Assessment Of Genetic Relationships Research Articles

Assessment of Genetic Relationship among Rhynchostylis Species based on Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers

Assessment of Genetic Relationship among <i>Rhynchostylis</i> Species based on Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers

Assessment of Genetic relationship among Cannabis sativa L. in Thailand based on ISSR and their Phytoconstituents properties

Due to the long history of prohibition, limited research on Cannabis sativa L., a Thai medicinal plant, remained unexplored for its scientific data to support their medicinal applications. The aim of this study was to assess their genetic relationship among C. sativa collected from different locations of Thailand as well as their phytoconstituents properties. Plant genomic DNA was isolated and genetic relationship was performed based on inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Seven out of twenty-five ISSR primers were amplified and yield 993 reproducible banding patterns ranking from 90 - 2,339 base pair in length, of which 99.3% were found to be polymorphic. The dendrogram by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) clustered into 2 main clusters. The phytoconstituents analysis of C. sativa ethanolic extract was performed according to the standard method and also their antioxidant property. Phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, diterpenes, triterpenes and steroids were presented but not saponin. Total phenolic content assessed by Folin-Ciocalteu’s method was 14.08±0.34mg GAE/g extract while flavonoid content assessed by aluminium chloride was 23.88±0.40mg QE/g extract. Their antioxidant property was assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays expressed in term IC50 was found to be 112.13±0.09μg/ml and 0.228±0.12mM Fe2+/g extract, respectively. The obtained results reveal that ISSR markers could be useful for assessing of genetic relationship of Thai C. sativa collected from various areas and their phytoconstituents properties provided the useful information for their medicinal applications.

Assessment of genetic relationship among Solanum surattense Burm.f. population in India

Assessment of genetic relationship among Solanum surattense Burm.f. population in India

Evaluation of the occurrence of genetic determinants of multi-drug resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii strains

Introduction: The aim of the study was the analysis of occurrence of genetic determinants of multi-drug resistance and the assessment of genetic relationship among Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Methods: Multiplex-PCR method was performed in order to: (1) confirm the phenotypic identification and (2) detect the presence of CHDL oxacillinases in the group of thirty A.baumannii strains. Further PCR studies included the analysis of the occurrence of genetic determinants associated with efflux pump, insertion sequence and biofilm formation. The relationship between bacterial strains was assayed using 6 primers in RAPD-PCR method. Results: Detection of the blaOXA-51-like gene confirmed that the strains belong to the A. baumannii species. In the multiplex-PCR, the presence of the blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-40-like genes was detected in 3 (10%) and 27 (90%) isolates, respectively. Moreover, some strains showed the coexistence of the blaOXA-51-like and blaOXA-23-like genes (10%, n=3) or blaOXA-51-like and blaOXA-40-like (90%, n=27). In the group of analysed strains the presence of the efflux pump gene (adeA) and the insertion sequence ISAba1 were demonstrated in all tested isolates. Biofilm-related genes (abaI, csuE) were found in 100% and 97% (n=29) tested strains adequately. The RAPD-PCR studies revealed the presence of 10 unrelated genotypes. Conclusions: The obtained results suggest that the phenomenon of multi-drug resistance in the studied A. baumannii strains could be attributed to the occurrence of CHDL oxacillinases, AdeABC efflux pump, insertion sequence ISAba1 and the biofilm formation.

Molecular techniques in the assessment of genetic relationships between populations of Consolida (Ranunculaceae)

Genetic diversity studies are essential to understand the conservation and management of plant resources in any environment. The genus Consolida (DC.) Gray (Ranuculaceae) belongs to tribe Delphinieae. It comprises approximately 52 species, including the members of the genus Aconitella Spach. No detailed Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) studies were conducted to study Consolida genetic diversity. Therefore, we collected and analyzed 19 species from 12 provinces of regions. Overall, one hundred and twenty-seven plant specimens were collected. We showed significant differences in quantitative morphological characters in plant species. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and principal component analysis (PCA) divided Consolida species into two groups. All primers produced polymorphic amplicons though the extent of polymorphism varied with each primer. The primer OPA-06 was found to be most powerful and efficient as it generated a total of 24 bands of which 24 were polymorphic. The Mantel test showed correlation (r = 0.34, p=0.0002) between genetic and geographical distances. We reported high genetic diversity, which clearly shows the Consolida species can adapt to changing environments since high genetic diversity is linked to species adaptability. Present results highlighted the utility of RAPD markers and morphometry methods to investigate genetic diversity in Consolida species. Our aims were 1) to assess genetic diversity among Consolida species 2) is there a correlation between species genetic and geographical distance? 3) Genetic structure of populations and taxa.

Assessment of genetic relationships among native and introduced Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) plants based on genome profiling.

We conducted genomic characterization based on SNP and SilicoDArT markers on the invasive Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) plants originating from native and non‐native regions of their distribution. When genetic relationships were explored by PCoA using SNP and SilicoDArT marker data, the first, second, and third principal coordinates explained altogether 37.4% and 31.0% of the variability, respectively. Samples from the UK, Canada, and Pakistan were grouped together, while Indian plants were clearly distinct based on SNP markers but relatively close to the UK–Canada–Pakistan group based on SilicoDArT markers. Constructed trees differentiated individuals into clusters resembling the PCoA patterns. The Bayesian BAPS analysis performed for the SNP data revealed that the individuals were distributed in seven clusters, representing samples from each of the four Finnish populations, India, Pakistan, and the combination of the UK and Canada. Similar clustering was visible in the UPGMA tree. The Indian cluster did not display any ancestral gene flow with the others, while the Pakistani cluster showed ancestral gene flow only with the combined UK and Canada cluster. Furthermore, the latter cluster displayed ancestral gene flow with the Finnish populations varying from 0% to 3.1%. The BAPS analyses conducted for the SilicoDArT data differ slightly: The individuals were distributed in nine clusters, and the Indian cluster exhibited ancestral gene flow with the mixed cluster including Canadian, Pakistani, and UK samples, and one Finnish sample. The AMOVA showed that 45% and 26% of variation was present among the I. glandulifera groups/populations and the rest within them based on SNP and SilicoDArT markers, respectively. The Bayesian BAPS analyses and the gene flow networks were the most informative tools for resolving relationships among native and introduced plants. It is notable that the small sample sizes for non‐Finnish plant materials may affect the accuracy of the gene flow and other estimates.

Assessing the genetic diversity of twenty one Colombo limon L. genotypes through multivariate and covariance matrix analysis

Assessing the genetic diversity of twenty one Colombo limon L. genotypes through multivariate and covariance matrix analysis

Assessment of genetic relationship among varieties of finger millet using ISSR and SSR markers

Assessment of genetic relationship among varieties of finger millet using ISSR and SSR markers

Assessment of genetic relationship among diverse Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes using XLSTAT

This research was conducted to study the genetic relationship between eleven quantitative traits of 95 Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes. The experiment material was evaluated in paired rows of 4 m length at Research Area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics and plant breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar during Rabi, 2017-18. All the recommended package of practices was followed to raise the healthy crop. Maximum variation was observed for seed yield per plant followed by the number of secondary branches per plant, the number of primary branches per plant, 1000-seed weight and the number of siliqua on main shoot. Correlation studies revealed that seed yield per plant was positively and significantly associated with plant height, the number of primary and secondary branches per plant, and the number of siliqua on main shoot length. Selection based on these traits would ultimately improve seed yield. Four ideal genotypes viz., DRMRIJ-14-261, DRMRIJ-15-52, DRMRIJ-15-148 and M 5 were identified for the traits such as medium maturity, the number of primary branches per plant, the number of seeds per siliqua and 1000-seed weight in this study. These genotypes can be used as source lines in breeding programme for obtaining desirable segregates.

Assessment of genetic relationship and heritability among F2 generation of four crosses in rice using agro-morphological markers

Due to its higher consumption in Asian populations, white rice may lead to increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The glycaemic index of rice renders it the main contributor to dietary glycaemic load. Even though there are abundant rice genetic resources, the incorporation of germplasm sources is very important when looking for new alleles that play a role to prevention of the type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four rice cultivars were crossed to obtain low glycaemic index genotype in our previous research. In this paper, the agro-morphological markers of F2 generation were further assessed for genetic relationship and heritability. Furthermore, our results showed variation among the F2 generation rice genotypes in terms of agro-morhological trais studied is low. This could be an implication of the presence of a narrow genetic resources of these genotypes. Low heritabilities were observed for plant height, culm color, harvest time, flowering time, number of tillers, panicles length, and grain yield per plant, except panicle weight. Dendrogram contained four main clusters, which confirm genetic relationship among the genotypes. The improved rice genotypes from cluster IV (F2-SP, FS-GL, F2-SL, F2-LS) and cluster II (F2-PS and F2-LG) were identified with distinct genetic attributes useful in future low-glycaemic index with fine grain rice breeding program.

A new genus of vespertilionid bat: the end of a long journey for Joffre’s Pipistrelle (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Knowledge as to the taxonomic status of enigmatic bat species often is hindered by limited availability of specimens. This is particularly true for aerial-hawking bats that are difficult to catch. One such species, “Hypsugo” joffrei, was originally described in Nyctalus due to its long and slender wings, but subsequently transferred to Pipistrellus, and most recently to Hypsugo, on the basis of morphology. Analysis of newly available material, which more than doubles the known specimens of this taxon, demonstrates that it is morphologically and genetically distinct from all other bat genera. We accordingly describe it as belonging to a new, monotypic genus. We provide a detailed description of its external and craniodental traits, measurements, and assessment of genetic relationships, including barcode sequences to facilitate its rapid identification in future. The new genus belongs to a group that includes the recently described Cassistrellus, as well as Tylonycteris, and its closest relative, Philetor. We also describe the echolocation calls emitted by members of the taxon in different situations, which may facilitate finding them in previously unsampled locations. Based on the new data, the species occurs from Nepal to North Vietnam and China, which suggests that it could be more widespread than previously thought.

Assessment of Genetic Relationships between Streptocarpus x hybridus V. Parents and F1 Progenies Using SRAP Markers and FT-IR Spectroscopy.

The genetic relationship among three Streptocarpus parents and twelve F1 hybrids was assessed using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Both methods were able to discriminate F1 hybrids and parents as revealed by cluster analysis. For hybrid identification, the type III SRAP marker was the most effective due to the presence of male-specific bands in the hybrids. Different behaviors in the biochemical variability of DNA samples have been observed by FT-IR spectral analysis, which might be attributed to the inherent nature of the genomic DNA from parents and their F1 progenies. Mantel test was also carried out to compare morphological, SRAP, and FT-IR results based on genetic distances. The highest correlation coefficient was found between morphological and SRAP marker distances (R = 0.607; p ≤ 0.022). A lower correlation was observed between the morphological and FT-IR distance matrix (R = 0.231; p ≤0.008). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the distances generated with SRAP and FT-IR analyses (R = 0.026) but was not statistically significant. These findings show that both SRAP and FT-IR techniques combined with morphological descriptions can be used effectively for nonconventional breeding programs for Streptocarpus to obtain new and valuable varieties.

Assessment of Genetic Relationships between Growth Traits and Milk Yield in Egyptian Buffaloes

Data in this study were collected from live body weight records and milk yield for the first three lactations of Egyptian buffaloes maintained at the Mahallet Mousa Experimental Station of Animal Production Research Institute, relying on 987 records of Egyptian buffaloes spread over 16 years. These data were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters using animal model. Overall means in kilograms of BW, WW, W18, WFC, 1stMY, 2ndMY and 3rdMY were 36.56, 96.95, 322.02, 462.09, 1561.53, 1755 and 1837.71, respectively. Direct additive heritability (h2a) for mentioned traits were 0.31, 0.22, 0.24, 0.27, 0.23, 0.23 and 0.17, respectively. Corresponding computation of maternal heritability (h2m) for same traits were 0.39, 0.34, 0.22, 0.40, 0.29, 0.31 and 0.21, respectively. Evaluation of genetic correlations among different all studied traits were positive and ranged from 0.07 to 0.83, while phenotypic correlations were positive and ranged from 0.02 to 0.55. Accuracy of (PBV's) varying from 62 to 76, 62 to 83 and 41 to 77% for sires, cows and dams, successively; pointing out the genetic improvement could be achieved through any pathway of them. Higher direct and maternal heritability for BW and WFC and genetic correlations between first three lactations milk yield and each of BW and WFC higher than genetic correlations between first three lactations milk yield and WW and W18. Therefore, it is appropriate to select buffalo female calves for live body weight at birth than for live body weights at other ages.

Analysis the effects of pollen grain sources on the fruits set and their characteristics of ‘Clementine’ mandarin using microscopic and molecular approaches

‘Clementine’ is one of the most important cultivars of mandarin that always has problems with fertilization and fruit set because of its self-incompatibility. Therefore, for the commercial fruit production, suitable and compatible pollen is required. To determine the best pollen source, ‘Clementine’ flowers were subjected to the different pollen grains including sweet lemon, Lisbon lemon, grapefruit, sour orange, as well as self-pollination and open pollination. Compatibility and incompatibility tests were carried out using controlled pollination method and microscopic study of pollen tube growth. Molecular markers were used to study the genetic relationships of the species and assess the role of genetic similarity on the fruits set and their attributes. The results of the microscopic study indicated that ‘Clementine’ mandarin is a self-incompatible cultivar but it is compatible with all the cultivars used in the experiment. Clementine fruit characteristics significantly influenced by pollen grain sources. The results of controlled pollination showed that the highest percentage of fruit set was obtained from flowers pollinated with sweet lemon pollen (73.75%) followed by Lisbon lemon pollen (69.25%) while the lowest fruit set was obtained from the self-pollinated flowers (11.75%). The highest and the lowest hale seeds were obtained from the flowers pollinated by Lisbon lemon pollen (12.22%) and self-pollinated ones (no viable seed), respectively. High correlation was observed between some of the studied characters that would be useful for selection purposes in the breeding programs. Results of microscopic evaluation of pollen grain tubes revealed that among the studied pollen grains, sour orange pollens were the most successful for penetration to the basal portion of style and into ovary of ‘Clementine’ mandarin. Assessment of genetic relationship among different Citrus species revealed that sour orange was the most similar species with ‘Clementine’ mandarin. High positive correlation was observed between genetic similarities of pollen sources at DNA level with the pollen grain sprouting and penetration to the different parts of style and ovary as well as seed formation percentages. Based on the studied fruit characteristics, grapefruit and Lisbon lemon pollens are suggested as the suitable pollinators for improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of ‘Clementine’ mandarin fruit.

Assessment of genetic relationships among common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) varieties from Western Balkans using morphological and SSR molecular markers

Assessment of genetic relationships among common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) varieties from Western Balkans using morphological and SSR molecular markers

Genetic diversity of Turkish lathyrus L. landraces using ISSR markers

Fifty-one Lathyrus sativus L. landraces and one L. clymenum L. landrace collected from Turkey and one L. sativus cultivar, G?rb?z, were evaluated with ISSR markers in this study to molecular characterization. Three ISSR primers were used and 45 DNA fragment were evaluated, of which 44 bands were polymorphic. The frequencies of scored bands ranged from 0.009 to 0.888 and averaged 0.363. The genotypes MLT04 and NEV02 had high similarity with 0.825 according to pairwise grouping. The furthest pairwise group was G?rb?z and MLT02 with 0.244. The nearest genotype to G?rb?z was CNR03 with 0.577. The pairwise genetic distance between L. clymenum and L. sativus ranged from 0.353 (accession NEV01) to 0.637 (accession DEN04) and pairwise genetic distance to the cultivar G?rb?z was 0.375. Assessment of genetic relationships among Lathyrus genotypes made two main groups. One of them covered only G?rb?z variety and the other covered 52 Lathyrus landrace. L. sativus and L. clymenum separated prominently in the second group.

Assessment of genetic relationship in Musa using male flower descriptors and molecular markers

The genetic relationship among twelve Musa accessions was assessed using male flower descriptors and two molecular markers: sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Both systems were able to discriminate among accessions by showing good separation based on cluster analysis and by generating several unique markers for certain genotypes. The similarity matrices generated by the molecular markers presented a highly significant correlation and both molecular markers were significantly correlated with the morphological data. Among the male flower descriptors, the compound tepal basic colour was cream or white in Musa acuminata (A-genome) accessions, pink in M. balbisiana (B genome) and yellow in Musa ornata and Musa schizocarpa. Moreover, the compound tepal pink pigmentation was unique in all accessions having the B-genome (M. balbisiana, diploid (AB) and triploid (AA and ABB) hybrids), while both yellow-tinted free tepal and white ovary basic colour were distinct for M. ornata and M. schizocarpa. On the other hand, SRAPs and AFLPs showed several specific bands for certain accessions, with 31 and 25 bands, respectively, specific for M. ornata, and 8 and 25 bands, respectively, specific for M. schizocarpa. In addition, 2 and 4 bands were common between M. ornata and M. schizocarpa, and 9 and 4 shared among accessions having a B-genome: M. balbisiana, and triploid and diploid hybrids (AB and ABB, genomes), generated by each of the two markers, respectively. These specific markers for morphological and molecular descriptors are very important and could be helpful in Musa genotyping and genetic diversity assessment.

Assessment of Genetic Relationship among Male and Female Fig Genotypes Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a traditional crop in Turkey and widely cultivated around the Mediterranean areas. The gynodioecious fig species is present in two sexual forms, i.e. the domesticated fig (female tree) and the caprifig (male tree). Caprifigs are crucial for high quality fig production and breeding while, the studies on assessment of genetic relationship among caprifigs is limited. The aim of this study was to determine genetic diversity among 45 caprifigs and 2 female figs collected from four provinces in Marmara and Aegean Sea Regions of Turkey using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this work, 24 SSR markers were tested, one was monomorphic and the remaining markers amplified 82 alleles. The number of polymorphic alleles per SSR marker ranged from 2 to 7. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) differed from 0.18 to 0.76 and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged between 0.24 and 0.81. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.42 to 0.98. A UPGMA analysis based on Dice similarity matrix clustered fig genotypes into two main groups and similarly, STRUCTURE analysis placed fig genotypes into two different gene pools (K=2). Fig genotypes collected from the same region were not clustered together in a group indicating that the fig genotypes did not cluster on the basis of their collection sites. Our results demonstrated that caprifigs and female figs are not genetically distinct and they clustered together in a group. All fig genotypes had distinct SSR marker profiles suggesting that there were no synonyms or homonyms. These results revealed a high genetic variation among fig genotypes and 23 SSR markers were enough to discriminate all fig genotypes analysed in this study demonstrating that SSR marker system is suitable for genetic analysis in figs.

Assessment of genetic relationships between cultivated arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr.) and its wild close relatives in the area of domestication using microsatellite markers

Arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr.) is an asexual propagated root crop domesticated in the Andean highlands, which exists naturally with polycarpic and monocarpic forms. Wild A. xanthorrhiza are present in the area of domestication and can occasionally be mistaken in the same field for a crop or a weed. To study genetic relationships between cultivated arracacha and the wild forms, we surveyed the diversity of 178 plant samples at 11 microsatellite (SSR) loci. As expected, wild A. xanthorrhiza forms showed a significantly higher allelic diversity for all the examined SSR markers. The cultivated pool showed an excess of heterozygosity as opposed to a deficit found in the wild compartment. High Fst values and AMOVA analysis suggest that the cultivated variety has genetically differentiated from the wild forms and is more related to the wild polycarpic than to the monocarpic. Both the wild forms were well distinguished from the cultivars. Nevertheless, among a set of F1 experimental hybrids (cultivated × wild polycarpic), some other genotypes were revealed, also being admixed. Our results highlight a large genetic base available in the wild populations of A. xanthorrhiza with potential implications for the utilization and breeding of this promising crop.

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