Assessment Of Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Ethanolic Extract from Fruits of Pintoa chilensis, a Chilean Extremophile Plant. Assessment of Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Cytotoxicity.

Pintoa chilensis is a shrub with yellow flowers that reach up to two meters high, endemic of the Atacama Region in Chile. This species grows under special environmental conditions such as low altitude, arid areas, and directly sun-exposed habitats. In the present study, ethanolic extract was obtained from fruits of P. chilensis, and then partitioned in solvents of increasing polarity to obtain five fractions: hexane (HF), dichloromethane (DF), ethyl acetate (AF), and the residual water fraction (QF). The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods. The results show that the antioxidant capacity of P. chilensis is higher than that reported for other plants growing in similar environments. This effect is attributed to the highest content of flavonoids and total phenols found in P. chilensis. On the other hand, the cell viability of a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and a non-tumor cell line (MCF-10A) was assessed in the presence of different extract fractions. The results indicate that the hexane fraction (HF) exhibits the highest cytotoxicity on both cell lines (IC50 values equal to 35 and 45 µg/mL), whereas the dichloromethane fraction (DF) is the most selective one. The GC-MS analysis of the dichloromethane fraction (DF) shows the presence of fatty acids, sugars, and polyols as major components.

Valorization of guabirobeira leaf extracts (Campomanesia xanthocarpa) through pressurized liquid extraction and aqueous infusion: assessment of phytochemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe leaves of guabirobeira contain important phenolic and flavonoid compounds, known for their antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, and antinociceptive activities. The purpose of this work was to obtain extracts from guabirobeira leaves through aqueous infusion and pressurized liquid extraction with water, ethanol, and a combination of water–ethanol (ratio 1:1, v/v; PLE‐W:E). Subsequently, we used liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to identify the chemical compounds, and to study the antioxidant activity in rat brain cells; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria were also seen.RESULTSAccording to the findings, all four extracts contained a significant amount of phytochemical compounds. Among them, the PLE‐W:E extract showed a higher concentration of flavonoids, demonstrating significant antioxidant activity in in vitro assays of TBARS and ROS in rat brain cells. It also exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.CONCLUSIONGuabirobeira leaf extracts hold promise as a potential source of bioactive compounds. These extracts can be applied across various sectors, including cosmetics and skincare products, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, natural preservatives, and functional materials. By exploring these potential applications, valuable contributions can be made to the field of sustainable chemistry and pharmacy, furthering the utilization of guabirobeira leaf extracts in diverse industries. This approach also aligns with the promotion of environmentally friendly and sustainable practices. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Assessment of Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Trigonostemon reidioides Extracts on Mouse Fibroblast (L929) Cells

Assessment of Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Trigonostemon reidioides Extracts on Mouse Fibroblast (L929) Cells

Valorization of Wine Lees: Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Wine Lees Extract and Incorporation in Chitosan Films

Wine lees, as one of the main by-products of winery wastes, is considered a rich source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Recovery of such bioactive compounds would amplify the valorization of winery by-products, as well as promote their use in cosmetics and health applications. Towards this aim, the objective of this work is the recovery of phenolic compounds from wine lees by ultrasound-assisted extraction. The effect of extraction time, and ethanol content on the extraction yield of total phenolics was investigated, while the phenolic profile of the extract was monitored by GC-MS. Under the optimized conditions, the total phenolic content was calculated at 302.6 mg gallic acid equivalents g− 1 dry extract; the dry extract was investigated for its biological activities, exhibiting excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the extract was found to be a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase with IC50 values of 53.3, 83.5, 82.7, 19.0, and 31.3 µg mL− 1, respectively. Finally, the wine lees dry extract was incorporated into chitosan films, reinforcing the properties of the films, and providing them with excellent antioxidant activity. The results support that wine lees extract exhibits high antioxidant activity and can be used as a highly efficient inhibitor of enzymes with pharmaceutical and health interest. Moreover, the chitosan film enriched with wine lees extract is a promising material with high antioxidant potential and can lead to the development of novel food packaging films in the food industry.Graphical

Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis

Abstract Antibiotics are resistant compounds that become emerging contaminants that cause hazards to human health and the ecological environment due to their wide production and consumption. The present research reveals the remediation of amoxicillin (AMX) antibiotic by catalytic degradation using fabricated zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc oxide-reduced graphene oxide (ZnO-rGO) catalysts. The characterization of the catalyst was carried out via UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the morphology and composition of synthesised catalyst. The catalytic ability of ZnO-rGO and ZnO was investigated by analysing the degradation of AMX. The ZnO-rGO nanocomposites (NCs) showed improved catalytic performance towards AMX degradation (96%) than pure ZnO nanoparticles (85%), which may be attributed to the incorporation of rGO, which enhanced the adsorption rate and changed the electron–hole recombination rate. The antioxidant potential of synthesised nanomaterials was also analysed by three different methods. The adsorption behaviour was explained through the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the results revealed that AMX adsorption followed the Freundlich model more closely for both catalysts. The adsorption of AMX was also studied thermodynamically at different temperatures. The negative Gibbs energy change, positive enthalpy change, and entropy change showed the reaction’s spontaneity and endothermic nature. Finally, it can be assumed that the ZnO-rGO NCs could be an effective semiconductor for the degradation of AMX from wastewater.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines of <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. Bark Extract

Background: The euphorbiaceous plant family includes Phyllanthus emblica, which demonstrates a variety of pharmacological qualities. Aim: This study aims to investigate any potential medical benefits that the Phyllanthus emblica tree’s bark may have. Methods: An aqueous extract was made with sterile water, and alcohol-based extracts were obtained by macerating with 100% ethanol. Different extraction parameters were changed to evaluate their impact on polyphenol extraction, such as the concentrations of ethanol and aqueous extracts. The phosphomolybdate method was used to assess antioxidant activity and Total Phenol Content (TPC). Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts were found to have antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to compare the extracts’ metabolite profiles. The MTT assay was employed to detect cell growth and survival, and the ethanolic bark extract showed potential cytotoxic action against the MCF 7 cancer cell line. Result: The results of the aforementioned tests showed that the ethanolic bark extract had greater antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract. Furthermore, the MTT assay showed that the ethanolic bark extract may have cytotoxic effects on the cancer cell line MCF 7. Conclusion: In summary, more research is necessary to completely understand the antibacterial and chemotherapeutic effects of the active ingredients, opening the door for their possible development as effective anticancer treatments.

Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) Essential Oil Containing Nanoemulgel for the Topical Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis and Dandruff.

This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a nanoemulgel (NE) containing Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) oil for managing scalp psoriasis and dandruff through various assessments. The study involved phytochemical screening, characterization, stability testing, in vivo performance evaluation, dermatokinetic analysis, central composite rotatable design (CCRD) optimization, in vitro release profiling, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment of the NE. The NE exhibited excellent stability and maintained physical parameters over a three-month period. In vivo studies showed no skin irritation, maintenance of skin pH (4.55 to 5.08), and improvement in skin hydration (18.09 to 41.28 AU) and sebum content (26.75 to 5.67 mg/cm2). Dermatokinetic analysis revealed higher skin retention of C. odorata in the NE (epidermis: 71.266 µg/cm2, dermis: 60.179 µg/cm2) compared to conventional formulations. CCRD optimization yielded NE formulations with the desired particle size (195.64 nm), entrapment efficiency (85.51%), and zeta potential (-20.59 mV). In vitro release studies indicated sustained release behavior, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were observed. This study demonstrates the stability, skin-friendliness, therapeutic benefits, and controlled release properties of the NE. The NE presents a promising option for various topical applications in treating bacterial and fungal diseases, potentially enhancing drug delivery and treatment outcomes in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Chromatographic purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis: assessing antioxidant activity and stability.

The efficient separation and purification of proteins like C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulina platensis are essential for their commercialization, yet they remain challenging. This study investigated three chromatographic methods for C-PC purification: weak anion exchange chromatography (DEAE), strong anion exchange chromatography (Q Sepharose), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Weak anion exchange chromatography achieved a recovery of 36.80 mg unit (57.08%) with a purity of 3.23, outperforming Q Sepharose (yield: 23.21 mg unit means that 46.33%, purity: 2.76) and HIC (yield: 22.95 mg unit means that 17.57%, purity: 3.02). The purified C-PC consisted of α and β subunits with molecular masses of 16 kDa and 17 kDa, respectively. Further assessment revealed its antioxidant capacity through a 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The stability of C-phycocyanin was tested at different pH levels and temperatures. Maximum stability was observed at pH 7, and pH 4 showed the lowest stability. Glutaraldehyde-treated C-PC (GC-PC) demonstrated gradual degradation up to 50 °C, retaining 73.25% after 30 min. Notably, GC-PC exhibited stability even at higher temperatures, with degradation rates of 57.32% at 70 °C and 50.96% at 80 °C. Weak anion exchange chromatography proved superior for C-PC purification, offering higher yields and purity than Q Sepharose and HIC. The purified C-PC showed promising antioxidant capacity and stability, particularly GC-PC, which exhibited resistance to degradation, even at elevated temperatures. These findings underscore the potential of C-PC as a valuable compound for various applications, with DEAE chromatography being an efficient method for its production and commercialization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Etl. Leaf extract mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Assessment of antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activity

Salvia coccinea, a plant known for its medicinal properties, has been extensively utilized in biomedicine. In a recent study, green synthesizing of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using the leaf extract of S. coccinea. The synthesized ZnONPs were thoroughly characterized using various techniques such as UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM with EDAX, TEM, particle size and Zeta potential analysis. The UV–vis analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnONPs, as indicated by a distinct peak observed at 377 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed the various functional groups and molecular bonding interactions of the ZnONPs. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. SEM imaging confirmed the predominantly spherical structure of the ZnONPs, while EDAX confirmed the presence of Zinc (Z) and Oxygen (O) elements. TEM imaging revealed their rod-like shape with an average size of approximately 5 nm. Particle size analysis indicated a size of 14.2 nm and the high zeta potential value of −17.3mv confirmed their stability. The synthesized ZnONPs exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria inhibitions. The antioxidant activity, as evidenced by DPPH and ABTS was highest inhibitions. Further evaluated the synthesized ZnONPs on human disease cell lines were also investigated from potential of anti-cancer properties in MCF-7 (68.96%) and A431 (64.73%). Overall, the findings of this study highlight the potential of the green synthesized ZnONPs as multifunctional agents with antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties. These nanoparticles hold promise for applications in biomedicine, suggesting sustainable solutions for addressing various health related challenges.

Assessment and mechanism of antioxidant activity of phenols as asphalt antioxidants

ABSTRACT The interest in the antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds in asphalt has grown significantly. This study primarily focuses on the comprehensive assessment and elucidation of the antioxidant activity mechanisms of various phenolic compounds as asphalt antioxidants. The suitability of different antioxidant indices for evaluating the effectiveness of phenolic anti-aging agents in base and SBS modified asphalt is assessed by experimental outcomes. Through this analysis, the anti-aging mechanism of phenolic antioxidants in asphalt is unveiled. Phenolic antioxidants were observed to diminish the G* value of aged asphalt, elevate the δ values of aged asphalt binder, augment the non-recoverable creep compliance of aged asphalt binder, decrease the percent recovery of aged asphalt binder, enhance the fatigue performance of aged asphalt binder, and lower the Ic = o and Ic = c of aged asphalt binder. This indicates that phenolic antioxidants improve the aging and fatigue resistance of asphalt binders, with antioxidant activities in the following order: p-Coumaric acid < resveratrol < tea polyphenol. Moreover, incorporating phenolic antioxidants into SBS modified asphalt not only restrains asphalt oxidation but also mitigates SBS degradation.

Nutraceutical Aspects of Selected Wild Edible Plants of the Italian Central Apennines

All over the world, wild edible plants are an essential source of chemical components that justify their use in folk medicine. The aim of this review is to document and summarize the knowledge of ten wild plants analyzed in a previous study for their ethnomedical significance. Achillea millefolium, Borago officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Gentiana lutea, Juniperus communis, Laurus nobilis, Malva sylvestris, Satureja montana, Silybum marianum and Urtica dioica were the subjects of our study. They are commonly found in the central Italian Apennines and the Mediterranean basin. Phytochemicals contained in wild plants, such as phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, carotenoids, etc., are receiving increasing attention, as they exert a wide range of biological activities with resulting benefits for human health. Based on the 353 studies we reviewed, we focused our study on the following: (a) the ethnobotanical practices and bioactive phytochemicals; (b) the composition of polyphenols and their role as antioxidants; (c) the methodologies commonly used to assess antioxidant activity; (d) the most advanced spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques used to visualize and characterize all components (metabolomic fingerprinting). The potential of pure compounds and extracts to be used as nutraceuticals has also been highlighted through a supposed mechanism of action.

Comparative Phytoprofiling of Achillea millefolium Morphotypes: Assessing Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic and Triterpenic Compounds Variation across Different Plant Parts.

Achillea millefolium L., commonly known as yarrow, is a versatile and widely distributed plant species with a rich history of ethnopharmacological significance. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative differences of A. millefolium inflorescence morphotypes. The phytochemical profile of white and pink inflorescence morphotypes was characterised by a complex of thirty-four phenolic and triterpene compounds. The species has distinct morphotypes of white and pink inflorescence. Phenolic and triterpenic profiles were determined, and individual compounds were quantified in inflorescence, leaf, and stem samples of two morphotypes tested. The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was evaluated by free radical scavenging (ABTS) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Caffeoylquinic acids predominated in all parts of the plant tested. Chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were the principal compounds in the phenolic profile. Betulin, betulinic acid, and α-amyrin were the prevailing triterpenic components in the triterpenic profiles of Achillea millefolium morphotypes. The predominant flavonoids in inflorescences were flavones, while in leaves, flavonols were the organ-specific compounds. The quantitative differences were observed between plant parts of morphotypes. Leaves consistently displayed the highest amounts of identified compounds and have been testified as the main source of antioxidant activity. Overall, white inflorescences accumulated a higher total amount of compounds compared to pink ones. The observed differences between morphotypes derived from the same population reflect the differences in specialised metabolites and their chemotypes. This study addresses gaps in knowledge, particularly in phenolic and triterpenic profiling of coloured inflorescence morphotypes, enhancing our understanding of chemotypes and morphotypes within the species.

Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Albizia saponaria L. Bark Extract

Langir (Albizia saponaria L.), belonging to the family of the Fabaceae, is a medicinal endemic plant of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Albizia genus shows antioxidant, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antidandruff, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) extracts from the bark of A. saponaria were screened for robust antioxidant activity in order to identify potential sources of new compounds for use in pharmaceutical formulations in the future. TP and TF of the 96% ethanol extract and fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water) were calculated by the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride procedures, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method and ABTS assay. Generally, both extract and fractions showed significant radical scavenging activities. Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited more potent radical scavenging activity in the DPPH method (IC50 35.27 ± 2.85 µg/mL) and ABTS assay (IC50 60.04 ± 0.98 µg/mL), followed by 96% ethanol extract, and hexane, butanol, and water fractions. Furthermore, the highest TP (4.50 ± 0.01 mg/g GAE) and TF (3.55 ± 0.04 mg/g QE) were obtained from ethyl acetate fraction. There was a strong correlation between antioxidant activity with TP (DPPH, R2 = 0.6436; ABTS, R2 = 0.7676) and TF content (DPPH, R2 = 0.5533; ABTS, R2 = 0.5961). The extract’s antioxidant properties may be attributable to its higher phenolic and flavonoid content. In summary, the phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction indicates its potential utility as a source of antioxidants.

Antioxidant Activity and Consumer Acceptance Level of Kombucha Tea With Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia)

This study aimed to investigate the impact of fermentation time and the best formulation of black tea and noni fruit juice on the production kombucha with the highest hedonic value and antioxidant activity. The research method involved (1) preparing kombucha tea, (2) assessing antioxidant activity, Total Solids value, pH value of the sample, and (3) conducting statical analysis using One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Post Hoc Test at a confidence level a = 5% and T test. The addition of noni juice was found to increase the antioxidant activity in kombucha; however, it reduced the overall hedonic value of kombucha. In conclusion, this study determined that sample P2 (200 mL of noni juice in 800 mL of black tea) was the best formulation. Statistical tests revealed that both fermentation time and formulation P2 significantly influenced the increase in antioxidant activity, reaching 41.20%. Additionally, the highest hedonic score was achived by the control sample fermented for 7 days, which scored to 6.68%.

Biosynthesis and assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles utilizing Cassia occidentalis L. seed

This research explores the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cassia occidentalis L. seed extract. Various analytical techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), were employed for comprehensive characterization. The UV–visible spectra revealed a distinct peak at 425 nm, while the seed extract exhibited peaks at 220 and 248 nm, indicating the presence of polyphenols and phytochemicals. High-resolution TEM unveiled spherical and oval-shaped AgNPs with diameters ranging from 6.44 to 28.50 nm. The SEM exhibiting a spherical shape and a polydisperse nature, thus providing insights into the morphology of the AgNPs. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver atoms at 10.01% in the sample. XRD results unequivocally confirm the crystalline nature of the AgNPs suspension, thereby providing valuable insights into their structural characteristics and purity. The antioxidant properties of AgNPs, C. occidentalis seed extract, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were assessed, revealing IC50 values of 345, 500, and 434 μg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial evaluation against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli demonstrated heightened sensitivity of bacteria to AgNPs compared to AgNO3. Standard antibiotics, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, acting as positive controls, exhibited substantial antibacterial efficacy. The green-synthesized AgNPs displayed potent antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential as a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics for combating pathogenic bacterial infections. Furthermore, potential biomedical applications of AgNPs were thoroughly discussed.

Probing the Potential of Water Chestnut Powder (Trapa bispinosa) in Improving the Shelf Life of Buttermilk

Buttermilk, a valuable by-product of butter production, faces challenges in commercialization due to its limited shelf life and susceptibility to fungal growth. This study aimed to explore the use of water chestnut powder (WCP) as a means to extend the shelf life of buttermilk. The investigation involved evaluating the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, antifungal properties, and stabilizing effects of WCP in buttermilk. Buttermilk samples were prepared with varying concentrations of WCP (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) and stored at 4 °C for one month. The analysis of physicochemical properties showed that the concentration of WCP had a significant impact on the protein percentage, ash content, pH, and acidity of the Water Chestnut Buttermilk (WCBM). Assessment of antioxidant activity using the phosphomolybdenum method showed that, on the 21st day of storage, WCBM3 and WCBM4 exhibited total antioxidant capacities of 0.57±0.12 and 0.60±0.32, respectively, compared to the control with a capacity of 0.48±0.07. The antifungal activity of water chestnut powder buttermilk was evaluated using a qualitative method, which demonstrated inhibition of fungal growth. In the control and WCBM1 and WCBM2 treatments, the observed inhibition ranged from 1-4 mm. However, as the concentration of water chestnut powder increased in WCBM3 and WCBM4, the level of inhibition also increased. Textural analysis further indicated the stabilizing effect of WCP on buttermilk. Overall, the incorporation of WCP in buttermilk yielded promising results in terms of enhancing its physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, antifungal potential, and textural stability. This study highlights the potential of water chestnut as an ingredient to improve the shelf life and quality of buttermilk, creating opportunities for its commercial utilization in the dairy industry.

IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-UROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF HOMONOIA RETUSA ROOTS

Ayurvedic practitioners utilise Pashanabheda as an anti-urolithiatic. The root of Homonoia retusa (Euphorbiaceae), which grows in the Indian town of Tirupathi, was chosen for this study's screening for its antioxidant and anti-urolithiatic properties. The hydrogen peroxide assay (H2O2), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) techniques were utilised to assess antioxidant activity. The anti-urolithiatic activity was evaluated by nucleation and aggregation assay by adding 0.01 M sodium oxalate solutions that caused the crystallisation of Calcium oxalate. By measuring turbidity in the presence or absence of extract at 620 nm using a spectrophotometer, the effect of extract (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 µg/ml) was investigated. According to the result, aqueous root extract can prevent crystal growth and aggregation more than methanol-based root extract.

Chemical Characterization, Phenolic Compounds Quantification, and Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Byrsonima sericea DC fruits.

Byrsonima sericea is a species native to Brazil that is widely used in traditional medicine. The seed ethanol extract (SEE) had the highest content of total phenols (179.35 mg GAE g-1 extract) and flavonoids (10.42 mg QE g-1 extract) and was the most active in relation to antioxidant activity (DPPH: IC50 =4.25 μg mL-1 and ABTS: IC50 =4.82 μg mL-1 ). The peel/pulp ethanol extract (PEE) had the best anticholinesterase activity (IC50 =6.02 μg mL-1 ). Chromatographic investigation identified gallic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin and amentoflavone in SEE, and gallic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin and rutin in PEE. Six fatty acid methyl esters and seven triterpenes were identified, highlighting oleic acid in the seed hexane extract (61.85 %) and in the peel/pulp hexane extract (52.61 %), and betulin in the peel/pulp hexane extract (5.25 %). The substances and biological activities identified in B. sericea characterize this fruit as a functional food for future studies.

Optimization of Fermentation Process of Wheat Germ Protein by Aspergillus niger and Analysis of Antioxidant Activity of Peptide

Utilizing wheat embryos as the raw material and employing Aspergillus niger as the fermentation strain, wheat embryo polypeptides were produced through microbial liquid fermentation. The protein concentration post-fermentation served as the response variable, and the preparation process underwent optimization through single-factor testing and a response surface methodology, followed by the assessment of antioxidant activity. The findings revealed that the optimal conditions for wheat embryo peptide preparation via Aspergillus niger fermentation included a fermentation duration of 24 h, an inoculum volume of 4%, an initial pH of 7, and a protein concentration of 21.47 mg/mL. Peptides with different molecular weights were then prepared by dead-end filtration. The results showed that F6 (&lt;3 kDa) had strong scavenging ability against DPPH, ABTS, and ·OH radicals, which provided a basis for the preparation of antioxidant peptides in wheat germ and related research.

Analyses of the metabolism and assessment of antioxidant activity in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. after UV-B Irradiation

Analyses of the metabolism and assessment of antioxidant activity in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. after UV-B Irradiation