Assessment Of Groundwater Samples Research Articles

Geochemical and multivariate assessment of groundwater resources of churachandpur sub-division of Manipur, India

Hydrogeochemical and multivariate assessment of groundwater samples of the Churachandpur sub-division of the state of Manipur was carried out to study its suitability for potable and irrigational uses. The study extensively discusses the underlying hydro-geochemistry using multivariate geostatistical tools for physicochemical parameters of 35 spatially distributed groundwater samples during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. In situ parameters (pH, TDS, DO, EC, salinity, ORP) were assessed in field conditions, and it was found that few samples exceed concentration than the prescribed standards. Both positive and negative ORP values and low DO levels of the samples indicate oxidizing and reducing aquifers due to recent unstable geologic formations. Although the concentration of Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− is well within desirable levels, the concentration of F− and As3+ of a few samples exceeds the prescribed standard. The water quality index of the groundwater samples signifies that more than 50% of samples are unsuitable for potable uses for both seasons. The geochemical analysis indicates that most of the water is Ca–Mg–Cl–HCO3 type followed by Mg–Ca–Cl–HCO3 types in both the seasons and dominated by the rock-weathering geochemical process. Multivariate analysis and geostatistical mapping highlight the spatial variability of water quality parameters and possibilities of the occurrence of geogenic contaminants in the aquifers of the study area.

Evaluation of groundwater and surface water quality suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes in Kombolcha town area, eastern Amhara region, Ethiopia

The appropriateness of groundwater and surface water for domestic and agricultural uses was assessed in Kombolcha town located in Amhara region using water quality indexes. The town is one of the fast developing and emerging as a leading industrial town in Ethiopia and is selected as an industrial zone by the government. A total of eighteen groundwater and five surface water samples were collected using 250-ml sampling bottles at selected points and analyzed for major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−) in the dry season (May 2017) and wet season (Nov, 2017). A water quality index (WQI) method was applied to evaluate the suitability of the groundwater for drinking purposes using eighteen groundwater sampling points and fourteen parameters (EC, TDS, HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl, SO42−, NO3−, PO43−, Cu, Fe and F−), and each parameters were also compared with WHO drinking guidelines. According to WQI, groundwater samples of the present study show excellent (72.2%) and good (27.8%) in the dry season and excellent (83.3%) and good (16.7%) in the wet season. Assessment of groundwater samples from Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, NO3−, PO43−, F− and Cu parameters indicates that groundwater of the study area is chemically suitable for drinking purposes. However, some are unsuitable according to the EC, TDS and Ca2+ and all are not suitable with reference to iron (Fe). Groundwater and surface water quality for irrigation were evaluated using SAR, RSC, MR, PI, KI and EC. The results show that most of the groundwater and surface water samples were suitable/excellent for irrigation with some places in the study locations that belong to the good and permissible. The sodium hazard versus salinity hazard of the entire water sample collected in two seasons falls into category C2-S1 and C3-S1, indicating low alkali hazards and excellent irrigation water. Groundwater samples in wet seasons are more suitable than in the dry season for drinking and irrigation purposes, and groundwater samples are less polluted than surface water. The main source of pollution in the study area is the effluents from industries.

INVESTIGATION OF HYDROGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN GROUNDWATER RESOURCES LOCATED AROUND ABANDONED OKPARA COAL MINE, ENUGU SE. NIGERIA

A detail understanding of the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality is indispensable for the sustainable utilization of the groundwater sources. This is in line with Sustainable development goal of United Nation. The following parameters were analyzed using APHA, 2012 standard: pH, Ec, total dissolved solid (TDS,) total hardness (TH), magnesium (Mg2+), sulphate (SO42¯), chloride (Cl¯), bicarbonate (HCO3¯), carbonate (CO32¯), nitrate ( NO3¯), potassium (K+), sodium (Na2+) and calcium (Ca2+). Findings revealed that pH value reveals that groundwater is acidic. Bivariate plots showed that groundwater quality is influenced by number of factors. Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater samples was based on the following model: End-member, Parson’s and Diamond field plots. Results from these plots revealed that that silicate and carbonate weathering are that major factor that control groundwater quality, and that groundwater samples were of different water type namely; Ca–Mg–SO4, Ca–Mg–Cl, Na–SO4 water type and high Ca + Mg & SO4 + Cl respectively. It was observed that 99 % of groundwater within the study area fell within fresh water category and groundwater is influenced by various factors such as weathering.

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and quality assessment for the purposes of drinking and irrigation in Bougaa area, Northeastern Algeria

In the northern part of Algeria, the intensive exploitation of groundwater resources and pollution has considerably affected the aquifer water quality, especially in rural areas where groundwater is the main source of water supply for most uses. This study was performed to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes through the hydrogeochemical study on the groundwater in Bougâa region (Northeastern Algeria). Fourteen groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, T, EC, TDS, and major ions. Most samples are suitable for drinking based on the permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian standards (Indian standard specification for drinking water (IS 10500: 2012), but only 35 % of the samples are good enough for drinking purposes based on the water quality index of the groundwater. Assessment of groundwater samples from various parameters and methods such as “Electrical conductivity, Sodium adsorption ratio, Soluble sodium percentage, Magnesium adsorption ratio, Residual sodium carbonate, Permeability index, Kelly’s ratio, Wilcox’s diagram, and US salinity laboratory classification” showed that groundwater in the area is chemically suitable for irrigation uses. The Piper trilinear diagram suggests that the groundwater mainly belongs to the hydrochemical facies Ca–Mg–Cl and Na–Cl. The combination of ionic ratios, Gibbs plots, and saturation indices show that water–rock interaction, particularly the dissolution of carbonate, evaporation minerals, and ion exchange processes affects hydrogeochemistry of the area. Additional processes such as evaporation and anthropogenic pollution from various sources can also have major impacts on groundwater salinity.

Assessment of Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Purpose in the Dimbhe Command Area of River Ghod, Maharashtra, India

The management of the subsurface and surface water resources is important for various purposes. Since the quantity and quality of water available for irrigation in India is variable from place to place, groundwater quality in the Dimbhe command area was evaluated for its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes by collecting 37 dug well samples during the post monsoon period of 2014. The suitability assessment was made by estimating pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and alkalinity besides major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and anions (, Cl-, , and ). Out of 37 groundwater samples, 5.41% represents good water, 62.16% indicate poor water, 29.73% indicate very poor water and 2.7% indicate water unsuitable for domestic purposes. Based on these analyses, irrigation quality parameters like, sodium absorption ratio, permeability index, Kelley’s ratio, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, %Mg, %Na, and Mg hazard ratio were calculated. Assessment of groundwater samples indicated that majority of them in both the seasons are suitable for irrigation purposes.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose in Rural Areas Surrounding a Defunct Copper Mine

The suitability of groundwater quality of 22 wells located in the rural areas surrounding Ingaldhal defunct copper mine in Chithradurga district of Karnataka state was assessed for drinking purpose based on the various water quality parameters. Standard methods for physicochemical analysis of groundwater samples were employed. The results of analysis carried out showed the following concentration ranges: pH (7.61-8.34), EC (950-3120μS/cm), TH (410-1400mg/l), TDS (594-1913mg/l), F- (0.15-1.43mg/l), NO3- (14-162mg/l), HCO3- (417-574mg/l), SO42- (68-286mg/l) and Ca2+ (59-150mg/l), Mg2+ (49-250mg/l), Na+ (38-290mg/l), K+ (6-58mg/l). The ionic dominance for the major cations and the anions respectively were in the order of Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ and HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3- > Fe- > F- > CO3-. Most of the samples analyzed were above the Guidelines set by both national (BIS) and international (WHO, 2011) bodies for drinking water. Geographical Information System (GIS) capabilities are used to classify zones with acceptable groundwater quality for drinking purpose. The Gibbs diagrams show that the groundwater samples fall both in the rock and evaporation dominance fields as well as about 18% samples fall outside the defined fields indicating integrated mechanisms for hydrochemistry such as high weathering and low rates of evaporation in addition to input from the anthropogenic activities. According to plots on the piper diagram the groundwater of the Ingaldhal and surrounding regions consists of 4 hydrochemical types, viz., Ca-Mg-HCO3 type (n=9), Ca-Mg-SO4 (n=6), mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 (n=6) and Na-Cl type (n=1). Assessment of groundwater samples from various parameters indicates that groundwater in most part of the study area is chemically unsuitable for drinking purpose.