (bread, cake and patties) at ten different locations collected from a renowned bakery in Lahore, Pakistan. The samples were assessed under complete hygienic conditions by standardized plate count (TPC) and MPN method. Micro-organisms (Coliform, Fecal Coliform and Yeast) were lately confirmed by their morphological characteristics and biochemical tests Results: Among the three commodities, bread was found to be highly contaminated by micro-organisms and the total plate count recorded was 4.7 x 105cfu g-1collected from sector I9 which is not consumable. Whereas Patties showed the number of TPC as 1.6 x 105 cfu g-1also collected from sector I9. Cake was revealed as least infected bakery product i.e., 5.7 x 104 cfu g-1. The above results showed that sector I9 is highly contaminated and a threat for health. Bacterial plate count (Coliform and Fecal Coliform count) was highly measured in bread as 460 MPN g-1 taken from sector I5 where as it remains under the permissible limit determined by WHO, 1994 in remaining sectors Conclusions:In conclusion the bakery food is contaminated by the use of un-hygienic water, miss handled during the process after baking i.e., slicing, serving and packaging. To avoid a possible epidemic of food borne illness, competent authorities should conduct a stricter and more stringent inspection of REFs sold to clients in bakeries.

Microbiological Quality Assessment of Water and Fish from Karst Rivers of the Southeast Black Sea Basin (Croatia), and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Aeromonas Isolates.

Karst rivers are of great interest for commercial fishing and aquaculture, yet they are quite vulnerable aquatic environments because the permeable karst rocks do not effectively filter out contaminants. To understand the current state of karst rivers water quality, we analysed the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, focusing on antibiotic pollution and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes of three such rivers in Croatia. Water quality varied between classes I and II across sampling sites, and the numbers of total coliforms, enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria varied substantially among sites. Swabs from fish gills, spleen, liver and kidneys were cultured and 94 isolates identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The predominant genus was Aeromonas (42.5% of all identified isolates), known for its adaptability to polluted environments and its frequent association with antibiotic resistance. Of the selected Aeromonas isolates known as most pathogenic, half were resistant to at least three antibiotic categories. The Enterobacteriaceae family was represented by the greatest number of genera, most of which are pathogenic for humans and animals and are spoilage bacteria for fish. The results of this study highlight the extent of antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments and the increasing threat of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in traditionally high-quality karst rivers.

Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in Market Gardening Sites in the Centre-Ouest Region in Burkina Faso

Microbiological quality of drinking water in market gardening sites was assessed to understand the persistence of diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition among children under five. Households with children under five (5) were selected in Dassa, Nebia, Nariou and Tanguin-wobdo located in centre-ouest region in Burkina Faso. A total of 140 water samples were collected from storage containers in households (n=108), boreholes (n=7) and hand dug wells (n=25) during the month of February 2018. Faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and faecal streptococci were isolated and enumerated according French standard methods. WHO standards guidelines for drinking water were used to assess water quality. Results showed that 100% of hand dug well water were contaminated with faecal bacteria whereas all water from boreholes were potables. 72% of hand dug well water were contaminated with E. coli, 96.3% with faecal coliforms and 96% with faecal streptococci. In households, 95.9% of drinking water from boreholes were contaminated with faecal bacteria versus 100% of water from hand dug wells. This situation is related to the lack of safe drinking water infrastructures, unimproved sanitation and lack of hygiene in households. In fact, 78.12% of water infrastructures were hand dug wells located mostly in gardens. In these areas, contaminated hand dug well water are used for both irrigation and consumption. Regarding these results, a reinforcement of safe drinking water infrastructures such as boreholes, improved hygiene and sanitation and health education are necessary to improve the quality of drinking water to reduce diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition among market gardeners’ children.

Implementation of Multispectral Imaging (MSI) for Microbiological Quality Assessment of Poultry Products.

The aim of this study was to investigate on an industrial scale the potential of multispectral imaging (MSI) in the assessment of the quality of different poultry products. Therefore, samples of chicken breast fillets, thigh fillets, marinated souvlaki and burger were subjected to MSI analysis during production together with microbiological analysis for the enumeration of Total Viable Counts (TVC) and Pseudomonas spp. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-R) models were developed based on the spectral data acquired to predict the “time from slaughter” parameter for each product type. Results showed that PLS-R models could predict effectively the time from slaughter in all products, while the food matrix and variations within and between batches were identified as significant factors affecting the performance of the models. The chicken thigh model showed the lowest RMSE value (0.160) and an acceptable correlation coefficient (r = 0.859), followed by the chicken burger model where RMSE and r values were 0.285 and 0.778, respectively. Additionally, for the chicken breast fillet model the calculated r and RMSE values were 0.886 and 0.383 respectively, whereas for chicken marinated souvlaki, the respective values were 0.934 and 0.348. Further improvement of the provided models is recommended in order to develop efficient models estimating time from slaughter.

Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis.

The growing interest in spicy foods leads to the global demand for spices, particularly dried chili. This study aimed to assay both aflatoxin (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination using an integrative method of morphological identification, molecular detection, and chromatography analysis on dried chili provided from traditional and modern markets in Indonesia. The results showed that total fungal infection ranged from 1-408 × 103 CFU/g. Eighty percent of the chili obtained from both the traditional and the modern markets were infected by Aspergillus spp., in which 50% of the infections were identified as A. parasiticus and A. flavus. A complete set of targeted genes involved in AF production and OTA were detected in two isolates of A. flavus and one isolate of A. carbonarius, respectively. The levels of AFs B1, B2, and OTA in the contaminated dried chilies were in the range of 39.3–139.5 µg/kg, 2.6–33.3 µg/kg, and 23.7–84.6 µg/kg, respectively. In contrast, no AFs G1 and G2 were detected. This study showed that the fungal infection of Indonesian dried chili occurs both in the field and during storage; thus, it is suggested to implement good agricultural and handling processes.

Assessment of microbiological quality of groundwater in the Saïs plain (Morocco)

Assessment of microbiological quality of groundwater in the Saïs plain (Morocco)

MColiPAT kit for early detection of coliforms in water

Abstract Determining the microbial quality of drinking water by assessing the presence/absence (P/A) or enumeration of indicator bacteria continues to be widely practiced worldwide. However, rapid tests are required for microbiological water quality assessment so that the information is available in the shortest possible time for initiating a timely intervention. Traditional methods for the enumeration of indicator bacteria are not only expensive but also need trained personnel. We have developed a low-cost kit, MColiPAT, and have validated its application for detection of coliforms in drinking water using the IDEXX Colilert-18 Quanti tray method. MColiPAT kit medium was able to detect coliforms down to a level of 3.1 MPN/100 ml within 10.5 hours. The sensitivity and specificity of the kit were 95.45% and 100% respectively. MColiPAT is found to be reliable and accurate for the detection of coliforms in drinking water.

Assessment of Bathing water and Beach Sand Microbiological Quality of Antalya Urban Beaches and Public Health Risks

Assessment of Bathing water and Beach Sand Microbiological Quality of Antalya Urban Beaches and Public Health Risks

Assessment of Microbiological Indoor Air Quality in Cattle Breeding Farms

ABSTRACT This study, which was conducted on a farm in central Poland from February till April 2019, aimed to evaluate microbiological threats on cattle breeding premises by counting and identifying the microorganisms (via culturing and high-throughput sequencing), assessing the endotoxin concentrations (via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) and analysing the secondary metabolites (including mycotoxins) in the air and sedimented dust (via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [LC-MS/MS]) in six barns. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the dust to the human epithelial lung cell line was determined by using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The concentrations of the total dust in the barns ranged from 0.175 to 0.351 mg m–3, with the dominant fraction (67.4–96.4%) displaying an aerodynamic diameter of < 1 µm. The bacterial and fungal concentrations fell between 7.14 × 103 and 3.88 × 104 CFU m–3, and 5.53 × 101 and 1.30 × 104 CFU m–3, respectively. The microbial population measured in the air and that in the settled dust exhibited a linear relationship, with an R2 of 0.8349–0.9471. We detected 172 and 210 bacterial/archaeal genera and 89 and 43 fungal genera in the dust and in the air, respectively. The dust samples were found to contain endotoxin concentrations of 98.98–178.31 nmol LPS mg–1 and a cytotoxicity of 5.66–13.99 mg mL–1. High-throughput sequencing revealed extensive biodiversity in the microorganisms, which hitherto has not been reported for cattle farms. Of the identified species, those belonging to the genera Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Ruminococcus, Aspergillus and Cladosporium potentially affect human and cattle health. Furthermore, the dust contained 113 chemical compounds, including characteristically fungal metabolites, bacterial metabolites, phytoestrogens and antibiotics. Future research should focus on the epidemiology of farmer exposure to the harmful biological agents discovered in this study.

Qualitative changes in selected dairy products during their shelf life

The aim of the study was to assess changes in qualitative characteristics of selected dairy products that occur during their shelf life. The research covered 2% pasteurized drinking milk, 18% cream and semi-fat tvarog produced in 3 regional processing plants (A, B and C) and purchased in the local retail network. A total of 186 samples were taken, including 20 samples of each of the above products from plants A and B, and 22 samples of these products from plant C. The following parameters were determined: chemical composition, density, potential acidity (°SH), freezing point, and the number of Enterobacteriaceae in drinking milk; as well as the content of fat, protein and dry matter, potential acidity (°SH), and the number of β-glucuronidasepositive Escherichia coli in cream and tvarogs. The research showed that the dairy products available in the retail network generally met the requirements of Polish standards. Deviations from the standards were found in the fat content of drinking milk and cream compared to that declared by the manufacturer. On both measurement dates, the acidity of the products did not exceed the prescribed limits, which indicates that the quality of the products was maintained during the storage period. The assessment of microbiological quality showed that on both dates the limit of E. coli contamination was exceeded in tvarog samples from dairy C, which indicates an unsatisfactory microbiological quality of the production process in this plant and the need to take corrective actions in the field of production hygiene. Drinking milk and cream, on the other hand, met the legal requirements in terms of process hygiene.