Assessment Of Budget Research Articles

Space-for-time substitution leads to carbon emission overestimation in eutrophic lakes

Lacustrine eutrophication is generally considered as an important contributor of carbon emissions to the atmosphere; however, there is still a huge challenge in accuracy estimating carbon emissions from lakes. To test the effect of widely used space-for-time substitution on lake carbon emissions, this study monitored different processes of carbon emissions, including the carbon production potential, dissolved carbon concentrations, and carbon release fluxes in eight lakes along the trophic gradients on a spatial scale and the typical eutrophic Lake Taihu for one year on a temporal scale. Eutrophication promoted carbon production potential, dissolved carbon concentrations, and carbon release fluxes, especially for CH4. Trophic lake index (TLI) showed positive correlations with the CH4 production potential, dissolved CH4 concentrations, and CH4 release fluxes, and also positive correlations with the CO2 production potential, dissolved CO2 concentrations, and CO2 release fluxes. The space-for-time substitution led to an overestimation for the influence of eutrophication on carbon emissions, especially the further intensification of lake eutrophication. On the spatial scale, the average CH4 production potential, dissolved CH4 concentrations and CH4 release fluxes in eutrophic lakes were 268.6, 0.96 μmol/L, and 587.6 μmol m−2·h−1, respectively, while they were 215.8, 0.79 μmol/L, and 548.6 μmol m−2·h−1 on the temporal scale. Obviously, CH4 and CO2 emissions on the spatial scale were significantly higher than those on the temporal scale in eutrophic lakes. The primary influencing factors were the seasonal changes in the physicochemical environments of lake water, including dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature. The CH4 and CO2 release fluxes showed negative correlations with DO, while temperature displayed positive correlations, respectively. These results suggest that the effects of DO and temperature on lake carbon emissions should be considered, which may be ignored during the accurate assessment of lake carbon budget via space-for-time substitution in eutrophic lakes.

An assessment of land energy balance over East Asia from multiple lines of evidence and the roles of the Tibet Plateau, aerosols, and clouds

Abstract. With high emissions of aerosols and the known world's “Third Pole” of the Tibet Plateau (TP) in East Asia, knowledge on the energy budget over this region has been widely concerned. This study first attempts to estimate the present-day land energy balance over East Asia by combining surface and satellite observations as well as the atmospheric reanalysis and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations. Compared to the global land budget, a substantially larger fraction of atmospheric shortwave radiation of 5.2 % is reflected, highly associated with the higher aerosol loadings and more clouds over East Asian land. While a slightly smaller fraction of atmospheric shortwave absorption of 0.6 % is unexpectedly estimated, possibly related to the lower water vapor content effects due to the thinner air over the TP to overcompensate for the aerosol and cloud effects over East Asian land. The weaker greenhouse effect and fewer low clouds due to the TP are very likely the causes of the smaller fraction of East Asian land surface downward longwave radiation. Hence, high aerosol loadings, clouds, and the TP over East Asia play vital roles in the shortwave budgets, while the TP is responsible for the longwave budgets during this regional energy budget assessment. The further obtained cloud radiative effects suggest that the presence of clouds results in a larger cooling effect on the climate system over East Asian land than that over the globe. This study provides a perspective to understand fully the roles of potential factors in influencing the different energy budget assessments over regions.

Identification of littoral cell and its impact on shoreline dynamics along the Purba Medinipur–Balasore coastal stretch, Bay of Bengal, India: A numerical modelling and geospatial study

The northern boundary of Bay of Bengal, between Subarnarekha and Rasulpur River is divided into five coastal sectors by the four inlets, namely, Talsari, Ramnagar, Jaldha, and Pichaboni. Each sector being characterized by severe coastal erosion, beach lowering and narrow beach segments. To bring such coastal areas under proper coastal management, delineation of littoral cell and sub-cell boundaries and assessment of sediment budget is required. This study attempts to identify these hydrodynamic characteristics, by investigating the wave-induced radiation stress of dominant wave, derived from offshore wave in order to simulate longshore current and associated sediment transport using the two-dimensional deterministic MIKE 21/3 Coupled Model that is based on two dimensional shallow water, Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations and fully spectral wave action conservation equation. The shoreline dynamics in terms of shoreline retreat or spit formation, is quantified by Digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS)The result of the simulation shows the dominant westerly and comparatively weaker easterly longshore flow and the resultant bed level changes. By analysing the diverging and converging flow pattern of littoral current, rate of bed level change and magnitude of shoreline oscillation, six and five littoral sub-cell (LSC) have been identified for westerly and easterly circulation respectively. The coastal inlets indirectly influence the flow direction through the development of different depositional features at mouth. Because of that inlet mouths often function as littoral cell boundaries.Periodic observation reveals that the introduction of shore-normal engineering structures has positive impact on beach nourishment and inlet stability.

Ecological assessment of the nitrogen budgets of livestock production systems in Ukraine

The nitrogen budgets was modeled on the example of 5 typical Ukrainian livestock farms of different livestock production systems. The relative anthropogenic load of different livestock systems and the efficiency of the use of nutrients in the production of crop and animal products are shown. Input flows of nitrogen (N) — in the fodder for livestock, fertilizers, biofixation, atmospheric deposition, crop residues and output flows with agricultural crop & livestock products were determined. It was established that the efficiency of nitrogen use (NUEfarm) is 21.0–69.9% on the investigated farms, i.e., such amount of soil nutrients and imported feed in nitrogen equivalent was deposited in the sold products, and the rest of N was deposited in by-products (crop residues & manure). The ratio of produced main and by-products in nitrogen equivalent was determined. In crop production, 1.06– 1.11 Mg N of grain is obtained for 1 Mg of N crop residues. In livestock, only 0.15–0.78 Mg N of the main products (milk, meat, wool) are obtained for 1 Mg of manure nitrogen production (nitrogen excretion). According to the level of output of the main products relative to by-products, the livestock systems are in the following ranked order: cattle farming — 0.15 Mg N of milk and live weight gain per 1 Mg manure nitrogen production; pig farming — 0.43 Mg N of live weight gain per 1 Mg N excreted and broiler farming — 0.78 Mg N of live weightgain, respectivel. It was established that the livestock production systems cause a significant anthropogenic load on the surrounding natural environment — intensive soil load (balance from –30.2 to –42.2 kg N/ha/year) and high rates of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions (NH3, NOx and N2O) from manure management systems and agricultural land (16.3–1456.4 kg/ha/year). It was established that 132.4 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O are emissed for 1 Mg of live weight gain of calves; 7.6 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of produced cow’s milk; 30.3 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of live weight gain of pigs (on average); 22.2 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of live weight gain of broiler chickens; 53.7 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of produced live weight and wool of sheep.

A RUpture‐Based detection method for the Active mesopeLagIc Zone (RUBALIZ): A crucial step toward rigorous carbon budget assessments

AbstractDetermining mesopelagic organic carbon budgets is essential to characterize the ocean's role as a carbon dioxide sink. This is because the biological processes observed in the mesopelagic zone are crucial for understanding the biological carbon pump. Yet, field assessments of carbon budgets are often unbalanced with the carbon demand exceeding its supply. This underlines either methodological issues in the budget calculations or incomplete knowledge of the mesopelagic carbon cycling with potentially missing sources. Carbon budgets are built by partitioning the ocean into vertical depth zones. Vertical boundaries are conventionally defined between 200 and 1000 m depth or using various thresholds. Such approaches lack consistent methodology preventing robust comparison of mesopelagic carbon budget from region to region. Here, using a statistical rupture detection method applied to conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD)‐cast variables (fluorescence, O2 concentration, potential temperature, salinity, and density), we aim to provide independent estimates of mesopelagic boundaries. We demonstrate that the so‐determined upper boundary is highly correlated with the knee points of the particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes estimated by a power law and that over 90% of the POC flux attenuation occurs within our method boundaries. The identified zone therefore corresponds to the most active part of the conventional mesopelagic zone and we name it the “active mesopelagic zone” (AMZ). We find that the depths of the mesopelagic zone depend on the region considered. Our results demonstrate that the mesopelagic carbon budget discrepancy can vary up to four folds depending on the boundaries chosen and hence provide novel grounds to reassess existing and future mesopelagic carbon budgets.

Assessment of the error budget for stratospheric ozone profiles retrieved from OMPS limb scatter measurements

Abstract. This study presents an error budget assessment for the ozone profiles retrieved at the University of Bremen through limb observations of the Ozone Mapper and Profiler Suite – Limb Profiler Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (OMPS-LP SNPP) satellite instrument. The error characteristics are presented in a form that aims at being compliant with the recommendations and the standardizing effort of the Towards Unified Error Reporting (TUNER) project. Besides the retrieval noise, contributions from retrieval parameters are extensively discussed and quantified by using synthetic retrievals performed with the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model. For this investigation, a representative set of OMPS-LP measurements is selected to provide a reliable estimation of the uncertainties as a function of latitude and season. Errors originating from model approximations and spectroscopic data are also taken into account and found to be non-negligible. The choice of the ozone cross section is found to be relevant, as expected. Overall, we classify the estimated errors as random or systematic and investigate correlations between errors from different sources. After summing up the relevant error components, we present an estimate of the total random uncertainty on the retrieved ozone profiles, which is found to be in the 5 %–30 % range in the lower stratosphere, 3 %–5 % in the middle stratosphere, and 5 %–7 % at upper altitudes. The systematic uncertainty is mainly due to cloud contamination and model errors in the lower stratosphere and due to the retrieval bias at higher altitudes. The corresponding total bias exceeds 5 % only above 50 km and below 20 km. After computing the estimate of the overall random and systematic error components, we also provide an ex-post assessment of the uncertainties using self-collocated OMPS-LP observations and collocated Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data in a χ2 fashion.

Oxidation of petrogenic organic carbon in a large river-dominated estuary

Riverine export of petrogenic organic carbon (OCpetro) from continents to coastal oceans is a dynamic component of the global carbon budget and affects the long-term atmospheric carbon reservoir. In large fluvial systems, oxidation of OCpetro during transit releases a large flux of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, influencing climate changes; however, the transport and fate of OCpetro and their controls along the fluvial–marine transition remain poorly constrained. Here, we combined Raman spectral, radiocarbon activity (F14C), mineralogical, and sedimentological techniques with multiple geochemical analyses to characterize the dynamics of OCpetro in the water column and sediment particles from the Yangtze River channel–estuary–shelf continuum systems.Our data show that much of the OCpetro present in suspended sediment (POCpetro) exported by the Yangtze River is “labile” fractions (mostly disordered materials) that can be degraded or lost during transport across the estuarine continuum, whereas the OCpetro deposited in seabed sediment are characterized by highly recalcitrant, unreactive, and graphitic carbon phases. As discrete “free” particles, coarse plant debris (>63 μm) with ages of several thousand years observed in the proximal delta of the Yangtze River exhibit nearly identical characteristics of disordered materials, and the presence of aged vascular plant detritus (carbon-rich and 14C-depleted materials) may lead to an overestimate of OCpetro in marine sediments. Using a Bayesian endmember mixing approach, a binary mixing model, and the ratio of fraction modern carbon (F14C) to Al/OC, we found a large decrease in POCpetro concentration and loading from the suspended sediments to seabed sediments, suggesting a loss of mineral-bound OCpetro fraction during sediment transport through the estuary and deposition on the shelf. We estimated that, on average, 46 ± 35 % of the POCpetro initially present in suspended sediments delivered to the Yangtze River Estuary during a flood event was primarily oxidized at the sediment–water interface, leaving the most graphitic carbon components transported laterally and efficiently reburied in shelf sediments. We found that during estuarine mixing, flocculation process-induced microaggregates may provide transient physical protection for POCpetro in the form of inclusions/aggregates with carbonate minerals; however, when POCpetro is physically and chemically separated from its mineral matrix via disaggregation and dissolution, it may be easily oxidized by microbial activity. In contrast, OC-phyllosilicates interactions exert a first-order control on the preservation of OCpetro in marine sediments. Our findings suggest that the importance of POCpetro oxidation and loss in carbon cycling and budget assessments of estuaries may be underestimated.

Response of Soil Respiration Rates to Soil Temperature and Moisture at Different Soil Depths of Caragana korshinskii Plantation in the Loess-Hilly Region

It is of great significance to clarify the influence of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration rate and its characteristics in ecologically fragile regions under the background of climate change for the accurate assessment and prediction of carbon budgets in this region. The average CO2 concentration and soil temperature and moisture at different soil depths (10, 50, and 100 cm) were measured using a CO2 analyzer and temperature and moisture sensors. The soil respiration rate was calculated using Fick's first diffusion coefficient method. The dynamic characteristics of soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil respiration rate in different soil depths were explored, and the response of soil respiration rate to soil temperature and moisture were further analyzed. The results showed that the diurnal variation in soil respiration rate decreased significantly with the increase in soil depth (P<0.05), and the peak time lagged behind. Soil respiration rate in adjacent soil depths (10, 50, and 100 cm) lagged 1 h from top to bottom. The monthly variation in soil respiration rate was a multi-peak curve, in which the maximum soil respiration rates of 10, 50, and 100 cm soil depths were on July 25th, August 6th, and August 10th, reaching 13.96, 2.96, and 1.47 μmol·(m2·s)-1, respectively. The effect of soil temperature on soil respiration rate decreased with the increase in soil depth. Soil temperature at 50 cm and below had no significant effect on soil respiration rate (P>0.05). The fitting index of 10 cm soil depth was the best (R2=0.96), but the fitting indexes of 50 cm and 100 cm soil depths were poor (R2=0.00 and R2=0.01, respectively). The temperature sensitivity coefficient Q10 decreased with the increase in soil depth. Soil moisture in different soil depths had significant effects on soil respiration rate (P<0.05), and the quadratic fitting indicated that 50 cm (R2=0.35)>10 cm (R2=0.22)>100 cm (R2=0.31). The combined effects of soil temperature and moisture in different soil depths could explain 96%, 6%-50%, and 22%-24% of soil respiration rate, respectively. In summary, the effects of soil temperature and moisture at different soil depths of the Caragana korshinskii plantation in the loess-hilly region on soil respiration rate differed. The soil respiration rate of the 10 cm soil depth was affected by the comprehensive effect of soil temperature and moisture; however, the relative contribution of soil temperature was higher, and soil moisture at and below a soil depth of 50 cm was the key factor. These results could help improve predictions on the impact of future climate change on the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems in the region and provide a theoretical basis for greenhouse gas regulation in the future.

Evaluation of gridded datasets for terrestrial water budget assessment in the Upper Jhelum River Basin-South Asia

The study presents a comprehensive assessment of the key terrestrial water budget (TWB) components and their recent temporal trends using observed and gridded datasets across Upper Jhelum Basin (UJB) for the period of 2003–2014. Different gridded datasets were used for precipitation-P (APHRODITE, CHIRPS, PGMFD, ERA-5, and MSWEP), evapotranspiration-ET (MOD16A2, SSEBop, GLDAS-NOAH, TERRACLIMATE and DOLCE), Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) derived terrestrial water storage (TWS) and observed discharge (Q) measurements. Firstly, gridded P and ET datasets were assessed through detailed spatiotemporal analysis against reference datasets and considering their adequacy to close the TWB. The imbalance in TWB and associated uncertainties of each component were also computed to understand the potential of gridded datasets for water budget studies. Finally, TWB components were subjected to trend analysis to evaluate temporal trends and their statistical significance over the study period. Overall, ERA5-Pand DOLCE-ET relatively performed better and hence considered to be the most appropriate to present the hydrological spatiotemporal variability across UJB. The imbalance in water budget was mainly associated with higher uncertainties in P especially during wet periods. The results of temporal trend analysis showed a) insignificant mixed trends for annual P with increase and decrease in monsoon and winter P, respectively b) mixed yet statistically significant trends for ET in different parts of basin at annual and seasonal scale c) significant decreasing trends for TWS throughout the UJB in winter and annual scale d) increasing trends for Q in all months of the year except January and February. Despite the imbalance in water budget estimation due to large uncertainties in gridded P, ET, and TWS datasets, the study underlines the important information about TWB dynamics and their spatiotemporal variability over UJB which can be used as the knowledge base for further impact assessment studies.

The role of herbivores in the grassland carbon budget for Three‐Rivers Headwaters region, Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China

AbstractBackgroundAn accurate assessment of the carbon budget is a crucial part of projecting future climate change and its impact on ecosystems. Grasslands foster multiple ecological functions including support for wild animals and livestocks. Herbivores intake forage biomass carbon, then digest and metabolize, and finally retain some carbon. The carbon processes have not been well quantified, resulting in uncertainties in the estimation of regional carbon budgets for grassland ecosystems.MethodsAn animal metabolic carbon flux model was developed for herbivores in the Three‐Rivers Headwaters region of China. The forage intake and metabolic carbon rates were estimated through metabolic body weight and daily digested measures for the main herbivore species.ResultsThe carbon intake was 5.52 Tg C year−1 (45%) from partial aboveground biomass (12.2 Tg C year−1), in which 39.31% was released into the atmosphere by respiration CO2, 43.77% was returned to the ecosystem as feces and urine, and 16.96% was retained in herbivores for population regeneration or for human well‐being.ConclusionsThis study, as the first research on this topic, quantified the carbon flux of herbivores and found livestock accounts for a major part of consumed carbon on grasslands, which is important for understanding regional carbon budgets to mitigate and adapt to climate change over grasslands worldwide.

Manajemen Pembiayaan ANBK (Asesmen Nasional Berbasis Komputer) di Sekolah Dasar Kota Tasikmalaya

The implementation of the National Assessment (AN) at the elementary school (SD) level in Indonesia is the first to be implemented in 2021. This is a challenge for every educational unit, especially regarding the financial aspect of the implementation of AN. The school unit implements AN, the first is to organize independently, and the second is to ride or share resources. In this research, we will take a case study of one school that organizes AN independently and one school that chooses the boarding method. The results of the study show two challenges that must be faced by education units, namely the AN budget that has not been included in the School Activity Plan and Budget (RKAS) at the beginning of the year and the unavailability of infrastructure facilities for the implementation of AN. The research shows an overview of the implementation of AN in the two different methods seen from the aspect of financing, so that it can be a lesson for the preparation of financing management for the implementation of AN SD in the Future.

Integration of carbon dioxide concentration in a simplified process-based model for evapotranspiration estimation in an old-growth forest

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most difficult hydrologic variables to estimate. In the context of climate change, the rise of CO2 emissions may improve photosynthesis but depress transpiration thus increasing plant water use efficiency (WUE). Therefore, it is of great importance and necessity to take elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) as a limiting factor for improved assessment of ET and WUE toward a better ecosystem management. In this study, we developed and incorporated a Ca stress function into a modified process-based transpiration model and extended its application from transpiration to total evapotranspiration simulation. The original simplified process-based model (denoted as BTA by combining developers’ last name initials), previously modified version with added soil moisture (BTA-θ) and the extended version in this study with CO2 concentration (BTA-Ca) were tested for daily ET simulation at the Dinghushan forest ecosystem in south China. The results show that eddy covariance based forest ET was well simulated by the models, while the two modified models outperformed the original one. Despite the limited improvement of accuracy, the BTA-Ca model is more superior and meaningful regarding the physical mechanisms. Moreover, we evaluated the biophysical responses of ET and GPP to the major environmental factors, which shows that ET and GPP responded similarly to environmental changes with close linkages between the two. This study proposed a Ca stress function and provides an effective way of coupling water and carbon exchange processes for ET simulations, which can be applied for forest water budget assessment under climate change.

A detailed water budget assessment of surface and subsurface water and its environments of Wama Catchments, East Wollega zone of Oromia region, Western Ethiopia.

A detailed water budget assessment of surface and subsurface water and its environments of Wama Catchments, East Wollega zone of Oromia region, Western Ethiopia.

A new assessment of global and regional budgets, fluxes, and lifetimes of atmospheric reactive N and S gases and aerosols

Abstract. We used the EMEP MSC-W (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Meteorological Synthesizing Centre – West) model version 4.34 coupled with WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model version 4.2.2 meteorology to undertake a present-day (2015) global and regional quantification of the concentrations, deposition, budgets, and lifetimes of atmospheric reactive N (Nr) and S (Sr) species. These are quantities that cannot be derived from measurements alone. In areas with high levels of reduced Nr (RDN = NH3+ NH4+), oxidized Nr (OXN = NOx+ HNO3+ HONO + N2O5 + NO3-+ “Other OXN” species), and oxidized Sr (OXS = SO2+ SO42-), RDN is predominantly in the form of NH3 (NH4+ typically &lt;20 %), OXN has majority gaseous species composition, and OXS predominantly comprises SO42- except near major SO2 sources. Most continental regions are now “ammonia rich”, more so than previously, which indicates that, although reducing NH3 emissions will decrease the RDN concentration, decreasing these emissions will have little effect on mitigating secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA). South Asia is the most ammonia-rich region. Coastal areas around East Asia, northern Europe, and the north-eastern United States are “nitrate rich” where NH4NO3 formation is limited by NH3. These locations experience transport of OXN from the adjacent continent and/or direct shipping emissions of NOx, but NH3 concentrations are lower. The least populated continental areas and most marine areas are “sulfate rich”. Deposition of OXN (57.9 TgN yr−1, 51 %) and RDN (55.5 TgN yr−1, 49 %) contribute almost equally to total nitrogen deposition. OXS deposition is 50.5 TgS yr−1. Globally, wet and dry deposition contribute similarly to RDN deposition; for OXN and OXS, wet deposition contributes slightly more. Dry deposition of NH3 is the largest contributor to RDN deposition in most regions except for the Rest of Asia area and marine sectors where NH3 emissions are small and RDN deposition is mainly determined by the transport and rainout of NH4+ (rather than rainout of gaseous NH3). Thus, reductions in NH3 would efficiently reduce the deposition of RDN in most continental regions. The two largest contributors to OXN deposition in all regions are HNO3 and coarse NO3- (via both wet and dry deposition). The deposition of fine NO3- is only important over East Asia. The tropospheric burden of RDN is 0.75 TgN, of which NH3 and NH4+ comprise 32 % (0.24 TgN; lifetime of 1.6 d) and 68 % (0.51 TgN; lifetime of 8.9 d) respectively. The lifetime of RDN (4.9–5.2 d) is shorter than that of OXN (7.6–7.7 d), which is consistent with a total OXN burden (1.20 TgN) almost double that of RDN. The tropospheric burden of OXS is 0.78 TgS with a lifetime of 5.6–5.9 d. Total nitrate burden is 0.58 TgN with fine NO3- only constituting 10 % of this total, although fine NO3- dominates in eastern China, Europe, and eastern North America. It is important to account for contributions of coarse nitrate to global nitrate budgets. Lifetimes of RDN, OXN, and OXS species vary by a factor of 4 across different continental regions. In East Asia, lifetimes for RDN (2.9–3.0 d), OXN (3.9–4.5 d), and OXS (3.4–3.7 d) are short, whereas lifetimes in the Rest of Asia and Africa regions are about twice as long. South Asia is the largest net exporter of RDN (2.21 TgN yr−1, 29 % of its annual emission), followed by the Euro_Medi region. Despite having the largest RDN emissions and deposition, East Asia has only small net export and is therefore largely responsible for its own RDN pollution. Africa is the largest net exporter of OXN (1.92 TgN yr−1, 22 %), followed by Euro_Medi (1.61 TgN yr−1, 26 %). Considerable marine anthropogenic Nr and Sr pollution is revealed by the large net import of RDN, OXN, and OXS to these areas. Our work demonstrates the substantial regional variation in Nr and Sr budgets and the need for modelling to simulate the chemical and meteorological linkages underpinning atmospheric responses to precursor emissions.

Analysis of financial flows in the budget process of Ukraine under the conditions of structural imbalances of the financial system

Adjusting the balanced movement of financial flows in the budget process is a vital component of ensuring the functioning of the financial system. This study aims to identify and outline possible areas for improving the management of financial flows in the budget process of Ukraine to regulate structural imbalances of the financial system. With the help of ranking and clustering, the analysis and assessment of local budgets based on indicators that characterize the movement of financial flows was carried out. The used methods made it possible to consider the differences in the formation and direction of budget flows of territorial communities and determine the progress of administrative-territorial units. An assessment of the state of financial flows consolidated in the treasury single account of Ukraine was conducted: the dynamics of balance, the volume of loans and repayments to local budgets, and the Pension Fund of Ukraine were considered. The assessment results made it possible to determine the directions of setting a stable and balanced movement of financial flows and levers to regulate the impact of structural imbalances of the financial system related to the management of cash balances of the treasury single account and increase of its liquidity. The volumes of revenues, expenditures, deficit, and borrowings to the State Budget of Ukraine were estimated to determine the conditions that cause imbalances in the financial system. The directions for timely and complete execution of the decisions by state authorities and local self-governments are outlined.

Time-series maps reveal widespread change in plant functional type cover across Arctic and boreal Alaska and Yukon

Widespread changes in the distribution and abundance of plant functional types (PFTs) are occurring in Arctic and boreal ecosystems due to the intensification of disturbances, such as fire, and climate-driven vegetation dynamics, such as tundra shrub expansion. To understand how these changes affect boreal and tundra ecosystems, we need to first quantify change for multiple PFTs across recent years. While landscape patches are generally composed of a mixture of PFTs, most previous moderate resolution (30 m) remote sensing analyses have mapped vegetation distribution and change within land cover categories that are based on the dominant PFT; or else the continuous distribution of one or a few PFTs, but for a single point in time. Here we map a 35 year time-series (1985–2020) of top cover (TC) for seven PFTs across a 1.77 × 106 km2 study area in northern and central Alaska and northwestern Canada. We improve on previous methods of detecting vegetation change by modeling TC, a continuous measure of plant abundance. The PFTs collectively include all vascular plants within the study area as well as light macrolichens, a nonvascular class of high importance to caribou management. We identified net increases in deciduous shrubs (66 × 103 km2), evergreen shrubs (20 × 103 km2), broadleaf trees (17 × 103 km2), and conifer trees (16 × 103 km2), and net decreases in graminoids (−40 × 103 km2) and light macrolichens (−13 × 103 km2) over the full map area, with similar patterns across Arctic, oroarctic, and boreal bioclimatic zones. Model performance was assessed using spatially blocked, nested five-fold cross-validation with overall root mean square errors ranging from 8.3% to 19.0%. Most net change occurred as succession or plant expansion within areas undisturbed by recent fire, though PFT TC change also clearly resulted from fire disturbance. These maps have important applications for assessment of surface energy budgets, permafrost changes, nutrient cycling, and wildlife management and movement analysis.

Distribution and Oxidation Rates of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea Influenced by the Coastal Upwelling off Eastern Hainan Island.

Coastal upwelling causes variations in temperature, salinity and inorganic nutrients in the water column, consequently leading to the shift of microbial populations and their metabolic activities. Impacts of the eastern Hainan upwelling (EHU) on the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were investigated based on the amoA gene using pyrosequencing and quantitative PCR at both DNA and cDNA levels, together with the determination of the ammonia oxidation (AO) rate measured with 15N-labelled ammonium. By comparing stations with and without upwelling influence, we found that coastal upwelling correlated with an increase in amoA gene abundance, the dominance of distinct clades for AOA communities at the respective gene and transcript levels, and a large increase in the proportion of the SCM1-like (Nitrosopumilus maritimus-like) cluster as well. The AO rates were generally higher in the deeper water (~25 m), which was in significant positive correlation with the proportion of cluster Water Column A (WCA) at the transcript level, indicating the potential contribution of this cluster to in situ ammonia oxidization. Our study demonstrated that coastal upwelling had a significant impact on the AOA community and ammonia oxidization rate; therefore, this physical forcing should be considered in the future assessment of the global nitrogen budgets and biogeochemical nitrogen cycles.

Atmospheric simulation‐based precipitation datasets outperform satellite‐based products in closing basin‐wide water budget in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

AbstractSatellite‐based precipitation products (SBPs) have been widely used in hydrological applications in recent decades but may contain large uncertainties in mountainous regions. Atmospheric simulation‐based datasets (ABDs) have been greatly improved in recent years, but their applications in mountainous hydrology are rare and need further validation. This study compares the performance of three SBPs and two ABDs in the mountainous Minjiang River basin, focusing on their potential for closing the basin‐wide water budget. The three SBPs include the China Merged Precipitation Analysis (CMPA), the Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) and the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP); the two ABDs are the fifth generation Reanalysis product of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) and the High Asia Refined Analysis Version 2 (HAR V2). The five products are validated with rain gauge data and results show that all the five products except IMERG can generally reproduce the spatial pattern and elevation dependence of observed precipitation. Particularly, precipitation amount in the two ABDs is close to gauge observations in the low elevations, but much more than the gauge observations in areas with a sharp rise in elevations. Assessment of water budget shows that all SBPs yield severe negative water imbalance (greater than 50.0% of corresponding runoff) at most sub‐basins, while the ABDs can better close the water budget with water imbalance values between ±30.0% in most sub‐basins, respectively. Further analyses show that large relative differences between SBPs and ABDs mainly occur in areas with large topographical relief and in winter, which is likely because the ABDs outperform the SBPs in capturing orographic precipitation in complex terrain and solid precipitation in winter.

High spatial resolution vegetation gross primary production product: Algorithm and validation

Vegetation gross primary production (GPP) in terrestrial ecosystems is a key element of the carbon cycle, and its estimation highly determines the accuracy of carbon budget assessments. Currently, several global datasets of vegetation production are available at coarse or moderate spatial resolutions, but globally they still have large uncertainties, which hindered the application of GPP, especially in strongly heterogeneous agriculture ecosystems and mountainous areas. Here, we used the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach with the footprints of FLUXNET data to optimize the parameters of the high resolution of Global LAnd Surface Satellite (Hi-GLASS) GPP algorithm (i.e., the revised EC-LUE model) using 30 m spatial resolution Landsat data as driving data. Then, we generated a new set of algorithm parameters for high resolution GPP estimates. We used the optimized parameters with integrating footprint to calculate Hi-GLASS GPP based on Landsat data and our results revealed that on average, Hi-GLASS GPP explained 76% of variance in tower GPP at the total of 78 sites across ten vegetation types. Moreover, compared with previous 500 m GPP product such as GLASS GPP and MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) GPP, our optimized Hi-GLASS algorithm using Landsat data had large superiority in simulating GPP for wetlands, savannas, shrubland and C3, C4 cropland ecosystems, and had a slightly improvement for deciduous broadleaf forests and evergreen broadleaf forest ecosystem. Our study is an effort to optimize and quantify parameter uncertainty of Hi-GLASS algorithm using high spatial resolution (30 m) Landsat data and improve the high resolution GPP estimation for better understanding global ecosystem carbon dynamics and carbon-climate feedbacks.

Application of "OTSU"-an image segmentation method for differentiation of snow and ice regions of glaciers and assessment of mass budget in Chandra basin, Western Himalaya using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques.

In this study, an image segmentation algorithm ("OTSU") is applied for differentiation of snow/ice regions followed by interpretation of snowlines and estimation of mass budget of glaciers in Chandra basin, Western Himalaya, India between 2014 and 2020. The observations strongly suggest that the OTSU method can be used to differentiate the snow and ice regions on a glacier accurately from any satellite image, irrespective of the sensor characteristics. Also, this method suits well to delineate the snowlines for large sample of glaciers, other than the manual interpretation and semi-automated methods. The estimates of mass budget of the glaciers are observed varying from - 1.20 ± 0.51m w.e to almost 0.64 ± 0.51m w.e, with a total loss of - 61.91 ± 6.70m w.e of ice mass at basin scale during the observation period. Based on this study, it is highly recommended the application of OTSU method for the differentiation of snow/ice zones of glaciers and snowline demarcation at a large spatial scale in the harsh weather rugged terrain of the WesternHimalaya.